This document provides an overview of 3D and 4D printing technologies. It explains that 3D printing involves building 3D objects layer by layer from a digital file, while 4D printing produces objects that can change or transform over time when exposed to stimuli like water or heat. The document discusses several 3D printing methods and materials and gives examples of current applications. It describes how 4D printing embeds different material properties that allow printed objects to self-assemble into different shapes when activated by water or other triggers. The future potential of 4D printing is to create dynamically adaptive structures for applications like aerospace or infrastructure.

1. Contents
 3D Printing
 How it works ?
 Methods & Technologies of 3D
 Applications
 Another Dimension: 4D
 Difference between 3D & 4D
 Current state of Technology
 Breadth of Application
 Conclusion
 Future Scope

2. What is 3D Printing ?
 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of
making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file.
 The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using
additive processes.
 In an additive process an object is created by laying down
successive layers of material until the entire object is
created.

3. How it works ?
 A virtual design of the object is
created.
 CAD (Computer Aided Design)
uses a 3D modeling program or 3D
scanner for virtual design.
 The software slices the final model
into hundreds or thousands of
horizontal layers.
 The printer creates the object layer
by layer, resulting in one three
dimensional object.

5. Methods & Technologies
 Several ways to realize 3D objects –
 Selective laser sintering (SLS) : uses a high power laser to fuse input materials
like plastic, metal, glass, etc. It scans the powdered material layer by layer.
 Fused deposition modelling (FDM) : uses a plastic filament or metal wire as input
material to an extrusion nozzle. The nozzle is heated to melt the material and can be
moved in both horizontal and vertical directions by CAM. The material hardens
immediately after extrusion from the nozzle.
 Stereolithography (SLA) : photopolymerization is used to produce a solid part
from a liquid. This technology employs a vat of liquid ultraviolet curable photopolymer
resin and an ultraviolet laser to build the object’s layers one at a time. UV Laser
solidifying the pattern.

6. Applications
3D printing has been used to create car parts, smartphone cases, fashion
accessories, medical equipment and artificial organs. Manufacturing
corporations and aerospace organizations have saved billions of dollars by
using 3D printing for building parts. 3D printing has also helped save lives.
One of the best ways to learn about what 3D printing can do is by researching
real-life applications on the technology. Other applications include:
 Rapid prototyping
 3D Printed Organs
 Personal printing
 In The Automotive Industry
 In The Aerospace Industry

7. What is the 4th dimension ?
 “We're proposing that the fourth dimension is Time and that over time static
objects will transform and adapt.”
 “The rigid material becomes a structure and the other layer is the force that
can start bending and twisting it. Imagine water pipes that can expand to cope
with different capacities or flows and save digging up the street.” - Skylar
Tibbits.

8. How it works ?
 A single print, with multi-material features, can transform from any 1D strand
into 3D shape, 2D surface into 3D shape or from one 3D shape into another.
 Allows the researchers to program different material properties into each
of the various particles of the designed geometry and harnesses the
different water-absorbing properties of the materials to activate the self-
assembly process.
 With water as its activation energy, this technique promises new
possibilities for embedding programmability and simple decision making into
non-electronic based materials. (Imagine robotics-like behaviour without
the reliance on complex electro-mechanical devices).

9. Overview of 4D Object

11. Smart Materials

13. Difference between 3D & 4D
 4d printing has nothing to do with a fourth dimension. The big difference
between 3d and 4d is that a 4d printer produces products which are able
to adjust themselves according to their surroundings.
 So the difference is after the product is printed. For example, when a
product is printed and when it comes in contact with for example water, it
reshapes itself. The products will be able to reshape themselves in a
prerecorded shape.
 The 4-D printer creates a strand of multiple materials and that strand
becomes whatever we want it to.

14. Current State of Technology
• 4D printing is a novel advancement to 3D printing technology.
• 4D printing is focused on developing materials and newer
printing techniques that could reduce the time taken for
assembly of parts, in turn improving the overall efficiency of
the manufacturing process.
• Parts manufactured using this novel technology would employ
different types of SMART materials.

15. Breadth of Application

16. Conclusion

17. FUTURE SCOPE
 Although not commercially available, self-assembly is just a beginning of a
whole innovative world of manufacturing with minimum energy. As
environmental, economic, human and other constraints continue to
fluctuate, we will eventually need dynamic systems that can respond with
ease and agility.
 4D Printing is the first of its kind to offer this exciting capability. This is
truly a radical shift in our understanding of structures, which have up to
this point, remained static and rigid (think aerospace, automotive, building
industries etc) and will soon be dynamic, adaptable and tunable for on-
demand performance.

18. Thank You