Perception in psychology can be defined as the sensory experience of the world, which includes how an individual recognizes and interpreter sensory information. This also includes how one responds to those stimuli. Perception includes these senses: vision, touch, sound, smell, taste, and proprioception. These are all senses one takes in to understand the surroundings and respond to its demands. In general, there are a few steps in the formation of perception. First, there is an external stimulus for the sensory organs to detect, for example, the barking of a dog. In this example, the ears will be responsible to detect the stimulus. If the individual pays attention to the bark, the attended stimulus will be transcribed from auditory information into neurological signals and transducer to the brain. Inside the brain, the individual will recognize it as a dog's barking. Then according to one's knowledge and experience with a dog barking, they will carry out a corresponding response to the situation. If the individual is scared of dogs, they may choose to quickly leave or stay further away from the dog. One example can be a mother preparing a meal for a baby. The mother may try the food before feeding. If the food is too hot, the mother will wait until it is cooled in order to protect the baby from a burn. In this case, tactile perception is used Perception is the way individuals recognize and interpret the environment. It is necessary for survival. For example, when one is walking on the street, an accurate and efficient perception of an out-of-control car that is speeding toward them will help them escape from possible injuries from getting hit. In this example, it involves the ability to see and hear the car and maybe people around shouting for the individual's attention. Then it requires the individual to put together all the perceptions of the car and derive meaning from them, ie. they should escape and stay away from the car.

1. Presented by: Group 1
PERCEPTION

2. Discuss the three major of perceptual systems localization, recognition, and
constancy
Describe and illustrate several Gesalt laws for separating the figure from the
ground and organizing the elements of a stimulus
Explain the process of depth and motion perception
Summarize the theories that explain how objects are recognized, and describe the
different stages of visual recognition processes, including bottom-up and top-down
recognition processes
Describe the various perceptual constancies including size constancy, light
constancy, and color conatancy, and explain how they combine to yield apparently
contant objects

3. PERCEPTION
Perception is the process by
which we obtain knowledge
about the world we live in.
followed by the
processing information
to make sense of what we
see, hear, smell, taste,
and touch.

4. PERCEPTION
An intriguing facet of
perception is that it is more
than the use of senses. More
likely, It is SELECTIVE,
CONSTRUCTIVE, and
INTERPRETATIVE.
What does this mean?

5. Traditionally, were thought
five classes of sensations,
emerging from the
functioning of the five (5)
sense organs- the;
Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue,
and Skin.
According to (Gibson, 1966)
thinking about perception
progressed when it was
realized that we do not have
five senses but rather;
five (5) Perceptual systems

6. Visual Perceptual System
1.
Auditory Perceptual System
2.
Haptic Perceptual System
3.
Savor Perceptual System
4.
Basic Orientation Perceptual System
5.

7. 1. LOCALIZATION
2. RECOGNITION
3. CONSTANT

8. LOCALIZATION
To locate objects, have to separte them from one
another, and then organize them into groups.
these process were first studied in the first half of
20th century by Gestalt psychologists,
A group of influential German psychologists among
Max Wertheimer,
Kurt Koffka, and
Wolfgang Kohler.
theorized, we percieved figures and forms as
whloe patterns that are more than the simple sum
of individual sensations.
In other words our brain build “whole patterns”
or gestalts.

9. The Law of Pragnanz is the
fundamental principle by which
the whole or the gestalt, is
constructed.
Koffka (1930) pronounced the
law,
thus: “Of several geometrically
possible organizations, what will be
perceived is the best, simplest, and
most stable shape.”
Gestalt psychologists proposed
other principles of organization
The Principles include;
FIGURE AND GROUND
ORGANIZATION
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

10. This principle states that
we have a natural
tendency to organize a
stimulus into regions
corresponding to
figureg round.

11. Rubin vase Reversible
figure-ground
Ambigous figure-ground
Relationship are situations
in which the figure and the
ground reverse from time
to time, the figure
becoming the ground and
the ground becoming the
figure again.

12. This other Gestalt principles
of perceptual organization
describe why certain figural
elements seemed to be
percieved together rather
than as isolated or
independent.
Gestalt psychologist
attempted to classify types
of interaction, calling them
Laws of Perception.

13. POXIMITY
The objects are near
each other
Tend to see as a unit
SIMILARITY
Objects are similar to each
other
Seen as a part of the same
pattern

14. GOOD CONTINUATION/ CONTINUITY
Objects are arranged in either
a straight line or a smooth
curve
CLOSURE
States that even when a
figure has a gap, we tend to
percieved it as a closed or
complete figure

15. COMMON FATE
Objects move in the
same direction
Elements that move
together are perceived as
grouped together

16. Depth perception
The ability to perceive and understand
the relative distances and spatial
relationships of objects in three-
dimensional space.
Depth cues
Are visual cues or pieces of information
that our brain uses to perceive depth and
spatial relationships in the visual scene.
(2) Two main types of
depth cues:
MONOCULAR CUES.
BINOCULAR CUES

17. 1.Relative Size
2. Superimposition
3. Relative height
4. Linear perspective
5. Motion parallax
MONOCULAR CUES.
Require the use of
only one eye.

18. 1.Parallax/Binocular,
2. Binocular Disparity,
3. Convergence,
BINOCULAR CUES.
Depend on the use
of both eyes,

19. Motion perception
motion perception arises
whenever an image moves across
our retina, and implemented in
the brain by specific cells in the
visual system
This movement is also known as
Real motion.
Apparent motion can occur in a
variety ways including:
STROBOSCOPIC MOTION
1.
INDUCED MOTION
2.

20. STROBOSCOPIC MOTION
1.
2. INDUCED MOTION
Illustion of movement
produced by a rapid
pattern of stimulation on
different parts of the
retina
which the movement of a
large object induces the
apparent movement of a
smaller stationary object.

21. Visually recognizing an
object means assigning it
to a category; for instance,
you determine that a
“thing” with features such
as four legs, a flat seat, and
a vertical back is a chair.
(3) Three theoretical approaches
to a pattern recognition are
proposed;
TEMPLATE THEORY
PROTOTYPE THEORY
FEATURE THEORY

22. EARLY STAGES
In this stage visual system
utilizes retinal information in
describing the object in terms
of features such like; lines and
angle
LATE STAGES (matching)
In this stages involve
more complex and
abstract processing that
integrates and interprets
the visual information

23. BOTTOM-UP
This recognition which
is driven solely by the
visual input and builds
upward to an
interpretation.
TOP-DOWN
This recognition process
is driven by our stored
knowledge and
expectations to help
resolve the ambiguities in
the sensory input.

24. The tendency is to see a series of
circles whose angles are changing,
rather than four rows of different
shapes. It seems as if the three
black circles at the bottom are
repeated into depth, as if printed
on a cylinder.
This is referred to as
shapeconstancy—we tend to
perceive the shapes as
constant and moving away
from us. Describe what you
see here.

25. Size constancy
1.
Lightness constancy
2.
Color constancy
3.
Shape constancy
4.
Location constancy
5.

26. Perception is a complex
process in psychology that
involves the selection,
organization, and
interpretation of sensory
information.
Visual perception involves
the processing, organization,
and interpretation of visual
information.

27. Merci beaucoup!