These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze whether and how 4D Printing is becoming economically feasible. 4D printing is defined as 3D printing of smart materials whose shape and properties change with the addition of heat or electrical energy. The presentation describes a number of these smart materials, the specific stimuli that lead to changes in shaper or properties, and application examples. Examples include self-healing polymers for smart phones, other materials for space structures, alloys for heat engines, and dielectric elastomers for artificial muscles.
This ppt explains 4-d printing technology in a simple manner starting from reasons to use it to explaining the technology clearly & precisely. This can be used by college students as their project ppts.
in this presentation i have discussed about 4D Printing technology. you can watch out it in video form on my You Tube channel https://youtu.be/ZDaurFz2byc
This ppt explains 4-d printing technology in a simple manner starting from reasons to use it to explaining the technology clearly & precisely. This can be used by college students as their project ppts.
in this presentation i have discussed about 4D Printing technology. you can watch out it in video form on my You Tube channel https://youtu.be/ZDaurFz2byc
Additive Manufacturing (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Additive Manufacturing, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Selective Laser Sintering is one of the most used processes of Rapid Prototyping. It is a powder based process where powder of different metals/materials get sintered by LASER.
3D Printing Technology PPT by ajaysingh_02AjaySingh1901
This PPT make on 3D printing Technology or additive manufacturing in which we cover the need, history importants, future scope, trend before the 3DP, advantage and disadvantage, limitations, application of 3DP
Shape-memory polymers are smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state to their original shape induced by an external stimulus, such as temperature change.
Application of Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace IndustryAbhijeet Agarwal
This Presentation based on the benefits and the advantage of the Additive Manufacturing in the world. There how it make this useful around the companies and other things
FDM Process introduction (A part of Additive Manufacturing Technique OR Commonly Known as 3D Printing). 3D printing is an evolved manufacturing technique; it is comparatively better than conventional substractive manufacturing. There is minimum wastage of material because material is added only at those locations where it is required. To make 3D model you need a 3D printer and feeding material and obviously power source. Any thermoplastic material whose melting temperature lies in the range of 150-240 deg. C can be used in FDM based 3D printing.
Self-healing materials are smart materials that can intrinsically repair damage leading to longer lifetimes, reduction of inefficiency caused by degradation and material failure.
Applications include shock absorbing materials, paints and anti-corrosion coatings and more recently, conductive self-healing materials for circuits and electronics.
The concept of an autonomic self-healing material, where initiation of repair is integral to the material, is now being considered for engineering applications. This bio-inspired concept offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. Most materials in nature are themselves self-healing composite materials. This paper reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed for fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials, most of which are bioinspired; inspired by observation of nature. The most recent self-healing work has attempted to mimic natural healing using more detailed study of natural processes. A perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.
Additive Manufacturing (2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Additive Manufacturing, Prof. John Hart, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
Selective Laser Sintering is one of the most used processes of Rapid Prototyping. It is a powder based process where powder of different metals/materials get sintered by LASER.
3D Printing Technology PPT by ajaysingh_02AjaySingh1901
This PPT make on 3D printing Technology or additive manufacturing in which we cover the need, history importants, future scope, trend before the 3DP, advantage and disadvantage, limitations, application of 3DP
Shape-memory polymers are smart materials that have the ability to return from a deformed state to their original shape induced by an external stimulus, such as temperature change.
Application of Additive Manufacturing in Aerospace IndustryAbhijeet Agarwal
This Presentation based on the benefits and the advantage of the Additive Manufacturing in the world. There how it make this useful around the companies and other things
FDM Process introduction (A part of Additive Manufacturing Technique OR Commonly Known as 3D Printing). 3D printing is an evolved manufacturing technique; it is comparatively better than conventional substractive manufacturing. There is minimum wastage of material because material is added only at those locations where it is required. To make 3D model you need a 3D printer and feeding material and obviously power source. Any thermoplastic material whose melting temperature lies in the range of 150-240 deg. C can be used in FDM based 3D printing.
Self-healing materials are smart materials that can intrinsically repair damage leading to longer lifetimes, reduction of inefficiency caused by degradation and material failure.
Applications include shock absorbing materials, paints and anti-corrosion coatings and more recently, conductive self-healing materials for circuits and electronics.
The concept of an autonomic self-healing material, where initiation of repair is integral to the material, is now being considered for engineering applications. This bio-inspired concept offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional materials capable of counteracting service degradation whilst still achieving the primary, usually structural, requirement. Most materials in nature are themselves self-healing composite materials. This paper reviews the various self-healing technologies currently being developed for fiber reinforced polymeric composite materials, most of which are bioinspired; inspired by observation of nature. The most recent self-healing work has attempted to mimic natural healing using more detailed study of natural processes. A perspective on current and future self-healing approaches using this biomimetic technique is offered. The intention is to stimulate debate and reinforce the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in this exciting field.
The design, characterization, and application of structures, devices, and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape of materials at the nanometer scale (atomic, molecular, and macromolecular scale
I think it will help the beginners who are much not aware of this topic.This is a complete presentation about organic electronics.That have contain all the topics which i think would be very helpful mostly for engineering students and there are many pictures and no names in the slides so students can easily download it and paste it for their college presentation.
Disruptive & Breakthrough innovations alter our world. Some domains of Technology are altering and evolving at a pace that is almost alarming. However, the future is never predictable and a breakthrough technology in a domain can revolutionaries the way the world works and conducts without much warning. The Moore's Law was expected to hit a plateau and now with advent of Quantum computing it has again become relevant and computational speeds may even outpace Moore's Law. The material technologies including nano-science will continue to excite the researchers and Bio-sciences with synergising affects of other domains of science can be predicted to take giant leaps. Artificial Intelligence is probably expected to pervade everything we touch and feel.
Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometre (10−9 meters). More specifically, Nanorobotics refers to the nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building nanorobots, with devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometer & constructed of nano scale or molecular component. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines or nanomites have also been used to describe these devices currently under research and development. Nano machines are largely in the research-and-development phase, but some primitive molecular machines have been tested. An example is a sensor having a switch approximately 1.5 nano meters across, capable of counting specific molecules in a chemical sample. The first useful applications of nano machines might be in medical technology, which could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment. Since nano robots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. These nano robot swarms, both those incapable of replication and those capable of unconstrained replication in the natural environment
The "Unproductive Bubble:" Unprofitable startups, small markets for new digit...Jeffrey Funk
This article will show that the current bubble has produced few profitable startups and involved few if any new digital technologies, nor technologies involving recent scientific advances, and thus it is unlikely that much that is productive will be left once the dust settles. There is a growth in old technologies such as e-commerce but little in new technologies such as AI. The startup losses are also much larger than in the past suggesting that fewer of today’s startups will still exist in a few years than those of 20 years ago.
Commercialization of Science: What has changed and what can be done to revit...Jeffrey Funk
This paper several changes that I believe may have reduced America’s ability to develop science-based technologies. I make no claims about the completeness. I begin with the growth of university research and then cover several changes it engendered, including an obsession with papers, hyper-specialization of researchers, and huge bureaucracies, also using the words of Nobel Laureates and other scientists to make my points.
2000, 2008, 2022: It is hard to avoid the parallels How Big Will the 2022 S...Jeffrey Funk
These slides summarize the recent share price declines for new startups, declines that are driven by huge annual and cumulative losses and it contrasts today's bubble with those of 2000 and 2008. It shows that today's bubble involves bigger startup losses than those of the 2000 bubble and that the markets of new technologies have not grown to the extent that those of past decades did. Many hedge funds, VCs, and pension funds are heavily invested in these startups. Some of them are also highly leveraged.
The Slow Growth of AI: The State of AI and Its ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
The failure of IBM Watson, disappointments of self-driving vehicles, slow diffusion of medical imaging, small markets for AI software, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers provide evidence for hype and disappointment in AI, which is consistent with negative social impact of Big Data and AI algorithms. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with virtual applications (advertising, news, retail sales, finance and e-commerce) having the largest success, building from previous Big Data usage in the past. Looking forward, AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing summarizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. Big challenges include reductions in training time depending on faster computers, exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in image recognition, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems.
Behind the Slow Growth of AI: Failed Moonshots, Unprofitable Startups, Error...Jeffrey Funk
Smaller than expected markets, money-losing startups, failure of Watson, slow-diffusion of self-driving vehicles and medical imaging, and scorching criticisms of Google’s research papers are some of the examples used to characterize the hype of AI. There are some successes, but they are much smaller than the predictions, with advertising, news, and e-commerce having the biggest success stories. Looking forward, #AI will augment not replace workers just as past technologies did on farms, factories, and offices. Robotic process automation and natural language processing are likely to play important roles in this augmentation with #RPA automating repetitive work, natural language processing categorizing information, and RPA also putting the information in the right bins for engineers, accountants, researchers, journalists, and lawyers. The big challenges include exponentially rising demands on computers for high accuracies in images, a slowdown in supercomputer improvements, datasets riddled with errors, and reproducibility problems. See either this podcast or my slides, whose URL is shown in comments. #technolgy #innovation #venturecapital #ipo #artificialintelligence
The Troubled Future of Startups and Innovation: Webinar for London FuturistsJeffrey Funk
These slides show how the most successful startups of today (Unicorns) are not doing as well as the most successful of 20 to 50 years ago. Today's startups are doing worse in terms of time to profitability and time to top 100 market capitalization status. Only one Unicorn founded since 2000 has achieved top 100 market capitalization status while six, nine, and eight from the 70s, 80s, and 90s did so. It is also unlikely that few or any of today's Unicorns will achieve this status because their market capitalizations are too low, share prices increases since IPO are too small, and profits remain elusive. Only 14 of 45 had share price increases greater than the Nasdaq and only 6 of 45 had profits in 2019. The reasons for the worse performance of today's Unicorns than those of 20 to 50 years ago include no breakthrough technologies, hyper-growth strategies, and the targeting of regulated industries. The slides conclude with speculations on why few breakthrough technologies, including science-based technologies from universities are emerging. We need to think back to the division of labor that existed a half a century ago.
Where are the Next Googles and Amazons? They should be here by nowJeffrey Funk
Great startups aren’t being founded like they were in the 1970s (Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Genentech, Home Depot, EMC), 1980s (Cisco, Dell, Adobe, Qualcomm, Amgen, Gilead Sciences), and 1990s (Amazon, Google, Netflix, Salesforce.com, PayPal). All of these startups reached the top 100 for market capitalization, but Facebook is the only startup founded since 2000 which has entered the top 100. Tesla and Uber are often discussed as highly successful but they have many times higher cumulative losses than did Amazon at its time of peak losses and neither has had a profitable year despite being older than Amazon was when it achieved profits. Furthermore, few of the recent Unicorn IPOs have experienced shareprice increases greater than those of the Nasdaq (14 of 45), only 3 of these 14 have profits, and only six of them have a
market capitalization over $30 (Zoom), $20 (Square), and $10 billion (Twilio, DocuSign, Okta). America’s venture capital system isn’t working as well as it once did, and the coronavirus will make things worse before the VC system gets better.
Start-up losses are mounting and innovation is slowing, but venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, consultants, university researchers, and business schools are hyping new technologies more than ever before. This hype is facilitated by changes in online media, including the rise of social media. This paper describes how the professional incentives of experts and the changes in online media have increased hype and how this hype makes it harder for policy makers, managers, scientists, engineers, professors, and students to understand new technologies and make good decisions. We need less hype and more level-headed economic analysis and this paper describes how this economic analysis can be done. Here is a link to the journal, Issues in Science & Technology: www.issues.org
Irrational Exuberance: A Tech Crash is ComingJeffrey Funk
These slides apply Nobel Laureate Robert Schiller's concept of irrational exuberance (and a book) title to the current speculative bubble of 2019. Over investments in startups and a lack of profitability in them are finally starting to catch up with the venture capital industry and the tech sector that relies on it. Investments by US venture capitalists have risen about six times since 2001 causing the total invested in 2018 to exceed by 40% the peak of 2000, the last big year of the dotcom bubble. But the number of IPOs has never returned to the peak years of 1993 to 2000; only about 250 were carried out between 2015 and 2017 vs. about 1,200 between 1995 and 1997.
The reason is simple: startups are taking longer to go public because they are not profitable. Consider the data. The median time to IPO has risen from 2.8 years in 1998 to 7.7 years in 2016 and the ones going public are less profitable than they were in the past. Although only 22% of startups going public in 1980 were unprofitable, 82% were unprofitable in 2018. The same high percentages of unprofitability have only been achieved twice before, in 1998 and 1999 right before the dotcom bubble burst. Furthermore, startups that have recently done high profile IPOs such as Snap, Dropbox, Blue Apron, Fitbit, Trivago, Box, and Cloudera are still not profitable.
Ride Sharing, Congestion, and the Need for Real SharingJeffrey Funk
Current ride sharing services are not financially sustainable. Although they provide more convenience than do taxi services, they are experiencing massive losses because they have the same cost structure as do taxis and thus must compete through subsidies and lower wages. After all, they use the same vehicles, roads, and drivers, and only GPS algorithms and phones are new.
They also increase congestion. Just as more private vehicles or taxis on the road will increase congestion, more ride sharing vehicles also increase congestion.
These slides describe new ways to use the technologies of ride sharing to reduce congestion along with costs while at the same time keeping travel time low. This can be done through changing public transportation systems or allowing private companies to offer competing services. For instance, current bus services, whether they are private or public, need to use the algorithms, GPS, phones and other technologies of ride sharing to revise routes, schedules and the premises that currently underpin public transportation. There is no reason a bus should be certain size, stop every 200 meters, or follow the same route all day. Algorithms and phones enable new types of routes in which designers simultaneously minimize time travel and maximize number of passengers transported per vehicle.hour.
Using the percent of top managers in IPOs (initial public offering) as a proxy for an industry’s/technology’s scientific intensity, this paper shows that the percentage of IPOs and of venture capital financing for science-based technologies has been declining for decades. Second, the percentage of PhDs among the top managers in science intensive industries is also declining, suggesting that their scientific intensities are falling. Third, the age of these top managers rose during the same period suggesting that the importance of experiential knowledge has increased even as the importance of PhDs and thus educational knowledge has decreased. Fourth, the numbers of IPOs and of venture capital funding are not increasing for newer science-based industries such as superconductors, solar cells, nanotechnology, and GMOs. Fifth, there are extreme diseconomies of scale in the universities that produce the PhD-holding top managers, suggesting that universities are far less effective at doing research than are companies. These results provide a new understanding of science and technology, and they offer new prescriptions for reversing slowing productivity growth.
This paper addresses the types of knowledge that are needed in entrepreneurial firms using a unique data base of executives and directors for all IPOs filed between 1990 and 2010. Using highest educational degrees as a proxy for educational knowledge, it shows that 85% of those with PhDs are concentrated in the life sciences and ICT (information and communication technology) industries and second, that those in the ICT industries are concentrated at lower layers in a “digital stack” of industries, ranging from semiconductors and other electronics at the bottom layer to computing and Internet infrastructure at the middle layer and Internet content, commerce, and services in the top layer. Third, industries with fewer PhDs have more bachelor’s and MBA degrees suggesting that PhDs are being replaced by them and not M.S. degrees. Fourth, age is higher for industries with the most PhDs thus suggesting a greater need for experiential knowledge in industries with greater needs for educational knowledge. Fifth, the number of Nobel Prizes tracks industries with high fractions of PhDs.
beyond patents:scholars of innovation use patenting as an indicator of innova...Jeffrey Funk
This paper discusses the problems with using patents as a measure of innovation and papers as a measure of science. It also uses data to show the problems. for example, the number of patent applications and awards have grown by six times since 1984 while productivity growth has slowed.
These slides discuss how to put context back into learning. Farm and other work at home once provided a context for learning, but this context has become much weaker as work at home as mostly disappeared Students once learned mostly from parents because they worked on farms, fixed things at home, and prepared meals. These activities provided a "context" for school learning, a context that has been mostly lost. These slides discuss how this context can be put back into learning and the implications for the types of people best suited for teaching and the way to train them.
Technology Change, Creative Destruction, and Economic FeasibiltyJeffrey Funk
After showing that the costs of most electronic products are from electronic components, these slides show how the iPhone and iPad became economically feasible through improvements in microprocessors, flash memory, and displays.
These slides show that the demand for most professions is growing steadily in spite of continued improvements in productivity enhancing tools for them. They also show that AI will have a largely incremental effect on the professions, in combination with Moore's Law, cloud computing, and Big Data. They do this accounting, legal, architects, journalists, and engineers.
Solow's Computer Paradox and the Impact of AIJeffrey Funk
These slides show why IT has not delivered large improvements in productivity and why new forms of IT like AI will also not deliver large improvements, except in selected sectors. The main reason is that the improvements in AI are over-hyped and because most sectors do not have large inefficiencies in the organization of people, machinery, and materials.
What does innovation today tell us about tomorrow?Jeffrey Funk
This paper was published in Issues in Science and Technology. It distinguished between the Silicon Valley and science-based process of technology change. It shows that more new products and services are emerging from the latter than the former.
Creative destrution, Economic Feasibility, and Creative Destruction: The Case...Jeffrey Funk
This paper shows how new forms of electronic products and services such as smart phones, tablet computers and ride sharing become economically feasible and thus candidates for commercialization and creative destruction as improvements in standard electronic components such as microprocessors, memory, and displays occur. Unlike the predominant viewpoint in which commercialization is reached as advances in science facilitate design changes that enable improvements in performance and cost, most new forms of electronic products and services are not invented in a scientific sense and the cost and performance of them are primarily driven by improvements in standard components. They become candidates for commercialization as the cost and performance of standard components reach the levels necessary for the final products and services to have the required levels of performance and cost. This suggests that when managers, policy makers, engineers, and entrepreneurs consider the choice and timing of commercializing new electronic products and services, they should understand the composition of new technologies, the impact of components on a technology's cost, performance and design, and the rates of improvement in the components.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
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In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firm’s foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
4D printing with smart materials
1. 4D PRINTING WITH
SMART MATERIALS
MT5009 – ANALYZING HI-TECH OPPORTUNITIES
Presented by: Imran Ahmad Khan (A0102875E)
Liew Chin Siew (A0098560W)
Loy Yoke Yuan (A0055354H)
Lu Wanheng (A0107258E)
Myint Phone Naing (A0033823M)
Soh Kok Boon Anthony (A0133008W)
1
2. Outline
• What is 4D Printing?
• Important Technology Aspects of 4D Printing
• SMART Materials’ Properties and Development
• Future Trend Analysis
• Conclusion
2
3. Outline
• What is 4D Printing?
• Important Technology Aspects of 4D Printing
• SMART Materials’ Properties and Development
• Future Trend Analysis
• Conclusion
3
4. 3D Printing
• An additive printing technique for making three dimensional
solid objects from a digital file
• An improvised form of rapid proto-typing.
• Based on the first Patent published in 1984 under
Stereolithography (SLA).
• Selective laser sintering (SLS) and Fused Deposition
Modeling (FDM) are others common technologies beside
SLA
4
Lix 3D pen – US$ 140
5. Another Dimension?
"We're proposing that the fourth dimension is Time and that
over time static objects will transform and adapt“
5
"The rigid material becomes a structure and the other
layer is the force that can start bending and twisting it.
Imagine water pipes that can expand to cope with different
capacities or flows and save digging up the street.“
Mr Tibbits, MIT's
(Interview with BBC - 2013)
SMART Material
which can
transform upon
external stimuli
3D Printer
7. Overview of 4D Object
7
Transformative materials without control is useless.
Smart
Materials
Some materials change physical
property upon energy input
Materials expand upon heat
Materials bend upon electric energy
Energy
Source
Natural energy source such as heat,
pressure, etc
Controlled energy source such as
current, electromagnetic wave
Arrange transformative material
in precise angle, position
3D printer
4D Object
Precise
Positioning
Control
8. Outline
• What is 4D Printing?
• Important Technology Aspects of 4D Printing
• SMART Materials’ Properties and Development
• Future Trend Analysis
• Conclusion
8
9. Important Aspects of 4D Printing
4D
Printing
Simulation
Software
Multi
materials
printer
SMART
materials
9
Simulation software for
self-assembly and
design constraints
optimization.
Autodesk
CATIA
Open Source
3D printer with
capability to print
multiple SMART
materials
Stratasys
ROVA
SolidView
GeoMagic
Materials that change
shape upon external
stimuli
Shape memory alloy
Self healing
materials
10. Simulation Software
• Cyborg 4D Simulation Software
• Cyborg, a design platform spanning applications from the nano-
scale to the human-scale.
• This software allows for simulated self-assembly and programmable
materials as well as optimization for design constraints and joint
folding.
• The aim is to tightly couple this new cross-disciplinary and cross-
scalar design tool with the real-world material transformation of 4D
printing.
10
Source: http://www.autodeskresearch.com/projects/cyborg
11. Software Cost Reduction with Open
Source Technology
11
Top reasons for
adopting Open
Source
1. Quality
2. Lower total cost of
ownership
3. Ease of deployment
4. Ability to access
source code, add
features and fix
code yourself
5. Better competitive
features and
technical
capabilities
6. Better IT security
Source: Survey results from Black Duck Software
12. Multi-Smart Materials Printer
12
4D Printer = 3D Printer with multi-smart
materials printing capability
Currently, no standardized hardware architecture yet.
Connex multi material technology
Connex1 - Printing capability of 3
materials
Source: http://www.stratasys.com/3d-printers/design-
series/objet260-connex1
Portable desktop printer
Printing capability of five materials
Source: http://ordsolutions.com/our-3d-printers/rova3d/
13. Multi-Smart Materials Printer
• Complete compatibility with current 3D printers which can
print multi-materials.
13
0
5
10
15
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
$Billion
Year
Market Value Growth
3D printers
Services and materials
14. List of Smart Materials (I)
14
Material Input/Stimulus Output/Response Application
Polymeric gal pH change
Swelling or
contracting
Artificial muscle
Electro-rheological
fluid
Electric signal Viscosity change
Torsional steering
system damper
Pyroelectric
material
Temperature Electric signal
Personnel sensor
(open super-
market door)
Polymer (eg thin
film cellulose),
ceramic
Humidity change
Capacity/
resistance change
Humidity sensors
Self-Healing
Materials
Force Force
Smartphone
chassis
Smart metal alloys Temperature Shape Motor actuators
Dielectric
Elastomers
Voltage Strain Robotics
15. List of Smart Materials (II)
Material Input/Stimulus Output/Response Application
Ceramic (eg, La
doped BaTiO3)
Polymer (eg, C-
black filled
poltethylene)
Current (or
Temperate)
Resistance
Thermistor
Overcurrent
Protector
Varistor (eg, Bi
doped ZnO)
Voltage Resistance Surge Protector
Y2O3 doped ZrO2
Change in Oxygen
Partial Pressure
Electric Signal Oxygen sensor
Piezoelectric
material
Deformation/
Strain electric
signal
Electric Signal
Active noise
control devices,
pressure and
vibration
sensitizing
15
16. Smart Materials
• Smart materials are designed materials that have one or
more properties that can be significantly changed in a
controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress,
temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.
16
SMART
Materials
Smart Metal
Alloy
Others
(Not covered)
Dielectric
Elastomers
Self-Healing
Polymers
17. Roadmap of Smart Materials
• R&D activity on transformative materials is still in early
phase.
17
18. Outline
• What is 4D Printing?
• Important Technology Aspects of 4D Printing
• SMART Materials’ Properties and Development
• Future Trend Analysis
• Conclusion
18
19. Self-Healing Materials
• Self-healing material in a historical perspective
• The state of stone bridges and aqueducts from the Roman age is
still quite good, despite the fact that they have been there for
centuries
• The secret is in the ‘mortar’ – based on volcanic ash and lime
• The ancient Romans used in their constructions to glue the bricks
together
19
• Lime dissolves in rain
water, and can seep
to cracks. When the
water vaporizes, the
lime deposits inside
the crack
20. Application to Smartphone
• Self healing smart phone
• LG smartphone, G-Flex, which is curved and has a self-healing
polymer coating on the back: Light scratches disappear before your
eyes
20
21. How do Self Healing Materials Work?
• Synthetic and biological route to healing
• Inspired by nature
• 3 steps self healing process
21
1. Activation phase
2. Transportation phase
3. Repair phase
Source:Self-Healing Polymers and Composites by B.J. Blaiszik, S.L.B. Kramer, S.C. Olugebefola, J.S. Moore, N.R. Sottos, and S.R.White
22. Different Approach to Self-Healing
a) In capsule-based self-healing materials, the healing agent is stored
in capsules until they are ruptured by damage or dissolved.
b) For vascular materials, the healing agent is stored in hollow
channels or fibers until damage ruptures the vasculature and
releases the healing agent.
c) Intrinsic materials contain a latent functionality that triggers self-
healing of damage via thermally reversible reactions, hydrogen
bonding, ionomeric arrangements, or molecular diffusion and
entanglement.
22
23. Performance Maps of Different Healing
Approach
• Development of Self healing polymers
23
Source:Self-Healing Polymers and Composites by B.J. Blaiszik, S.L.B. Kramer, S.C. Olugebefola, J.S.
Moore, N.R. Sottos, and S.R.White
24. Properties of Self-Healing Material
• Material performance as a function of time
• Traditional materials only accumulate damage and fail after a
certain period of use.
• Self healing materials may show some early deterioration, yet its
self healing character makes sure that total failure only occurs after
very long times.
24
25. Properties of Self-Healing Polymers
• Development of Self healing polymers
25
Polymer
type
Healing
approach
Chemistry/
method
Best healing
efficiency (%)
Healing
conditions
Thermoplastic
Intrinsic
Reversible bond
formation
75 % < 1 min at -30°C
Capsule
based
Interdiffusion (solvent) 78% 4 – 5 min at 60°C
Intrinsic Photo-induced healing 16% 10 min at 100°C
Intrinsic Nanoparticle healing - 2h at Ambient
Thermoset
Vascular
Thermally reversible
crosslinks
60%
30 min at 115°C
6 h at 40°C
Vascular
Thermoplastic
additives
45% 1h at 160°C
Thermoset
composites
Capsule
based
Microencapsulation
approach
60%
48h at 80°C
24h at Ambient
Vascular
Thermoplastic
additives
80% 1.5h at 80°C
26. Potential Application: Space Structures
26
• Benefit in environments and conditions
where access for manual repair is
limited or impossible or where damage
may not be detected.
• Self healing polymers, yet to achieve
high healing efficiency , maximum
efficiency 80% achieved by Thermoset
composites in controlled environment.
• How self-healing materials will
perform under long-term
environment exposure remains as
open question. Accelerated
environment testing of self-healing
systems is critically needed.
27. Smart Metal Alloys
• Nitinol heat engine
invented in the 1970s that
is capable of converting
heat energy to
mechanical or electrical
energy
• Impact: Efficient
conversion of energy over
small temperature
differences at ambient
conditions
27
Source: Ridgway M. Banks (1983), Single wire Nitinol Engine, United States Patent 4,450,686
29. List of Smart Metal Alloys
29
Source: S. Barbarino, E.I. Saavedra Flores, R.M. Ajaj, I. Dayyani and M.I. Friswell (2014). A review on
shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft, Smart Mater. Struct. 23, 063001
30. 30
Metal Alloy Properties
Source: S. Barbarino, E.I. Saavedra Flores, R.M. Ajaj, I. Dayyani and M.I. Friswell (2014). A review on
shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft, Smart Mater. Struct. 23, 063001
31. Properties of NiTi Alloys
31
Source: S. Barbarino, E.I. Saavedra Flores, R.M. Ajaj, I. Dayyani and M.I. Friswell (2014). A review on
shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft, Smart Mater. Struct. 23, 063001
32. Potential Application: Morphing Aircraft
• Overcome limitations of current flight
technology by adapting the geometry of
lifting surfaces to pilot input and different
flight conditions characterizing a typical
mission profile
• Improvement to long-term performance,
reliability and response of metal
actuators is required for this to become
a reality
32
34. Dielectric Elastomer
• Highly efficient transduction from electric energy into mechanical
energy – the theoretical transduction efficiency is 80-90%
• High strain rate up to 300 % as shown below.
• High pressure up to 8MPa and power density of 1 W/g (for
comparison, human muscle is 0.2 W/g and an electric motor with
gearbox is 0.05 W/g)
34
Acrylic elastomers showing 300% linear strain
Source: Extending Applications of Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscles to Wireless Communication Systems by Seiki Chiba
and Mikio Waki
35. Properties of Dielectric Elastomer
• 1mm thick 3M VHB 4910 uniformly strain to ~300% when
a voltage is applied across it.
35
Source: Novel Applications of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators by L. Christopher Stocking
36. Performance of Dielectric Elastomer
• The energy density of dielectric elastomer has reached 3.4J/g, about
21 times that of single crystal piezoelectrics and more than two orders
of magnitude greater than that of most commercial actuators.
• DE have an actuation pressure/density that is bigger than that of
electrostatic actuators and magnetic actuators, and cause strains that
are bigger than that of piezo electric actuators and magneto strictive
actuators.
36
Source: Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscle Actuators: Toward Biomimetic Motion by Ron Pelrine, Roy Kornbluh
37. Level of Improvement - Performance
37
Source: Advances in Dielectric Elastomers for Actuators and Artificial Muscles by Paul Brochu, Qibing Pei
38. Potential Application: Artificial muscles
• Dielectric elastomers require an external
circuit with a high bias voltage source to
polarize them. To be feasible in real life
application, need to drastically reduce
this voltage requirement.
38
Source: Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscle Actuators: Toward Biomimetic Motion by
Ron Pelrine, Roy Kornbluh, Qibing Pei, Scott Stanford, Seajin Oh, Joe Eckerle
39. Further Applications of Smart Materials
39
Healthcare
Robotic
Automotive
Industry
Consumer
Industrial
Manufacturing
Military
Aerospace
40. Healthcare
40
Nano Scale Objects in Biomedical Engineering. E.g Cardiac tube/Stent
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stents
4D printed stent to be maneuvered to a spot and then
change form
For example, 4D printed stent that is introduced
into an artery – and when ultrasound energy is applied
it balloons up to its needed configuration
Electroactive Polymers for Artificial Limbs
http://www.technologyreview.com/article/401750/electroactive
-polymers/
An applied voltage changes the polymer’s composition or
molecular structure so that it expands, contracts or bends
The motion is smoother and more lifelike than movement
generated by mechanical devices.
Smart Materials – Magnetostrictive / Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
KPI – Precision control
Smart Materials – Dielectric Elastomer / Piezoelectric
KPI – Reliability
42. Industrial Manufacturing
42
Pipe Manufacturing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gMCZFHv9v8
Current pipe system is very rigid. To cater for
higher flow capacity, we have to replace the
whole pipe line.
Solution: An adaptive 4D manufacturing
capability to produce capacity adaptable pipes
Insulation Wall Manufacturing
Insulation wall that can adapt to outside
temperature
Self adaptive wall that maintain heat during
winter and less insulation property during
summer
Smart Materials – Shape Memory Alloys
KPI – Reliability, sensitivity
43. Robotics
43
More Humanoid Robot
Current robot systems are very rigid due
to inherent mechanical property of
motors, gears & etc
By precise geometry arranging of multiple
transformative materials, we can achieve
desired motion, action upon applied
energy
End result is more human like robot
which can perform more delicate jobs
Possible Smart Materials – Combination of Smart Materials
KPI – Integration
44. Outline
• What is 4D Printing?
• Important Technology Aspects of 4D Printing
• SMART Materials’ Properties and Development
• Future Trend Analysis
• Conclusion
44
45. Current State of Technology
• 4D printing is a novel
advancement to 3D printing
technology
• 4D printing is focused on
developing materials and newer
printing techniques that could
reduce the time taken for
assembly of parts, in turn
improving the overall efficiency of
the manufacturing process.
• Parts manufactured using this
novel technology would employ
different types of SMART
materials.
45
Source: Frost & Sullivan, June 2014:
47. Year of Impact (4D printing)
47
Source: Frost & Sullivan, June 2014:
The expected year of widespread/ large-scale adoption of 4D
Printing technology has been computed through assessments of
technology advances, industry initiatives, challenges, advances in
related industries, and market potential
Sectors
Expected Year of Impact
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Healthcare
Military
Infrastructure
Automobile
Packaging
Aerospace
Manufacturing
51. Size of Innovation Ecosystem
51
Impact of Key Innovations Landscape
Source: Frost & Sullivan, June 2014:
52. Global Footprint
52
Source: Frost & Sullivan, June 2014:
Global Development and Adoption Scenario
Region Remarks Intensity of
Adoption
North
America
Various universities in the country have been developing this novel
technology.
USA: Maximum R&D activities ongoing for this technology
Main focus: Aerospace and defense, automotive, health care,
infrastructure, manufacturing, and packaging
Major funding agency: US ARO and DOD
HIGH
Europe Adoption of 4D printing technology or research activities not been
greatly evident in this region.
More actively to develop this technology expected in near term MEDIUM
Asia
Pacific
Adoption of 4D printing is expected to be somewhat slower in this
region compared to the other two regions.
Researchers from Singapore University of Technology have
collaborated with the University of Colorado-Boulder for developing a
4D printing technology that incorporates shape memory fibers.
MEDIUM
54. Outline
• What is 4D Printing?
• Important Technology Aspects of 4D Printing
• SMART Materials’ Properties and Development
• Future Trend Analysis
• Conclusion
54
55. Key Conclusion
• Emerging Market Potential
• 4D printing technology is expected to significantly increase the efficiency of the
manufacturing process and increase the capability to produce complex parts
and products for different industrial sectors. Expected to create a large
number of potential applications in diverse industrial sectors (for example,
aerospace, defense, automotive, health care, infrastructure, manufacturing,
packaging)
• Evolving Ecosystem
• 4D printing technology is expected to be adopted by a range of industrial
sectors. Research laboratories, universities, and companies are also expected
to increase their 4D printing research activities, further enabling convergence
between industries and increasing the breadth of applications of 4D printing
technology.
• Technology
• 4D printing technology (software, hardware, 4D printing materials) is still in
early phase of S-curve. Dominant hardware/software architecture yet to be
established. IP on 4D printing smart materials is building up. 4D technology will
be getting increasingly popular as the trends toward its integration with the
giant industries like manufacturing and healthcare, have increased.
55