3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that builds 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material. There are several major 3D printing technologies that differ in the materials and techniques used, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS). 4D printing is an emerging technology that uses smart materials and 3D printing to create objects that can change shapes or properties when exposed to stimuli like water, heat or light. Potential applications of 4D printing include self-assembling medical devices, adaptive robotics, and shape-changing structures.

1. 1

2. 3D printingis a computer-drivenadditivemanufacturingtechnologyusedforproducingthe final productfroma
digitalmodel by layingdownsuccessive layersof material.
Typical 3D PrintingProcess
Introduction to 3DPrinting
While traditional productionrelies on removal of the material from the solid cast or
mold, 3D printing adds the layers of the material on the existing layers.
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3. Stereolithography
(SLA)
Fused
Deposition
Modelling
(FDM)
Selective
Laser
Sintering
(SLS)
Laminated
Object
Manufacturing
(LOM)
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Major 3D
Printing
Technologies
A stereolithography apparatus uses
liquid plastic, a perforated platform,
and UV laser to print 3D objects
The system uses thermoplastic material
which is melted to a semi-liquid state and
extruded according to computer-
controlledpaths
Small particles of plastic, glass,
or ceramics are fused together
from a high power laser to
form a solid 3D object
A economical process where layers of
adhesive-laminated paper or plastic
sheets are glued together and cut to
create complexshapes
Major 3D PrintingTechnologies
Althoughall 3D printers use the basic“additive fabrication” method, that involves building
the part one layer at a time, they differon the types of material and techniques used

6. Baby becomes first person in the world to have 3d printed skull
 China has made medical history
 The first person in the world to have her entire skull reconstructed by 3D
printers. Known as the 'big-head baby
 fluid filled 85 per cent of her brain - making her skull three-four times
larger than it should have been, measuring around 20cmx20cm
 used CT scans and 3D data to create three titanium mesh skull implants
which combined, would replace the entire top portion of the toddler's
skull
 surgeons used 3D printing technology to create a titanium alloy skull and
successfully set it into Han Han's head during a 17-hour operation

8. Eagle’s Beak

12. Skylar Tibbits
 Researcher & Architect Professor at
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT)
 Focuses on developing
programmable materials
 Developing 4D Printing
 Founded the Self-Assembly Lab at
MIT

13. SMART Material
which can
transform upon
external stimuli
Introduction to 4DPrinting
3D Printer Smart Materials 4D Object
4D printing is a technique that uses a 3D printer to create objects that
change their shape when removed from the printer
To make things self-assemble when exposed to air, water or heat due to the
chemical interaction of the materials
Purpose

15. Smart
Materials
Energy
Source
Precise
Positioning
Control
 Some materials change physical
property upon energyinput
 Materials expand upon heat
 Materials bend upon electric energy
 Natural energy source such asheat,
pressure, etc
 Controlled energy source such as
current, electromagnetic wave
 Arrange transformativematerial
in precise angle, position
 3D printer
Overview of 4D Object
Transformative materials without control is useless.

16. 4D
Printing
Simulation
Software
Multi
materials
printer
SMART
materials
Simulation software for
self-assembly and
design constraints
optimization.
 Autodesk
 CATIA
 OpenSource
3D printer with
capability to print
multiple SMART
materials
 Stratasys
 ROVA
 SolidView
 GeoMagic
Materials that change
shape upon external
stimuli
 Shape memoryalloy
 Self healing
materials
ImportantAspectsof4DPrinting

18. • Cyborg, a design platform spanning applications from the nano-
scale to the human-scale.
• This software allows for simulated self-assembly and programmable
materials as well as optimization for design constraints and joint
folding.
• The aim is to tightly couple this new cross-disciplinary and cross-
scalar design tool with the real-world material transformation of 4D
printing.
Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

19. : Multi-material Shape Change Over Time. His team worked with the
Autodesk bio/nano/programmable matter group and our software, Project
Cyborg, to simulate various shape transformations and optimize folding
sequences in 4D Printing.
Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

20. Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

21. Cyborg 4D Simulation Software

22. Classification of SMARTmaterials
Type of SMART Material Input Output
Piezoelectric Deformation Potential Difference
Electrostrictive Potential Difference Deformation
Magnetostrictive Magnetic Field Deformation
Thermoelectric Temperature Potential Difference
Shape Memory Alloys Temperature Deformation
Photochromic Radiation Color Change
Thermochromics Temperature Color Change

23. Material Conduc-
tivity
Stren-gth Hard-ness Tough-ness Weight Corrosi-on
Resista-nce
Cost
Pine Very poor
Medium/
low
Low Low
Low/
medium
Poor Low
MDF Very poor Low Low Low
Low/
medium
Poor Low
Low-Carbon
Steel Very good Very good Good
Very
good
High Poor Low
Stainless
Steel Very good Ex- cellent
Very
good
Very
good
High Good High
HIPS Very poor Medium Low Good Low
Very
good
Low
Acrylic Very poor Medium
Low/
medium
Good Low Good Medium
SMA Very good Very good Good
Very
good
Medium Good High
Comparison Between Materials

24. Listof SmartMetalAlloys

25. SmartMetalAlloyProperties

26. Propertiesof NiTiAlloys

27. Shape Memory Effect-An Example

28. ApplicationtoSmartphone
Self healing smart phone
LG smartphone, G-Flex, which is curved and has a self-healing polymer
coating on the back: Light scratches disappear beforeyour eyes

29. Polymer
type
Healing
approach
Chemistry/
method
Best healing
efficiency (%)
Healing
conditions
Thermoplastic
Intrinsic Reversible bond
formation
75 % < 1 min at -30°C
Capsule
based
Interdiffusion (solvent) 78% 4 – 5 min at 60°C
Intrinsic Photo-induced healing 16% 10 min at 100°C
Intrinsic Nanoparticle healing - 2h atAmbient
Thermoset
Vascular Thermally reversible
crosslinks
60% 30 min at 115°C
6 h at 40°C
Vascular Thermoplastic
additives
45% 1h at 160°C
Thermoset
composites
Capsule
based
Microencapsulation
approach
60% 48h at 80°C
24h atAmbient
Vascular Thermoplastic
additives
80% 1.5h at 80°C
Development of Self healing polymers

30. Healthcare
Robotic
Automotive
Industry
Consumer
Industrial
Manufacturing
Military
Aerospace
Applications of 4D Printing

31. Adaptive Tyre Compound
 4D printed tyre compound which provide adaptive grip on road
condition
Smart Materials – Self-healing materials

32. Pipe Manufacturing
 Current pipe system is very rigid. To cater for
higher flow capacity, we have to replace the
whole pipe line.
 Solution: An adaptive 4D manufacturing
capability to produce capacity adaptable pipes
Smart Materials – Shape Memory Alloys

33. Nano Scale Objects in Biomedical Engineering. E.g Cardiac tube/Stent
 4D printed stent to be maneuvered to a spot and then
change form
 For example, 4D printed stent that is introduced
into an artery – and when ultrasound energy is applied
it balloons up to its needed configuration

34. Radial diagram for next 5years by
Printing Technology

35. 4D Printing Project
In a unique research collaboration between Stratasys’ Education,
R&D departments and MIT’s Self-Assembly Lab, a new process is
being developed, known as 4D Printing.
With Stratasys’ Connex technology, a single print, with multi-
material features, can transform from any 1D strand into 3D shape,
2D surface into 3D shape or more from one 3D shape into another.
The Connex multi material technology allows the researchers to
program different material properties into each of the various
particles of the designed geometry and harnesses the different
water-absorbing properties of the materials to activate the self-
assembly process.

36. What’s Next? 4DPrinting
Physicalprogramming of macro-sized 3D materials to self-assemble themselves into
predetermined structures andshapes
A Possible Scenariofor 4D Printing
Industrial4D
Printing
Environmental
Manufacturing
SelfAssembling
Materials
Holds potential to revamp
introducing a
environmental
manufacturing
new field of
manufacturing in which
energy,
will be
to self-
ambient sources of
water or even light
used as impetuses
assemble
Exploring materials and
understanding reaction
to externalelements
Industry application will be
explored with cost of
technology more suited for
industrialapplications
20452013
3D
Printing
2015 2035
Ongoing Research on 4D Printing
Space Exploration
4D printed parts can be sentto
space and programmed toself-
assemble into an object at the
desiredlocation.
Construction/ Architecture
Materials that could be programmed to
adapt and change shape in response to
environment or situation. Example:
Pipes that expand when demand
increases
Medical
Ongoing research on developing a nano robot
built from DNA strands in the form of a
clamshell basket, with double-helix "locks" that
are only opened when the robot comes into
contact with specific cancerouscells.
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37. Journal in 4d Printing

38. Conclusion
 4D printing is a novel advancement to 3D printing
technology
 4D printing is focused on developing materials and
newer printing techniques that could reduce the
time taken for assembly of parts, in turn improving
the overall efficiency of the manufacturing process.
 Parts manufactured using this novel technology
would employ different types of SMART materials.

39. Developing technology

40. Developing technology
Emerging technology

41. Developing technology
Emerging technology
New Emerging technology

42. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9F5TumUU6c