This document discusses syntax and its key components. Syntax is the rules for how words combine to form sentences. It covers phrases like noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases. It also discusses clauses such as independent clauses that can stand alone, subordinate clauses that cannot, and relative clauses that include a relative pronoun. Finally, it defines a sentence and describes the four types: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory.

1. Syntax

2. What is Syntax
 A major component of the grammar of a language
that concerns the way in which words combine to
form sentences and the rules which govern the
formation of sentences.

3. What we will study in syntax?
 The Phrase
 The Clause
 The Sentence

4. The Phrase
 A group of words which function as a unit and it does not
contain a finite verb (except for verb phrase)
E.g. The man
on the wall
next year.
Phrase divided into 5:
Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase, Adjective
Phrase, Adverb Phrase.

5. Noun Phrase (NP)
 A group of word with a noun as a headword.
e.g. The man
a boy
the student

6. Verb Phrase (VP)
 A group of words with a verb as a headword.
e.g. John Closes the door
Mary is singing

7. Adjective Phrase
 A group of words which modifies noun. The words
can be attributive (following the noun)
e.g. the child laughing happily.
Or can be predicative (following the verb)
e.g. the letter was unbelievably rude.

8. Adverb Phrase
 A group of words which function like an adverb.
e.g. he almost always arrives on time.
Jenny will come to my house next year.

9. Prepositional Phrase
 A group of words that begins with a preposition.
e.g. he arrived by plane
Steve opens the bottle with his teeth.

10. THE CLAUSE
 A group of words which contains a finite verb.
 There are three kinds of clause.
 Independent Clause
 Subordinate Clause
 Relative Clause

11. Independent Clause
 Can stand alone as a simple sentence.
e.g. Henry walked home from school
He cries loudly.

12. Subordinate Clause
 Can’t stand alone as a sentence.
e.g. John takes a bath before he goes to school.
Although Mary is sad, she looks happy

13. Relative Clause
 Clause that has a relative pronoun on it.
e.g. The man who closes the door is my nephew.
The man whose wallet is stolen is a doctor.

14. THE SENTENCE
 the largest unit of grammatical organization within
which parts of speech and grammatical classes are said
to function.
 There are 4 sub types of sentence
 Declarative (statements or assertions)
e.g. I can swim
 Imperative (give orders, make request)
e.g. Come here Don’t do that.
 Interrogative (ask question)
e.g. can you swim? Who are you?
 Exclamatory (express surprises, alarm, indignation)
e.g . What a fooI was! Oh My God!