Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Various field of civil engineering concerned with geology,
Summery of applications,
FAQ’s,
Suggested Readings,
Standard References for Indian Students,Geology in Civil Engineering ,Geo technical Investigation, Site Selection, Geology in Mega projects, Geology in Ground water, Geology in Hydrology, Geology in Foundation of Structures, Geology- References, Geology for Construction Engineering
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Various field of civil engineering concerned with geology,
Summery of applications,
FAQ’s,
Suggested Readings,
Standard References for Indian Students,Geology in Civil Engineering ,Geo technical Investigation, Site Selection, Geology in Mega projects, Geology in Ground water, Geology in Hydrology, Geology in Foundation of Structures, Geology- References, Geology for Construction Engineering
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
It includes the definition, properties, classification of groundwater with appropriate examples and figures in details. It also deals about the formation of groundwater. The properties of aquifers (all of 7) are described here in details with figures and mathematical terms.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated C...ijtsrd
Soil compaction is a process of mechanical densification of soil by pressing the soil particles close to each other and removing the air between them. It is of utmost importance in the broad science of Geotechnical engineering playing a significant role in all types of Geotechnical investigations. The principle soil properties affected by compaction include the shearing resistance. The constitutive equations for volume change, shear strength and flow for unsaturated soil have been generally accepted in Geotechnical engineering Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993a . The shear strength of an unsaturated clayey soil and soil water characteristic curve depend on the soil structure or the aggregation which in turn depends on the initial water content and the method of compaction. The aim of this research work is to determine the cohesion, angle of internal friction of the clay soil based on the moisture content. For this clay soils classified as CH, CI are used. Soil samples are chosen on the basis of soil type and clay content more than 25 . Maximum dry density and Optimum moisture content is are determined after 24 hour soaking, using light compaction. The hydrometer test are carried out for the grain size distribution. For the present work six different type of clayey soils are consider. The sample are taken from Dahej 02 , Surat 02 and Bhavnagar 01 . All the sample were tested at OMC and MDD as obtain from standard proctor test. The compaction was done at 0.95,1.00 and 1.05 times of OMC. Each sample were tested for triaxial test as well as direct shear at the strain rate of 0.625 mm min and 1.25 mm min. direct shear test and triaxial test are conducted for unconsolidated undrained UU condition. Vedwala Khushbu M | Priyank H. Patel | Vishal N. Patel "Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated Clay using Triaxial Test" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31250.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31250/effect-of-compaction-moisture-content-on-strength-parameters-of-unsaturated-clay-using-triaxial-test/vedwala-khushbu-m
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties.
Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load-bearing capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations.
Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of sub-grade materials from expansive clays to granular materials.
Stabilization can be achieved with a variety of chemical additives including lime, fly ash, and Portland cement, as well as by-products such as lime-kiln dust and cement-kiln dust.
1) Mechanical Soil Stabilization Technique:
Dense and well graded material can be achieved by mixing and compacting two or more soils of different grades.
Addition of a small amount of fine materials such as silts or clays enables binding of the non-cohesive soils which increases strength of the material.
Factors affecting the mechanical stability of mixed soil may include:
The mechanical strength and purity of the constituent materials
The percentage of materials and its gradation in the mix
The degree of soil binding taking place
The mixing, rolling, and compaction procedures adopted in the field
The environmental and climatic conditions
2) Compaction Soil Stabilisation Technique:
Uses mechanical means for expulsion of air voids within the soil mass resulting in soil that can bear load subsequently without further immediate compression.
Dynamic compaction is one of the major types of soil stabilization; in this procedure, a heavyweight is dropped repeatedly onto the ground at regular intervals to quite literally pound out deformities and ensure a uniformly packed surface.
1) Moisture Content. 2) Specific gravity of soil. 3) Atterberg’s limit. 4) Liquid limit. 5) Particle size distribution. 6) Preparation of reinforced soil sample. 7) Determination of shear strength.
1) Moisture Content
Soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil.
2) Specific gravity of soil.
The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the unit weight of distilled water at 4°C.
3) Atterberg’s limit
Atterberg's limits are a set of tests used in soil mechanics to determine the plasticity and compressibility characteristics of soil
1. It improves the strength of the soil, thus, increasing the soil bearing capacity.
2. It is a lot of economical each in terms of price and energy to extend.
3. Bearing capacity of the soil instead of going for deep foundation or raft foundation.
4. It offers more stability to the soil in slopes or other such places.
5. Sometimes soil stabilization is also stop soil erosion or formation of mud, which is extremely helpful particularly in dry and arid weather.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Limeijtsrd
The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in reality they can be highly erosive and subject to severe damage or failure. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway, embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not stabilized and used appropriately. This problem is worldwide, and structural failures attributed to dispersive soils have occurred in many countries. This paper presents the stabilization of dispersive soil with lime. The soil sample is taken from Mandalay. Grain size distribution, Atterberg's limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength UCS test and triaxial test are carried out to obtain the properties of soil. Type of studied soil classified by unified classification system is lean clay with sand. Crumb test is performed to know the dispersion degree of study soil. According to crumb test, the study soil is highly dispersive clay soil. Lime is used as stabilizing agent. The amount of lime used is 2 , 3 and 4 by dry weight of soil. The studied soil is mixed various contents of lime, and then crumb test is performed. At dispersive soil mixed with 4 of lime, there is no dispersion characteristic in soil. For stabilization of studied soil, 4 of lime is selected to investigate the improvement of strength in treated soil. The treated soil is performed compaction test, unconfined compression strength UCS test and triaxial test. Unconfined compression strength of treated soil at 4 lime is increased as 1.12 times that of natural soil. The shear strength of treated soil increases about 2 times than that of natural soil. The cohesion value of treated soil increases about 1.12 times and the angle of internal friction increases about 1.23 times than that of natural soil. Finally, it is concluded from this study that the lime treated soil is more resistant to erosion and the treated soil is more resistant to shear stress and lateral pressure. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Lime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26658.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26658/experiential-investigation-on-the-stabilization-of-dispersive-soil-with-lime/soe-soe-war
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Prediction of compaction charecteristics of soil using plastic limiteSAT Journals
Abstract In all kinds of earthwork constructions, the laboratory determination of the compaction characteristics of the soils plays an important role. Soil compaction is defined as the method of increasing the density of the soil by application of mechanical energy. The principal reason for the compaction of the soil is to produce a soil mass which can satisfy the three basic criteria. Firstly, the reduction of subsequent settlement of the soil mass, under working loads. Secondly, for the reduction in permeability which will subsequently avoid built up of large water pressures causing liquefaction problems and is also important for retaining water in case of earth dams. Thirdly, it is used for increasing the shear strength of the soils. But the determination of compaction characteristics in laboratory is laborious. It requires significant time and effort. Hence, there is a necessity for prediction of compaction characteristics with the help of correlating it with index properties of soil which can be determined easily. The plastic limit of soil can be found effortlessly and it bears a good correlation with compaction characteristic, namely optimum moisture content (OMC). In this paper, a study is conducted on nine types of fine grained soils like black cotton soil, red clay, china clay, marine clay, silty clay etc. collected from different parts of Telengana and Andhra Pradesh. And a simple equation has been suggested using regression analysis to obtain the optimum moisture content of a soil from the plastic limit, thereby eliminating the dependence of the proctor test for determination of OMC. Keywords: Compaction, plastic limit, optimum moisture content, Fine grained soils, Proctor test
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Engineering properties of soil
1. Dr. Harisingh Gour University Sagar (M.P.)
Department of Applied Geology
Seminar Presentation on
Engineering Properties of Soil
Guided By Presented By:
Prof . R.K. Rawat Amarnath
M.Tech. (6th Sem)
Roll No. Y152510106
2. 5/5/2018 2
Outline……..
• Introduction
• Methods of Determination of Soil Properties
• Engineering Properties of Soil
• Physical and Chemical Properties
• Soil particles and structures
• Soil phase relationships
• Mechanical Properties
• Consistency of soil
• Moisture content
• Thixotropic and Syneresis
• Stresses considered in soil mechanics
• References
3. 5/5/2018 3
Introduction
For a geologist, it is the material which is formed by the disintegration of the
rocks.
For a pedologist, it is the substance existing on the earth surface, which
supports plant life.
For an engineer, it is a material that can be
built on: foundations of buildings, bridges
built in: basements, culverts, tunnels
built with: embankments, roads, dams
supported: retaining walls
The term "soil" can have different meanings, depending upon
the field in which it is considered.
4. 5/5/2018 4
Methods of Determining Soil Properties
Geotechnical soil properties of geologic strata are typically
determined using one or more of the following methods:
• In-situ testing data from the field exploration program
• Laboratory testing
7. Grain Size
5/5/2018 7
Gravel Coarse <60mm - >20mm
Medium <20mm - >6mm
Fine <6 mm - >2mm
Sand Coarse <2mm - >0.6 mm
Medium <20mm - >6mm
Fine <6 mm - >2mm
Silt Coarse <0.06mm - >0.02mm
Medium <0.02mm - >0.006mm
Fine <0.006 mm - >0.002mm
Clay Coarse <0.002 mm - >0.0006 mm
Medium <0.0006 mm - >0.0002mm
Fine <0.0002 mm
9. Clay mineral group Common Members and
polymorphs
Chemical formula
The Kaolinite Group Kaolinite, dickite and serpentine, Al2Si2O5(OH)4
silicate sheets (Si2O5) aluminum
oxide/hydroxide layers (Al2(OH)4)
The Montmorillonite Pyrophyllite, talc, vermiculite,
sauconite, saponite, nontronite and
montmorillonite.
(Ca, Na, H)(Al, Mg, Fe, Zn)2(Si,
Al)4O10(OH)2 . xH2O,
The Illite (or The Clay-mica)
Group
Hydrated microscopic muscovite and
mineral illite
(K, H)Al2(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2 . xH2O
The Chlorite Group Chlorite X 4-6Y 4 O10(OH, O)8. The X represents one
or more of Al, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn or
rarely Cr. The Y represents Al, Si, B or Fe
but mostly Al and Si.
Composition of clay minerals
5/5/2018 9
•These minerals are essentially hydrous aluminum silicates.
•Many clay materials may contain organic material and water-soluble salts.
10. SOIL PHASE RELATIONSHIPS
• Soil mass is generally a three phase system. It consists of solid particles,
liquid and gas.
5/5/2018 10
Block diagram—three phases of a soil element
11. 1.The void ratio, e, is defined as
2. The porosity n is defined as
Where, V- total volume of soil sample.
porosity n expressed in %
3. The degree of saturation S is
defined as
Where, Vw = volume of water in %.
When S = 0%, soil is completely dry,
when S = 100%, the soil is fully
saturated.
5/5/2018 11
12. Water Content (W) / Moisture content
• w, of a soil mass is defined as the
ratio of the mass of water, Mw, in the
voids to the mass of solids, Ms, as
• It expressed in %.
5/5/2018 12
13. Density
• Another very useful concept in geotechnical engineering is
density (or, unit weight) which is expressed as mass per unit
volume.
• Total density,
Dry density,
5/5/2018 13
Saturated density
14. Specific Gravity
specific gravity is defined as the ratio of its mass in air to the mass of an equal
volume of water at reference temperature, 4 °C.
• The specific gravity of a mass of soil (including air, water and solids) is
termed as bulk specific gravity Gm. It is expressed as
• Method: Specific gravity of soil solids is commonly determined by
Pycnometer method.
• Significance: The specific gravity of a soil is used in the phase relationship
of air, water, and solids in a given volume of the soil.
5/5/2018 14
16. Consistency or Atterberg Limit of Soil
water contents
changes
from one state
degree of
firmness
5/5/2018 16
17. •Liquid limit (LL) : The moisture content at which a soil
transitions from a plastic state to a liquid state.
•Plastic limit (PL) :The moisture content at which a soil
transitions from being in a semisolid state to a plastic
state.
•Shrinkage Limit (SL): It is arbitrary water content limit
between semi-solid and solid states of consistency of a
soil
5/5/2018 17
18. Plasticity Index (Ip)
• The difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit is known
as the plasticity index and it is in this range of water content that the
soil has a plastic consistency.
PI=LL-PL
• It indicates the degree of plasticity of a soil. The greater the difference
between liquid and plastic limits, the greater is the plasticity of the soil.
• A cohesion less soil has zero plasticity index. Such soils are termed
non-plastic. Atterberg classifies the soils according to their plasticity
indices as in Table.
5/5/2018 18
19. Toughness Index (IT)
The shearing strength of clay at the plastic limit is a measure of its
toughness.
The ratio of plasticity index and flow index is known as Toughness
Index,(IT) as,
5/5/2018 19
20. Shrinkage and Swell
Certain soil types (highly plastic) have a large potential for volumetric
change depending on the moisture content of the soil.
These soils can shrink with decreasing moisture or swell with increasing
moisture.
Shrinkage can cause soil to pull away from structure thus reducing the
bearing area or causing settlement of the structure beyond that
predicted by settlement analysis.
Swelling of the soil can cause an extra load to be applied to the structure
that was not accounted for in design.
5/5/2018 20
21. Thixotropic and Syneresis
• If a clay sample (sensitivity >1) without disturbance and change in water
content, it may regain part of its original strength and stiffness. This is
called thixotropic
• Syneresis - separation of an initially homogeneous colloidal system into
both a coherent gel and a liquid. The phenomena is the drawing of
together of particles under the action of increased van der Walls forces.
5/5/2018 21
22. Shear Strength of Soils
5/5/2018 22
• The shear strength is the internal resistance per unit area that the soil can
handle before failure .
• Application
1. Determine the bearing capacity of foundations,
2. Lateral pressure exerted on retaining walls,
3. The stability of slopes.
• Methods of Shear Strength Determination:
• Triaxial Test
• Direct Shear Test
23. 5/5/2018 23
There are two components of shear strength
• The cohesive element (expressed as the cohesion, c, in units of
force/unit area) and
• The frictional element (expressed as the angle of
internal friction, φ).
24. 5/5/2018 24
The Mohr-Coulomb failure
criterion can be written as the
equation for the line that
represents the failure
envelope. The general equation is
Where
= shear stress on the failure
plane
c = apparent cohesion
= normal stress on the failure
plane
ɸ = angle of internal friction
25. 5/5/2018 25
It refers to the ease with which soil materials can be
removed by wind or water.
Easily eroded materials include unprotected silt, sand and
other loosely consolidated materials .
Cohesive soils (with more than 20% clay) and naturally
cemented soils are not easily removed from its place by
wind or water and, therefore, have a low erosion factor.
Erodibility
26. References
• Bell, FG; Engineering geology; Elsevier 2nd ed.2007; pp.201-259.
• Price, DG; Engineering geology Principal and Practice; Springer 2009;
pp.22-34, 43-47.
• Nptel Civil engineering module on Soil Mechanics by IIT Guwahati.
5/5/2018 26