Poverty is scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material
possessions or money. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic
goods and services necessary for survival with dignity
According to Mobile Orshansky who developed the poverty measurements used
by the U.S. government, “Poor is to be deprived of those goods, services and
pleasures which others around us take for granted.”
According to David Kurten, Poverty also involves social disintegration and
environmental degradation which he describes as forming the threefold human
crisis in the world today
Impact of Migration and Unplanned Development on the Urban Populationijtsrd
India today is emerging as a faster growing economy, and estimated to become the country with the largest population by 2050 crossing China. India's urbanization development has happened in an unplanned manner and with speedy migration happening from rural to urban India, it is expected that by 2030, 40 of the population will be living in urban India. Urban India can be divided into 2 categories the rich and the poor people, the rich people have access to everything and the poor and the middle class have become a victim of climate change, food shortage, India urban waste maximum amount of food in the world, it utilize maximum amount of groundwater for construction purpose. The economy of the country lies in the hand of 1 of the population who are rich, and the rest don't have much control, the average income is very less of a urban middle class to satisfy the basic necessities, the urban poor are becoming more poor, the smart city mission will bring development and economy growth but will make the rich richer and middle class people, upper middle class. Inequality, lack of opportunities where the educated unemployed youths can never help India come out of poverty. It is a growing economy in the world but very poor when it comes to development for its people. Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya | Debashis Sen | Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev "Impact of Migration and Unplanned Development on the Urban Population" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46469.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46469/impact-of-migration-and-unplanned-development-on-the-urban-population/dr-sumanta-bhattacharya
Impact of Migration and Unplanned Development on the Urban Populationijtsrd
India today is emerging as a faster growing economy, and estimated to become the country with the largest population by 2050 crossing China. India's urbanization development has happened in an unplanned manner and with speedy migration happening from rural to urban India, it is expected that by 2030, 40 of the population will be living in urban India. Urban India can be divided into 2 categories the rich and the poor people, the rich people have access to everything and the poor and the middle class have become a victim of climate change, food shortage, India urban waste maximum amount of food in the world, it utilize maximum amount of groundwater for construction purpose. The economy of the country lies in the hand of 1 of the population who are rich, and the rest don't have much control, the average income is very less of a urban middle class to satisfy the basic necessities, the urban poor are becoming more poor, the smart city mission will bring development and economy growth but will make the rich richer and middle class people, upper middle class. Inequality, lack of opportunities where the educated unemployed youths can never help India come out of poverty. It is a growing economy in the world but very poor when it comes to development for its people. Dr. Sumanta Bhattacharya | Debashis Sen | Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev "Impact of Migration and Unplanned Development on the Urban Population" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46469.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46469/impact-of-migration-and-unplanned-development-on-the-urban-population/dr-sumanta-bhattacharya
How people can be used as resource.Initiaves of government .programs of governement.quality of population in terms of health and education.rising population of india an asset of rthe country how? hurdles in making rising population an asset . conclusion
An estimate of World Bank says that an additional 64 million people are living in extreme poverty on less
than US$1.25 a day by the end of 2010 as a result of the global recession. Low export dependency, a
large consumption base and the high share of employment and income come from rural areas.
Government’s focus and initiatives at local level will help in sustaining the economic growth at large. India
is among the most attractive destinations globally, for investments and business and FDI had increased
over the last few years. With the inclusive work force participation, development of infrastructural
facilities, encouraging small and medium enterprise MSMEs sector, government can fill the gap of income
disparity in different regions. Better policy measures and awareness programmes regarding many of the
government initiatives for the betterment of society can do wonders for an inclusive society and nation.
Better employment prospects, better technical education and programmes on poverty eradication and
public health must be priory concerned. An action oriented approach in a very aggressive manner would
be needed to facilitate a better livelihood and better market conditions for the society.
Inclusive growth in India- prospects and challenges Jagriti Rohit
India’s government has made “inclusive growth” a key element of their policy platform, stating as a goal: “Achieving a growth process in which people in different walks in life… feel that they too benefit significantly from the process.” (Ahluwalia, 2007)
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
Human Resources and Economic DevelopmentAyesha Arshad
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCES & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF HR DEVELOPMENT
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL/ NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
IED's Hyun Son was invited to deliver a lecture on inclusive growth at the Stephen Zuelling Graduate School of the Asian Institute of Management. Her lecture dealt with issues on measurement and operationalization of inclusive growth for Asia and the Pacific. Dean moderated the lecture, which was attended by around 50 participants
How people can be used as resource.Initiaves of government .programs of governement.quality of population in terms of health and education.rising population of india an asset of rthe country how? hurdles in making rising population an asset . conclusion
An estimate of World Bank says that an additional 64 million people are living in extreme poverty on less
than US$1.25 a day by the end of 2010 as a result of the global recession. Low export dependency, a
large consumption base and the high share of employment and income come from rural areas.
Government’s focus and initiatives at local level will help in sustaining the economic growth at large. India
is among the most attractive destinations globally, for investments and business and FDI had increased
over the last few years. With the inclusive work force participation, development of infrastructural
facilities, encouraging small and medium enterprise MSMEs sector, government can fill the gap of income
disparity in different regions. Better policy measures and awareness programmes regarding many of the
government initiatives for the betterment of society can do wonders for an inclusive society and nation.
Better employment prospects, better technical education and programmes on poverty eradication and
public health must be priory concerned. An action oriented approach in a very aggressive manner would
be needed to facilitate a better livelihood and better market conditions for the society.
Inclusive growth in India- prospects and challenges Jagriti Rohit
India’s government has made “inclusive growth” a key element of their policy platform, stating as a goal: “Achieving a growth process in which people in different walks in life… feel that they too benefit significantly from the process.” (Ahluwalia, 2007)
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
Human Resources and Economic DevelopmentAyesha Arshad
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RESOURCES & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF HUMAN RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF HR DEVELOPMENT
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIAL/ NON-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
IED's Hyun Son was invited to deliver a lecture on inclusive growth at the Stephen Zuelling Graduate School of the Asian Institute of Management. Her lecture dealt with issues on measurement and operationalization of inclusive growth for Asia and the Pacific. Dean moderated the lecture, which was attended by around 50 participants
Poverty is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty in Pakistan has fallen dramatically, independent bodies supported estimates of a considerable fall in the statistic by the 2007-08 fiscal year, when it was estimated that 17.2% of the total population lived below the poverty line
India is a rapidly urbanizing country with more than 30% of its population living in cities. This has led to a significant increase in demand for housing, infrastructure, and services. As a result, urban planning has become a critical aspect of India's economic and social development.
Contemporary urban planning in India aims to create sustainable, inclusive, and livable cities that can accommodate the needs of all citizens. It involves the integration of various disciplines, such as architecture, engineering, economics, and social sciences, to develop comprehensive plans that address the complex challenges of urbanization.
The Smart Cities Mission is a flagship program launched by the Indian government in 2015 to promote sustainable urban development. The mission aims to develop 100 smart cities across the country by leveraging technology and innovation.
Under this mission, cities are selected through a competitive process and provided with funding to implement projects related to infrastructure, mobility, energy, and governance. The goal is to create cities that are efficient, responsive, and citizen-friendly.
Mixed-use development is a key aspect of contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of different land uses, such as residential, commercial, and recreational, within the same area. This approach promotes walkability, reduces traffic congestion, and enhances social interaction.
Mixed-use development also supports the concept of transit-oriented development, which encourages the use of public transportation and reduces reliance on private vehicles. This approach can help to reduce air pollution and improve the overall quality of life in cities.
Green urbanism is an emerging concept in contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, within the urban fabric. This approach promotes biodiversity, improves air quality, and provides opportunities for recreation and relaxation.
Green urbanism also supports sustainable transportation modes, such as cycling and walking, and promotes the use of renewable energy sources. This approach can help to mitigate the impacts of climate change and create more resilient cities.
Green urbanism is an emerging concept in contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, within the urban fabric. This approach promotes biodiversity, improves air quality, and provides opportunities for recreation and relaxation.
Green urbanism also supports sustainable transportation modes, such as cycling and walking, and promotes the use of renewable energy sources. This approach can help to mitigate the impacts of climate change and create more resilient cities.
Green urbanism is an emerging concept in contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, within the urban fabric.
From Single Function to Integrated: The Evolution of Computer Integrated Buil...Simran Vats
Intelligent design and construction refer to the process of designing and building structures using advanced technology and innovative techniques. This approach involves a combination of engineering, architecture, and technology to create buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and sustainable.
The goal of intelligent design and construction is to optimize the use of resources and minimize waste. This approach involves the use of smart materials, energy-efficient systems, and innovative construction methods that reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.
As technology continues to advance, the demands placed on buildings and services are also increasing. There is a growing need for buildings to be equipped with advanced IT systems that can monitor and control various functions such as lighting, heating, ventilation, and security.
This has led to the development of intelligent building management systems that can integrate these functions into a single platform, making it easier for users to manage and control them.
User IT systems are becoming increasingly important in our daily lives, with the rise of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. These systems allow us to access information and services on the go, making our lives more convenient and efficient.
In the context of building and services, user IT systems can be used to control and monitor various functions such as lighting, temperature, and security. This can lead to improved energy efficiency, cost savings, and increased comfort for users.
The Art of Intelligent Design and ConstructionSimran Vats
Intelligent design and construction refer to the process of designing and building structures using advanced technology and innovative techniques. This approach involves a combination of engineering, architecture, and technology to create buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and sustainable.
The goal of intelligent design and construction is to optimize the use of resources and minimize waste. This approach involves the use of smart materials, energy-efficient systems, and innovative construction methods that reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.
Smart materials are an essential component of intelligent design and construction. These materials have unique properties that allow them to respond to external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, and light. They can change their shape, color, or texture in response to these stimuli, making them ideal for use in building facades, roofs, and interior walls.
Examples of smart materials used in intelligent design and construction include shape-memory alloys, self-healing concrete, and electrochromic glass. These materials offer numerous benefits, including improved energy efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced durability.
Energy-efficient systems are another critical aspect of intelligent design and construction. These systems include HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. By using these systems, buildings can reduce their energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Intelligent design and construction also involve the use of smart controls and sensors that monitor energy usage and adjust systems accordingly. For example, lighting systems can be programmed to turn off when no one is in the room, and HVAC systems can adjust the temperature based on occupancy levels.
Intelligent design and construction represent the future of building design and construction. As society becomes increasingly aware of the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly buildings, this approach will become more prevalent.
Advances in technology and materials science will continue to drive innovation in intelligent design and construction, leading to even more efficient and sustainable buildings. As we move towards a greener and more sustainable future, intelligent design and construction will play a crucial role in shaping our built environment.
Building with the Earth: The Role of Technology in Vernacular ArchitectureSimran Vats
Vernacular architecture is a style of building that uses local materials and traditional construction techniques. It is an approach that has been used for centuries in various parts of the world, and it continues to be relevant today.
The use of vernacular materials and construction technology is an essential aspect of vernacular architecture. This presentation will explore the role of construction technology in vernacular architecture and highlight the importance of using local materials in building design.
Vernacular Materials
Vernacular materials are those that are locally available and commonly used in building construction. These materials include mud, stone, timber, thatch, and bamboo, among others.
The use of vernacular materials is important because they are readily available and affordable, making them accessible to local communities. Additionally, they have proven durability and can withstand harsh weather conditions, which is essential in areas prone to natural disasters.
Construction Technology
Construction technology refers to the tools, methods, and techniques used in building construction. In vernacular architecture, construction technology is often simple and relies on manual labor rather than machinery.
The use of construction technology in vernacular architecture is essential because it allows for the efficient and effective use of local materials. For example, traditional techniques such as adobe brickmaking and rammed earth construction allow for the creation of sturdy structures using only mud and other locally available materials.
Cultural Significance
Vernacular architecture is not only practical but also culturally significant. It reflects the traditions, beliefs, and values of local communities and serves as a reminder of their heritage.
By using local materials and construction technology, vernacular architecture also promotes sustainability and reduces the environmental impact of building construction. It is a way of building that is rooted in the local context and respects the natural environment.
Contemporary Applications
While vernacular architecture has deep roots in history, it is still relevant in contemporary building design. Architects and designers continue to draw inspiration from vernacular architecture and incorporate local materials and construction techniques into their projects.
In addition to promoting sustainability and cultural preservation, the use of vernacular materials and construction technology can also create unique and visually striking buildings that stand out in their surroundings.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of vernacular materials and construction technology is an essential aspect of vernacular architecture. It promotes sustainability, cultural preservation, and creates unique and visually striking buildings.
As architects and designers continue to explore new ways of incorporating local materials and construction techniques into their projects, vernacular architecture will remain a
Building Resilience: Vernacular Strategies for Disaster-resistant Structures ...Simran Vats
India is a country that is prone to various disasters such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, and landslides. These disasters have caused immense damage to life and property in the past.
One of the ways to mitigate the impact of these disasters is by constructing disaster-resistant structures using vernacular strategies.
Vernacular Strategies for Flood-Resistant Structures
In flood-prone areas, houses are constructed on raised platforms or stilts to prevent water from entering the house. The walls of the houses are made of materials that can withstand water damage such as bamboo, mud, and bricks.
Additionally, the roofs of the houses are sloped to allow rainwater to run off easily, and windows are placed at a higher level to prevent water from entering the house during floods.
Vernacular Strategies for Cyclone-Resistant Structures
In cyclone-prone areas, houses are constructed using materials that can withstand high winds such as bamboo, thatch, and mud. The roofs of the houses are sloped and reinforced to prevent them from being blown away.
Additionally, the windows of the houses are fitted with shutters to protect them from flying debris and the doors are made of strong materials to prevent them from being blown open.
Vernacular Strategies for Landslide-Resistant Structures
In landslide-prone areas, houses are constructed on stable ground and away from steep slopes. The houses are also designed to be lightweight and flexible to absorb the impact of landslides.
Furthermore, the houses are constructed using materials that can withstand the force of landslides such as bamboo, wood, and steel. The roofs of the houses are also sloped to allow rainwater to run off easily and prevent soil erosion.
Conclusion
Vernacular strategies for disaster-resistant structures have been developed over centuries by communities living in disaster-prone areas. These strategies not only help in mitigating the impact of disasters but also provide sustainable solutions that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
By incorporating these strategies into modern construction practices, we can create disaster-resistant structures that are resilient and can withstand the challenges posed by natural disasters.
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
paneled and glazed with iron fittings.
Each project has so many components.
It is not possible to give details to every item of work regarding quality of material and workmanship on the working drawing.
Therefore, a document containing description of materials, method of completing the work , quality of workmanship and precautions is attached with the estimate.
Before starting any work one must know detailed specification for the following reasons:
These describe the nature, class of the work and method of construction.
These give the idea for materials to be used in the work.
Total cost of project depends upon specifications adopted, strength & availability of materials.
Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to building that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the environment.
The "green" architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices.
A SETTLEMENT IS A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE LIVE.
A SETTLEMENT MAY BE AS SMALL AS A SINGLE HOUSE IN A REMOTE AREA OR AS LARGE AS A MEGA CITY.
A SETTLEMENT MAY ALSO BE PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY (REFUGEE CAMP). AND A TEMPORARY SETTLEMENT MAY BECOME PERMANENT OVER TIME.
Forms of human settlements, Urban and Rural forms, settelments, cities, Linear city , radial city,villages, hamlets, dwelings, ec.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
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Reverse Pharmacology.
1. HOUSING AND COMMUNITY PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT- UNIT 4
POVERTY AND INFORMAL SECTOR
Submitted By:
SIMRAN VATS
MURP (sem 2)
Faculty of Urban Planning and Architecture, SUPVA, Rohatk, Haryana.
2. POVERTY AND POOR SETTLEMENT:
DEFINATION:
POVERTY: VIOLATION OF HUMAN DIGNITY
Poverty is scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material
possessions or money. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic
goods and services necessary for survival with dignity
According to Mobile Orshansky who developed the poverty measurements used
by the U.S. government, “Poor is to be deprived of those goods, services and
pleasures which others around us take for granted.”
According to David Kurten, Poverty also involves social disintegration and
environmental degradation which he describes as forming the threefold human
crisis in the world today.
Poverty has various dimensions:
Income poverty
Security poverty
Education poverty
Health – Nutrition Poverty
Multiple deprivation
Poor people’s perception of poverty level
Poverty is “welfare level below a reasonable minimum.”
The primary focus is on individuals or groups suffering from multiple deprivations:
CORE
POOR EDUCATION
HEALTH POOR
SECURITY POOR
POOR LIVING
3. Deprivation can be defined as the consequence of a lack of income and other resources,
which cumulatively can be seen as living in poverty. The relative deprivation approach to
poverty examines the indicators of deprivation, these can then be related back to income
levels and resources.
Causes of Poverty
Rapidly Rising Population:
The population during the last 45 years has increased at the rate of 2.2% per annum.
On average 17 million people are added every year to its population which raises the
demand for consumption goods.
Low Productivity in Agriculture:
The level of productivity in agriculture is low due to subdivided and fragmented holdings,
lack of capital, use of traditional methods of cultivation, illiteracy etc. This is the main
cause of poverty in the country.
Under Utilized Resources:
The existence of under employment and disguised unemployment of human resources
and under utilization of resources has resulted in low production in agricultural sector.
This brought a down fall in their standard of living.
Low Rate of Economic Development:
The rate of economic development in India has been below the required level.
Therefore, there persists a gap between level of availability and requirements of goods
and services. The net result is poverty.
Price Rise:
The continuous and steep price rise has added to the miseries of poor. It has benefited
a few people in the society and the persons in lower income group find it difficult to get
their minimum needs.
4. Unemployment:
The continuously expanding army of unemployed is another cause of poverty. The job
seeker is increasing in number at a higher rate than the expansion in employment
opportunities.
Shortage of Capital and Able Entrepreneurship:
Capital and able entrepreneurship have important role in accelerating the growth. But
these are in short supply making it difficult to increase production significantly.
Social Factors:
The social set up is still backward and is not conducive to faster development. Laws of
inheritance, caste system, traditions and customs are putting hindrances in the way of
faster development.
Political Factors:
The Britishers started lopsided development in India and reduced Indian economy to a
colonial state. They exploited the natural resources to suit their interests and weaken
the industrial base of Indian economy.
In independent India, the development plans have been guided by political interests.
Hence, the planning a failure to tackle the problems of poverty and unemployment.
Types of poverty
Absolute poverty
Absolute poverty refers to a threshold income (consumption) level defined in absolute
terms. Persons below a pre-defined threshold income are called poor.
Relative poverty
Relative poverty defined in relative terms with reference to level of living of another
person; or, in relation to an income distribution parameter.
5. Absolute Poverty Measurements
Human Poverty Index
The Human Poverty Index (HPI)
country, developed by the United Nations
Not only poor countries but also but
human poverty . So economists introduced separate two indexes to measure the
poverty.
1. Human poverty index for developing countries. (HPI 1)
Percentage of people who are living more than 40 years
Adults percentage with illiteracy
Percentage of people who are impossible to access for pure water.
Percentage of low weight infants below 5 year old
2. Human poverty index for developing countries.(HPI 2 )
Percentage of people who are not living more than 60 years from the total
population.
Percentage of people who are inability to read and write in day today activities from
the total population.
Absolute Poverty Measurements
Human Poverty Index
Human Poverty Index (HPI) was an indication of the standard of living
United Nations.
Not only poor countries but also but also industrial countries also are suffering from the
human poverty . So economists introduced separate two indexes to measure the
Human poverty index for developing countries. (HPI 1)
Percentage of people who are living more than 40 years.(Longe
Adults percentage with illiteracy .(Knowledge)
Percentage of people who are impossible to access for pure water.
Percentage of low weight infants below 5 year old.( Decent standards of Poverty)
Human poverty index for developing countries.(HPI 2 )
rcentage of people who are not living more than 60 years from the total
Percentage of people who are inability to read and write in day today activities from
standard of living in a
also industrial countries also are suffering from the
human poverty . So economists introduced separate two indexes to measure the
.(Longevity)
Percentage of people who are impossible to access for pure water.
.( Decent standards of Poverty)
rcentage of people who are not living more than 60 years from the total
Percentage of people who are inability to read and write in day today activities from
6. Segment of people who suffer from income poverty.
Group of population suffer from the unemployment more than 12 months.
Poverty Line
Poverty Line ( Poverty Threshold)
Source: B.seebohm rowntree,Poverty: a study of townlife,100th edition,british
Library,2000
Food poverty line
Non food poverty line
National poverty Line
Food poverty line
Minimum amount of food an individual must consume to stayhealthy
Source: Moazzem Hossain, Iyanatul Islam, Reza Kibria, South Asian Economic
Development:Transformation, Opportunities and Challenges,
Non food poverty line
Average per capita non-food expenditure of households whose per capita total
expenditure is close to the food poverty line.
Source: The Department of Census and Statistics Announces the Official Poverty Line
for SriLanka, 2004
National poverty Line
This is the percentage of people living below the national poverty line.
Non Food Poverty Line
The lower bound of the non-food poverty line means average per capita
non-food expenditure of households whose per capita total expenditure is close to the
food poverty line.
7. The upper bound is defined means average per-capita non-food expenditure of
households whose per-capita food expenditure is close to the food poverty line.
Relative Poverty measurements
1. Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient
Lorenz curve is the line which shows the distribution of income among the households.
2. Gini Index
The Gini coefficient is usually defined mathematically based on the Lorenz curve , which
plots the proportion of the total income of the population (y axis) that is cumulatively
earned by the bottom x% of the population. The line at 45 degrees thus represents
perfect equality of incomes.
8. Measures of Poverty
There are Various measures of the extent of poverty .
The head count index.
The poverty gap index.
The squared poverty gap (poverty severity) index.
Head count index
The most widely used measure is the headcount index.
It simply measures the proportion of the population that is counted as poor.
Head count index = No. of poor /Total no. of population
Poverty gap index
Poverty gap index is a measure of the intensity of poverty. It is defined as the average
poverty gap in the population as a proportion of the poverty line.
The poverty gap index is an improvement over the poverty measure headcount ratio
which simply counts all the people below a poverty line, in a given population, and
considers them equally poor.
9. Poverty gap index estimates the depth of poverty by considering how far, on the
average, the poor are from that poverty line.
Poverty gap index (PGI) is calculated as,
where is the total population of poor who are living at or below the poverty line and is
the income of then poor household.
Squared poverty gap index
Squared poverty gap index, also known poverty severity index or , is related to poverty
gap index.
It is calculated by averaging the square the poverty gap ratio. By squaring each poverty
gap data, the measure puts more weight the further a poor person's observed income
falls below the poverty line.
The squared poverty gap index is one form of a weighted sum of poverty gaps, with the
weight proportionate to the poverty gap.
Concerns for Poverty
Increasing supply of basic needs.
Increasing supply of food and other goods.
Increasing supply of healthcare and education, water and energy utilities.
Removing constraints on govt. services
Reversing brain drains.
Controlling overpopulation.
Increasing personal income.
10. Poor Settlements:
Urban poor settlements are the most disadvantaged part of city, they are distinct as
settlement for poor people, poor quality of housing, lack of services or under standard,
isolated in terms of poor integration into border urban community, facing a health
problems, poor education and other negative perceptions.
Spontaneous settlements are referred to as an outward spread of built-up areas
caused by expansion, with inadequate provision of facilities. the formation of
spontaneous settlements is as a result of urbanization, where rents go high as the city
evolves thereby moving the low income earners to the suburbs for easy access to
places of opportunity for casual work at the same time not far away from the city.
Slums and Squatters
Slums" are highly congested urban areas marked by deteriorated, unsanitary buildings,
poverty, and social disorganization.
"Squatters" settle on land, especially public or unoccupied land, without right or title.
Squatters include those who settles on public land under regulation by the government,
in order to get title to it.
Simplifying
Slums refer to the environmental aspects of the area where a community resides, while
squatters refer to the legality of the land ownership and other infrastructure provision.
Differences between SLUMS and SQUATTERS
Slum Squatters
Yes Access to improved sanitation Yes
Yes Access to safe water Yes
Yes Durability of housing Yes
Yes Sufficient living area Yes
11. Yes Secure tenure No
Functions in urban contexts
Squatter settlements have a functional role in the process of urban development
ultimately integrated into city life embedded with their forming and transforming
processes and an intense craving for urban resources. However, dependency on urban
resources drives the squatters to exploit the available resources for subsistence and
livelihood and it generates diverse social, cultural and economic tribulations related to
the social structure of urban areas. Forming of squatters in Nepal embeds with different
social, physical, economic and legal characteristics that are very crucial for determining
their status. Their social and economic status is grim in shanty settlements with diverse
problems related to housing and basic rights fulfillment issues—good housing,
infrastructure related problems as roads, drinking water, and health. The squatters’
settlement is verboten, as such they are illegal settlers and many lack land ownership
documents. The issue of fake or professional squatters is also a problem. However,
they are transforming in the process of adjustment to the urban context.
Slum and Squatter Formation by illegal occupation
Squatter and slum settlements have formed mainly because of the inability of city
governments to plan and provide affordable housing for the low-income segments of the
urban population. Hence, squatter and slum housing is the housing solution for this low-
income urban population. In the mega urban regions or metropolitan areas, part of the
problem would lie in the coordination among different authorities that are in charge of
economic development, urban planning, and land allocation. Such coordination issues
also exist between the city and national governments
Age composition: The majority of the household population who was squatting where
between the age 25-34. Young population who migrate from the surrounding rural areas
to cities for searching of job opportunity, better life, and education caused the highest
squatting process .
12. Education status: In developing country for the advantage of education safety life
majority of the rural people migrates from rural area to urban. This indicates that, the
elite of the population is not willing to live around the rural areas for the search of quality
life which intern forced them to hold land illegally.
Occupational status: The majority of the household heads were government
employees with little income status which not afford them to have their own legal
housing. Therefore most people who were forced to squat around the free space,
agricultural land and other illegal holding areas were mostly government employees.
This was due to low income status of the employees which cannot make them
competent in land holding market activities.
Economic condition: Monthly income of the squatter settlements is very low with the
context of land lease price market of the state. This suggests that if they had
sustainable income they would have tenure security, because they had the funds to do
so. Therefore, there would be an incentive to invest more in their housing and improve
their immediate environments.
Migration
Migration in general and rural-urban migration in particular is always seen as the
process of rebalancing economic resource in order to set up a new stage of
economic development.
Urban informal sector acts as a major pull factor for rural - urban migration in
India.
Rural-urban migration has its close connections to the development and spread
of urban informal sectors The massive influx of rural people into the urban areas
has changed the job structure of the destination places.
Rural peoples are mainly attracted to migrate by economic incentives as well as
by other attractions of an urban life. But in reality very few of the fortunate
migrants are able to manage to secure jobs in industries. Some of others wait to
get a job in the formal sector and thus form a ‘reserve army of labour’ which in
13. case of India is ‘the number of open urban unemployment’. The rests get
absorbed only in the urban informal sector.
Again low wage, low security, high labour intensity in the informal jobs has
reduced living standard of the migrants who are involved into those jobs. So,
simply there is a shift of poverty standards from rural-urban.
Socio-Economic deprivation and environment degradation
As per the definition given by Peter Townsend (1987), deprivation can be explained as
“a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to local community or
the wider society or nation to which the individual, family or group belongs”. Broadly, it
can be classified into two categories- material and social, indicating lack of access to
the basic necessities and social weakness respectively.
socio-economic deprivation can be described as the lack of social and economic
benefits which are considered to be basic necessities of a society or community or in a
broader sense of a region. The performances of HDI based indicators also reflect the
quality of life of people of any particular region.
Informal Sector
The main aim of the informal sector is considered to be the provision of subsistence to
families. Problems in the informal sector can be solved if issues like employment
relationships and inequality are solved. Informal activities are defined as 'a way of
doing things' characterized by:
Ease of entry
Small scale of the activity
Self-employment, with a high proportion of family workers & apprentices
Little capital & equipment
Labor intensive technologies
Low skills
Low level of organization with no access to organized markets.
14. Informal economy
All economic activities by workers or economic units that are – in law or practice – not
covered or sufficiently covered by formal arrangements.
Employment in the informal economy
Sum of employment in the informal sector(d) and informal employment (f) outside the
informal sector.
Informal employment
Total number of informal jobs, whether carried out in formal sector enterprises, informal
sector enterprises, or households; including employees holding informal jobs (e);
employers and own-account workers employed in their own informal sector enterprises;
members of informal producers’ cooperatives; contributing family workers in formal or
informal sector enterprises; and own-account workers engaged in the production of
goods for own end use by their household.
Implication in Physical Planning
Urban planning in developing countries -- particularly in cities with rapid urbanization --
is facing a problem with the informal sector. The businesses that comprise the informal
sector, typically operating on streets and in other public places, are often seen as eye-
sores and undesirable activities. Thus, conflicts arise between urban authorities trying to
keep their cities clean and the urban informal sector operators who need space for their
activities.
Depending on whether the analytical focus is on people, activity, or habitat, the informal
sector is distinguished from the formal sector by:
(i) certain labor and employment characteristics
(ii) enterprise operation characteristics
(iii) land and housing characteristics of settlements