3D printing is an additive manufacturing process where objects are created by laying down successive layers of material, such as plastics, metals, or living cells. There are several common 3D printing methods that differ in how the layers are bonded, such as selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (STL), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). The document discusses the history and development of 3D printing, provides examples of how it can be used to print complex structures like batteries and human tissues, and highlights advantages like rapid prototyping but also challenges like cost and limited strength.

1. 3D printing of
multilayer coating
Presented by
Sara Pakseresht
2016

3. • Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a manufacturing method in which
objects are made by fusing or depositing materials—such as plastic, metal,
ceramics, powders, liquids, or even living cells—in layers to produce a 3D
object.
• It is an additive manufacturing technology.
• In a basic setup, the 3D printer first follows the instructions in the
computer-aided design (CAD) file to build the foundation for the object,
moving the printhead along the x-y plane. The printer then continues to
follow the instructions, moving the printhead along the z-axis to build the
object vertically layer by layer.
• In contrast with conventional printers, 3D printing has the potential to
enable mass customisation of goods on a large scale.

4. History of 3D printing
• 1984
Charles Hull invented 3D printing which he
described as stereolithography (STL) or the
‘printing’ of successive layers of material on
top of each other to create a 3D object.
• Later 1990’s
Other Companies developed 3D printer’s.
• 2005
Z Corp launched first high definition color 3D
printer.

5. Step2: The CAD file is exported to a 3D printing machine. Generated 3D
CAD data are then processed and sliced into layers of equal thickness, each
of which is the cross-section of the 3D model at a certain level.
Step1: (CAD file is created)

6. LAYER BY LAYER
Sliced data are imported into the additive manufacturing system to fabricate
3D objects layer-by-layer. In this fabrication process, layers are cumulated
vertically and fused to form the final physical object.
 The 3D printing technique should be accompanied by an appropriate
material choice.

7. Step 3-Actual object

8. Post Process
 These are some treatments on 3D Printed objects after completing printing
process.
 It will bring strength, surface finishing, density to printed objects.
1
• Depowdering
• Cleaning
2
• Coating
3
• Sintering
• Infiltration

9. Powder
• The material used for 3D printing is powdered as per requirement.
• Additives can be used along with Powder to enhance printing.
e.g: Lecithin, Graphites, Ceramics
Binders
• Binder is a glue used to bind the powder together to produce required
shape.
• Binder is selected with respect to the chemical and physical properties of
powder.
• Binders can be organic(polyvinyls), inorganic (silica compounds), metal
salt(Copper Sulphate (For steel)), Solvents e.g: Chloroform used to bind
polyesters and plastics, etc.

10. Application
• Using this technique to rapidly screen new potential therapeutic drugs
on 3D printed patient tissue, greatly cutting production costs and time.
• There are many potential uses for 3D printing in medicine, including
ophthalmology and repair or replace defective organs, such as
kidneys, heart or skin.
• Electronic device application
• Polymer structure application
• Sensors

11. The first step is to scan the human skull with the helical CT unit in order to acquire
a sliced image of the skull. The next step is to attach human cells onto the scaffold
for subsequent tissue formation steps. (The precursor material for the printing
process involves calcium phosphate.)

14. Types of 3D printing
methods
• The type of 3D printing chosen for an application often depends on
the materials to be used and how the layers in the finished product are
bonded. The three most commonly used 3D printer technologies are:
selective laser sintering (SLS), Stereolithography (STL), and
fused deposition modeling (FDM).

15. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
• Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique
that uses a high power laser and was developed and patented in the mid-
1980s.
• An SLS printer uses powdered material as the substrate for printing new
objects. A laser draws the shape of the object in the powder, fusing it
together. Then a new layer of powder is laid down and the process repeats,
building each layer, one by one, to form the object.
• Laser sintering can be used to create metal, plastic, and ceramic objects
into a mass that has a desired 3-dimensional shape.

17. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
• The stereolithography (STL) technique was developed by Hull in 1986
and was described in his patent “Apparatus for Production of Three-
Dimensional Objects by Stereolithography”.
• Stereolithography is a technique of producing parts one layer at a time by
curing a photoreactive resin with a UV laser or another similar power
source. In addition to using a single-point laser, stereolithography can be
performed with a digital micromirror-array device (DMD).
• After one layer is fabricated, the platform is lowered or raised to
cumulate a new layer. The thickness of each layer is controlled by the
distance between the surface of the platform and the liquid resin surface.

19. Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
• Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing
technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production
applications.

20. Fused deposition modeling

22. 3D Printing of Interdigitated Li-Ion Microbattery
Architectures
• 3D printing can now be used to print lithium-ion microbatteries the
size of a grain of sand. The printed microbatteries could supply
electricity to tiny devices in fields from medicine to communications.
• For the first time in 2013, a research team from the Wyss Institute at
Harvard University and the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign demonstrated the ability to 3D-print a battery.
• They have demonstrated 3D-IMA with a high areal
energy density of 9.7 J cm − 2
at a power density of
2.7 mW cm − 2 .

23. • (a) gold current collector by printing (b) Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and (c) LiFePO4
inks through 30 μm nozzles, followed by sintering and (d) packaging. Those
inks solidify to create the battery's anode (red) and cathode (purple), layer by
layer. A case (green) then encloses the electrodes and the electrolyte solution
added to create a working microbattery.

24. This image shows the interlaced stack of electrodes that were printed layer
by layer to create the working anode and cathode of a microbattery.

26. Advantage
 RAPID PROTOTYPING: 3D printing gives designers the ability to
quickly turn concepts into 3D models or prototypes.
 Clean process.
 Complex shape can be produced .
 Easy to use no skilled person needed.
 Reduce design complexity

27. Disadvantage
 Process is slow
 Components do not have enough strength.
 Cost of raw materials.
 3-D printers are still expensive.
 Misuse of technology
 Although 3-D printers have the potential of creating
many jobs and opportunities, they might also put certain
jobs at risk .

28. References
1. Carl Schubert, Mark C van Langeveld, Larry A Donoso.Innovations
in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. Ophthalmol
2014;98:159–161.
2. Jea-Young Choi,a Sayantan Das,a N. David Theodore,b Inho Kim,c
Christiana Honsberg, Hyung Woo Choi,and T. L. Alforda,Advances
in 2D/3D Printing of Functional Nanomaterials and Their
Applications.ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 4
(4) P3001-P3009 (2015).
3. Wei Zhu, JinGyu Ock, Xuanyi Ma, Wei Li and Shaochen Chen. 3D
printing and nanomanufacturing. 2015 Elsevier Inc.
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics
5. Ke Sun , Teng-Sing Wei , Bok Yeop Ahn , Jung Yoon Seo , Shen J.
Dillon , and Jennifer A. Lewis,3D Printing of Interdigitated Li-Ion
Microbattery Architectures , Advance material, 2013.

29. “The future can not be predicted,
but it
can be made !”