Soils differ based on a combination of factors and processes that affect soil characteristics in an area. The key factors that influence soil formation are climate, relief, parent material, living things, and time. Together these factors determine which natural processes like weathering, leaching, and humification occur, thereby affecting the color, structure, texture, organic content, pH, and water content of soils.
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
Soil formation or pedogenesis is the combined effect of human impact on the environment, physical, chemical and biological processes working on soil parent material.
Effects of Soil Organic Matter in the Soil, Benefits of soil organic matter, Amount of Soil organic matter, Maintenance or improvement of SOM, Factors affecting formation and decomposition of SOM
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
talking about the soil chemical properties and its objectives ,parts and etc .it also includes soil chemistry,buffer soil,acid soil,properties of acid soil,chemical composition and so on
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
The colloidal state refers to a two-phase system in which one material in a very finely divided state is dispersed through second phase.
Eg., Solid in liquid (Dispersion of clay in water) and Liquid in gas (Fog or clouds in atmosphere).
Effects of Soil Organic Matter in the Soil, Benefits of soil organic matter, Amount of Soil organic matter, Maintenance or improvement of SOM, Factors affecting formation and decomposition of SOM
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
talking about the soil chemical properties and its objectives ,parts and etc .it also includes soil chemistry,buffer soil,acid soil,properties of acid soil,chemical composition and so on
THIS SLIDES SHOWS ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE HOW SOIL AIR ARE TRANSMITTED FROM ENVIRONMENT TO SOIL AND ALSO TEMPERATURE CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION AND RADIATION.
The colloidal state refers to a two-phase system in which one material in a very finely divided state is dispersed through second phase.
Eg., Solid in liquid (Dispersion of clay in water) and Liquid in gas (Fog or clouds in atmosphere).
wholw Content is covered in this presentation .it will give u a basic idea and types about leaching and it will also provide u information via Diagrams .
Slide for Leaving Cert Geography (Geoecology Option) discussing soils. Drawn up using the Planet and People book by Honan and Mulholland for Irish Leaving Certificate Students.
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long timescales.
Leaving Certificate Geography
Economic Elective
Students are required to study developed economies and changes that have occurred in the economic activities that take place in these economies.
This is a case study designed to teach students how industrial decline occurred in Wallonia and some of the impacts that this decline has on the country,
Leaving Certificate Geography
Economic Elective
Students must study Developed Economies as part of the Economic Elective. Mass Tourism in Spain is a case study that may be studied as part of Developed Economies.
Leaving Certificate Geography: Economic Elective
Students must study Developed Economies as part of the Economic Elective. Financial Services in Ireland is a Case Study of a Developed Economy.
Past Exam Question:
Examine the development of services in a developed economy that you have studied. (30 marks)
Secondary activities, tertiary activities and human processes in the Mezzogiorno region.
Teaching aid for discussing these activities for regional geography (Leaving Certificate Geography)
Core Unit 2: Leaving Certificate Gegraphy (Ordinary Level)Aisling O Connor
Ordinary Level Geography: Core Unit 2 (Regional Geography).
These are past exam questions from Leaving Certificate Geography 2013 backwards. These questions are only those relating to regional geography in Ireland for Ordinary level only.
Leaving Certificate Geography Higher Level.
Past exam questions (2013 back) from Core Unit 2: Regional Geography. These exam questions only relate to Irish regions.
The Greater Dublin Area (GDA region) is an example of a core socio-economic region in Ireland. It is comprised of four counties: Dublin, Meath, Kildare and Wicklow. This core region is often contrasted with the peripheral socio-economic region - the BMW or Border Midlands and West region. The GDA is studied for both higher and ordinary level Leaving Certificate Geography in Ireland.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
4. PROCESSES AFFECTING SOIL
CHARACTERISTICS
Eight major processes af fect soil characteristics:
1. Weathering
2. Humification
3. Leaching
4. Podzolisation
5. Gleying
6. Laterisation
7. Salinisation
8. Calcification
The factors of
climate, relief,
sock type, living
things and time
all influence
which of these
processes occur
in a region.
5. EXAM BRIEF
You are expected to know the
natural processes that affect soil
characteristics.
6. PROCESS 1: WEATHERING
The breakdown of rocks due to mechanical and
chemical weathering.
Rates of weathering are greatest in the world’s hot
and humid areas.
Soil grains produced by weathering keep the
characteristics of the parent rock such as pH, texture
and colour.
Chemical weathering processes such as carbonation
and oxidation can release nutrients such as calcium
and iron from the mineral grains. E.g. The chemical
weathering of limestone by carbonation leads to
soils rich in calcium.
7. PROCESS 2:
HUMIFICATION
• Method by which dead organic matter is converted
into humus by oxygen.
• Humification releases nutrients into the soil.
• Climate: Humification is accelerated by high
temperatures and high rainfall.
• In tropical regions, humification is very fast.
• In temperate climates such as Ireland
humificaiton is slow in the winter.
• In cold climates humification may stop
completely.
8. PROCESS 3: LEACHING
• The washing of minerals through soils.
• When rainwater falls on soil it dissolves the minerals
and plant matter in it.
• As the water soaks down through the soil, it carries
these dissolved minerals and nutrients with it. A
certain amount of leaching is needed to wash
humus into soil.
• Excessive leaching can rob the upper parts of the
soil of the nutrients that plants need to grow. This
soil will become infertile. A hardpan can form.
9. PROCESS 4: PODZOLISATION
A type of leaching where rainwater is more acidic.
Podzol soils form under coniferous forests. As these
forests die and decompose they add to the acidity of
the rainwater.
The water seeping through the soil beneath this dead
vegetation becomes acidic and dissolves soil
minerals such as iron and aluminium as it passes
downwards.
In time a hardpan layer forms and the soil becomes
waterlogged.
10. PROCESS 5: GLEYING
The soil is waterlogged and lacks
oxygen.
The pores between the soil peds are
filled with water for all or part of the
year. This prevents living things from
receiving oxygen. Little can grow in
such wet, oxygen poor (anaerobic)
conditions.
Heavy rainfall can lead to gleying.
Due to lack of oxygen, gley soils have
patches of blue/grey colouration.
11. PROCESS 6: LATERISATION
A layer of iron oxides build up as a result
of rapid weathering and leaching.
This process is most active in areas of
high rainfall and high temperatures. The
heavy rainfall dissolves and leaches
most minerals except for iron and
aluminium oxides. Oxidation folllows as
the iron is exposed to oxygen in the air
and latosols or red soils develop. If the
soil dries out it turns into a hard laterite.
Occurs in tropical and equatorial
regions.
12. PROCESS 7: SALINISATION
Occurs when mineral salts move up through the soil instead of
down into the soil.
Can happen in hot desert areas where rainfall is low and the
amount of water evaporating out of the soil is greater than
rain falling onto it.
Evaporation causes salts in ground water to rise through the
soil and collect in the upper layers. Salt is deposited on the
surface as a hard white crust.
13. PROCESS 8: CALCIFICATION
Process where calcium carbonate is concentrated near the
surface of the soil.
Occurs in regions of low rainfall.
The amount of water drawn up through the soil by plants
(transpiration) may be greater than the precipitation falling
on the soil. As a result, calcium carbonate builds up in the
upper layer of the soil.
Calcium carbonate is useful for plants and these soils often
have lush grass growth.
14. EXAM BRIEF
A typical exam question:
“Examine the factors/processes that
influence soil characteristics.”
15. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION
1. Climate
2. Relief
3. Parent Material
4. Living Things
5. Time
16. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION:
1. CLIMATE
Climate is the single most important factor in soil
formation.
Climate influences:
The rate of weathering which in turn controls soil
thickness.
The rate of humification – the breakdown of organic
matter.
The amount of leaching – the process where minerals are
washed downwards leaving top layers of soil without
minerals.
Soils that have developed in response to
particular climate conditions are called zonal
soils.
17. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL
FORMATION:
2. RELIEF
Relief can influence the depth and drainage of a soil.
In general, sloping land is well drained and soils are
quite dry.
However, mountainous terrain tends to have less soil
because:
Gravity removes soil from steep slopes in mass
movements.
Areas of high relief have higher precipitation rates and
lower temperatures, hence there is more leaching and
slower rates of weathering.
Lowlands are usually warmer and flatter which
encourages a build up of soil.
18. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION:
3. PARENT MATERIAL
The type of bedrock, be it granite or
limestone, determines the amount and
type of minerals present in soil.
These minerals such as calcium and
potassium provide nutrients and food
for plants.
The parent material also controls a
soil’s depth, colour, texture and pH
value.
19. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION
4. LIVING THINGS
Living things influence soil fertility.
Living things within soil can increase fertility and aeration of
a soil and prevent soil erosion.
Earthworms help to aerate soil by moving about in it.
Insect larvae burrow through soil and create air spaces for
plant roots. Water can collect in these burrows and keep soil
moist.
Fungi and bacteria add nutrients by decomposing dead
material.
20. FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION
5. TIME
It takes about 400 years for 1 cm of soil to
form. It takes time for soil to develop fully in
response to the processes that occur due to
climate, relief, parent material and living
things.
21. EXAM BRIEF
A typical exam question:
“Examine the factors that influence
the development of soils.”