Pragmatics is the study of language use in context and seeks to explain meaning beyond the literal definition of words. It examines implied and assumed meanings through concepts like deixis, presupposition, speech acts, politeness, and conversational implicature. Deixis refers to contextual indicators like person, place, and time. Presupposition involves assumptions made in an utterance. Speech acts are the actions performed through language use, like promising or requesting. Politeness considers face needs and potential threats. Conversational implicature derives implied meaning through violations of Grice's conversational maxims.
Most of what is considered characteristics of literary language nevertheless has its Roots in everyday uses of language and can best be studied with some reference to these uses. Just as there are no firm lines of division between 'poetic' and ' ordinary ' language so it would be artificial to enforce a clear division between the languages of poetry considered as verse literature and that of other literary kind as prose. The creative writer and more particularly the poet enjoy unique freedom.
Among users of the language, without respect to the social or historical contexts to which they belong. This means: among other things. The poet can draw on the language of past Ages, or can borrow features belonging to other non literary use of language.
Most of what is considered characteristics of literary language nevertheless has its Roots in everyday uses of language and can best be studied with some reference to these uses. Just as there are no firm lines of division between 'poetic' and ' ordinary ' language so it would be artificial to enforce a clear division between the languages of poetry considered as verse literature and that of other literary kind as prose. The creative writer and more particularly the poet enjoy unique freedom.
Among users of the language, without respect to the social or historical contexts to which they belong. This means: among other things. The poet can draw on the language of past Ages, or can borrow features belonging to other non literary use of language.
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphologic...RajpootBhatti5
Levels of stylistics analysis
1.Phonological level
2.Graphological level
3.Grammatical level
Language of newspaper headlines
4.Pragmatics level
5.Conversation or discourse analysis
Presented
by
Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir
Department of Applied linguistics
GCUF
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)Satya Permadi
Discourse analysis is an umbrella term for all those studies within applied linguistics which focus on units/stretches of language beyond the sentence level (Judit, 2012). We as the human is use a natural language utterance which language serves in the expression of 'content' described as transactional and that function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we describe as interactional. Spoken and written language has relation each other. But written language and spoken language have different form. The book concerns with sentence which is 'text-sentence‘, so it will connected to behavior and involves contextual considerations. The data which is used in this book is based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. Besides, discourse analyst discovers regularities in his data.
presupposition
types of presuppostion
properties of presupposition
implicature
types of implicature
properties of implicature
Grice's theory of implicature
Coperative principle
conversational Maxims
Relevance theory
It is just a summary from Geoge Yule's book about pragmatics, I forgot where I got this file.. I used this file for microteaching in Univeristy, sometimes this slide is really more understandable than the real / original book.
Introduction to Discourse Analysis is a tool used to analyze and synthesize different types of discourses whether oral or written that can be used in social, governmental and public setting. This will help you to be the best in everything that you do that you do not need any more books to identify a language discourse .
It also gives you an overall and birds eye view of what you should do in order for you to do your best.
2. Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining
language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of
meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of
words or structures, as explained by semantics.
The study of what speaker‟s mean.
3. Invisible Meaning
Pragmatics is the study of „invisible‟ meaning, or
how we recognize what is meant even when it isn‟t
actually said or written.
4. DEIXIS
Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose
interpretation is relative to the (usually) extra
linguistic context of the utterance, such as
who is speaking
the time or place of speaking
the gestures of the speaker, or
the current location in the discourse.
5. Kinds of deixis
We use deixis to point to things (it, this, these boxes)
and people (him, them, those idiots), sometimes
called person deixis. Words and phrases used to
point to a location (here, there, near that) are
examples of spatial deixis, and those used to point
to a time (now, then, last week) are examples of
temporal deixis.
6. PRESUPPOSITION
What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known
by a listener (or reader).
for example>
A: What about inviting John tonight?
B: What a good idea; then he can give Monica a lift
Your brother is waiting outside.
Why did you arrive late?
7. SPEECH ACT
The action performed by a speaker with an
utterance.
I’ll be there at six, you are not just speaking, you
seem to be performing the speech act of „promising‟.
8. Direct and Indirect Speech act
Structures Meanings
Did you eat the pizza? Interrogative Question
Eat the pizza (please)! Imperative Command
(Request)
You ate the pizza. Declarative Statement
Direct Speech Act
Can you ride a bicycle?
Indirect Speech Act
can you pass the salt?
9. POLITENESS
Showing awareness of and consideration for another
person‟s face.
Face is your public self-image. This is the emotional
and social sense of self that every one has and
expects every one else to recognize.
10. If you say something that represents a threat to
another person‟s self-image, that is called a face-
threatening act.
for example :
Give that pepper!
could you pass me that pepper?
11. Negative and Positive Face
Negative Face is the need to be independent and free
from imposition.
I‟m sorry to bother you...;
I know you‟re busy, but....
Positive Face is The need to be connected, to belong, to
be a member of the group.
Let‟s do this together...;
You and I have the same problem, so....
12. CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE
a message that is not found in the plain sense of the
sentence. The speaker implies it. The hearer is able
to infer (work out, read between the lines) this
message in the utterance, by appealing to the rules
governing successful conversational interaction.
13. Conversational Maxims
Quality: speakers should be truthful. They should not say
what they think is false, or make statements for which
they have no evidence.
Quantity: a contribution should be as informative as is
required for the conversation to proceed. It should be
neither too little, nor too much. (It is not clear how one
can decide what quantity of information satisfies the
maxim in a given case.)
Relevance: speakers' contributions should relate clearly
to the purpose of the exchange.
Manner: speakers' contributions should be perspicuous:
clear, orderly and brief, avoiding obscurity and
ambiguity.
14. Maxims violations
Carson is driving John to Meredith‟s house.
CARSON: Where does Meredith live?
JOHN: Nevada.
Maxim Violated: Quantity.
Why: There is clash between quantity and quality.
Carson is looking for a street address, but John gives
a weaker, less informative statement (hence the
quantity violation). If John really doesn‟t know
anything more specific, however, he cannot give a
more informative statement without violating
quality.
15. SIMON: When are you coming home?
ELIZABETH: I will codify that question to my
superiors and respond at such a time as an adequate
answer is preparable.
Maxim Violated: Manner; Elizabeth is using
unnecessarily complicated and confusing words and
construction.
Implication: Elizabeth does not know or does not
wish to give an answer to the question.
16. MEREDITH: You really love me?
JOHN: I like Ferris wheels, and college football, and
things that go real fast.
Maxim Violated: Relation; John is changing the
topic.
Implication: Either John doesn‟t want to respond
to Meredith (perhaps he has problems discussing his
feelings) or the answer is “no.”