The document discusses visual perception and how it relates to architecture. It explores several theories of visual perception, including neurophysiology, Gestalt theory, constructivism, and ecological perception. The document also includes many visual examples to illustrate concepts like figure-ground discrimination, grouping, and how perception is influenced by existing knowledge and cultural norms. The overall message is that visual perception is complex and subjective, and we do not necessarily see things objectively, but rather perceive them based on our existing understanding and frame of reference.

1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THEORY - II
PERCEPTION
Lecture 2

2. VISUAL PERCEPTION
DO WE SEE WHAT WE SEE?
Very often the things that we see do not
register in our mind – why?
Let us understand how we see things.
This lecture will delve into visual perception as that is
how we generally perceive architecture..

3. VISUAL PERCEPTION
• Dictionary meaning: To perceive:
Apprehend with the mind, observe, understand;
apprehend through one of the senses, esp. sight;
regard mentally in specified manner
• Dictionary meaning: Perception:
intuitive recognition; action by which the mind
refers its sensations to external objects as cause

4. VISUAL PERCEPTION
• Synonyms:
apprehension, awareness, conception,
consciousness, discernment, feeling, grasp, idea,
impression, insight, notion, observation, recognition,
sensation, sense, taste, understanding

8. The drawing on the
right appears to be
sometimes a vase
and sometimes two
faces.
The drawing is the
same but is
perceived as two
images according to
how the mind works
VISUAL PERCEPTION

9. The concentric circles
appear to be a spiral
VISUAL PERCEPTION

10. Note how the white
lines converge or
diverge even when
these are actually
parallel.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

11. The two circles in the middle are equal!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

12. The brown surfaces
appear to be
sometimes the bottom
of cubes and
sometimes the top
VISUAL PERCEPTION

13. The grey rectangles in
the middle appear to
be of different shades.
They are not different.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

14. While one perceives
this image to be of
a pretty little girl
near a water body,
one is actually
seeing just
reflected light off
patches of color,
the rest is just
perception.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

15. • The visual shows a
group that can be
identified as a
representative group
by what they are
wearing, though we
are still seeing just
reflected light that
shows patches of color.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

16. • Another example of
how we can recognize
people by their dress.
• And if can not
recognize them in the
first instance, we can
do so once we are told
who they are.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

17. • Can you recognize this
boy? Where is he from?
VISUAL PERCEPTION

18. • Look at how these
women are projecting
their beauty.
• Perception of beauty
will differ with different
cultures.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

19. • More examples of the
perception of beauty
and how different
people see and project
it.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

20. • These are ‘beautiful’
women – for their men!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

21. • Note the skin markings
on her stomach – it has
been done for a
specific purpose.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

22. • It is to make her look
pretty when she is
carrying her baby.
• Could you have ever
perceived ‘beauty’ as
this?
VISUAL PERCEPTION

23. • What do you perceive
this image to be to be?
• This is a makeup by an
African warrior to
express dread in the
mind of the enemy.
• Surprised?
VISUAL PERCEPTION

24. According to Kimball and Hawkins’ survey, visual
perception can be approached in four different
ways:
• NEUROPHYSIOLOGY: Attempts to examine the
physical mechanisms that are in play when we
“see” things.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

25. VISUAL PERCEPTION

26. • GESTALT THEORY: three major gestalt laws of
perception are discussed:
– FIGURE-GROUND DISCRIMINATION IS concerned
with how we differentiate between an object
and its context.
– LAWS OF GROUPING looks at how we associate
objects as we perceive them and include
concepts such as proximity, similarity,
continuation and common region.
– GOOD FIGURE (also known as the law of
pragnanz) is the concept that strong, simple
figures have more appeal to readers than ones
that are complicated for the eye to decode.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

27. • CONSTRUCTIVISM: The theory of constructivism has
to do with the ways in which we create ideas about
the world around us by combining a number of
representative images of that world. Important in
this theory is the realization that, because we are
always adding new images to that amalgamation
(i.e. sampling), our perception is constantly in flux.
• ECOLOGICAL PERCEPTION: In contract to
constructivism, direct perception asserts that viewer
and viewed object are one ecosystem instead of
two discrete entities.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

28. • Guess what this is?
• Till you are told and the
information becomes
knowledge it will be a
guess.
• It is a magnified view of
Vitamin C
VISUAL PERCEPTION

29. • The previous slide
would have created
the knowledge that this
is also a trick picture.
• But what is it?
• It is a magnified picture
of white blood
corpuscles fighting anti
bodies
VISUAL PERCEPTION

30. • What could these be?
• Fungal growth on
bread!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

31. • What do you perceive
this image to be?
• Of course it is an
enlarged version of
something.
• This is a human
muscle!!!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

32. • What could this possibly
be?
• Well, this is a knot in a
nylon thread!!!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

33. • Here is a picture of
nothing!
• The leaf was removed
and a Kirlian picture
was taken using
electricity and film
revealing a kind of
organic energy.
• Now that you know this
– you will recognize this
picture the next time
you see this picture.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

34. • What is this pattern?
• It is a magnified picture
of a snow flake!!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

35. • What do you perceive
this to be?
• This is a work platform
for ocean research.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

36. • Is this a palace?
• No, it is the view of a
metro station in
Moscow.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

37. • This is a painting by
Salvador Dali – a
surrealist painter who
was projecting a
dream as he perceived
it.
• Can you imagine a
clock like this?
VISUAL PERCEPTION

38. • Can you perceive a
bathroom like the one
shown in the picture?
• After this however you
could think of a toilet
like this.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

39. • How about a bed like a
ham burger?
• Great way of
perceiving an ordinary
piece of furniture as
food!
VISUAL PERCEPTION

40. • A plastic house?
VISUAL PERCEPTION

41. • The previous slides indicate that to see anything
there are a number of factors that effect the
process. What we see makes sense only when it is
associated with what is known, otherwise more
information is required to perceive that view.
Perception of the same view would change for
different places and different people.
VISUAL PERCEPTION

42. • This is how we ‘see’ things.
• Next time you are seeing something – do see it –
record it mentally, understand it and use it as
knowledge.
VISUAL PERCEPTION