This document discusses discourse analysis and speech act theory. It introduces the Organon model of communication which includes a sender, receiver, objects, sign, symbol, and signal. Speech act theory views language as a form of action, where utterances are used to perform speech acts like apologies, complaints, promises, or requests. A speech act consists of the locution (what is said), illocution (intention), and perlocution (reaction). Illocutionary force indicating devices like stress, intonation, and word order provide insights into the intended illocution of an utterance.

1. DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
Communication as action

2. Organon model
The linguistic sign. (Philosophy of grammar)
• Sender
• Receiver
• Objects

3. Organon model
• Sign
Symptom: (something about the sender) (intention)
Symbol: (objects and states)(real events)
Signal: (interpretation, reaction,an expected answer)

4. Organon model
“Language and therefore discourse is a two way
instrument, an instrument for a speaker and a listener
or a writer and a reader”(Renkema, 2004)
Cooperative principle:
It concerns with politeness (rules)

5. Speech act theory
“Language is seen as a form of acting”(p.12) (ordinary
language philosophy)
This theory concerns about what people are doing
when they use language.

6. • UTTERANCES USED TO DO THINGS ARE
CALLED ‘PERFORMATIVE”….
• “CONSTATIVES” UTTERANCES USED TO STATE
THINGS ABOUT REALITY…
People do not only produce utterances containing
grammatical structures and words, they perform
actions via those utterances.

7. Speech act theory
• People do not only produce utterances
containing grammatical structures and words,
they perform actions via those utterances.
• Actions performed via utterances are called
SPEECH ACTS …
(apology, complaint, promise, or request)

8. • In many ways, the circumstances are the ones that
determine the interpretation of the Speech Act…
• e.g.
“The tea is really cold.”

9. Speech act theory
• The action performed by producing an utterance will
consist of three related acts:
Locution: What you say. The utterance itself
E.g. The coffee tastes great

10. Speech act theory
Illocution: Intention you have when you produce the
utterance. Request
E.g. The coffee tastes great
• to invite
• To offer
• or simply as statement of fact

11. Speech act theory
Perlocution: Reaction, response
The hearer, on hearing the sentence above might react
by accepting a cup of coffee if interprets the
perlocutionary act.

12. Speech act theory

13. • The illocutionary force of an utterance is what really counts…
• The illocution is the focus of attention
“I´ll be back.”
warning
promise
prediction

14. ACTIVITY
• Give me an apple.
• It´s cold in here
• I need to talk to you
A: Oh, sorry. I interrupted you
B: Humm, Stephany, here is the thing. I really like
you
A: Oh no, here comes the speech…
Locution, illocution, perlocution

15. IFIDS
• Or, Illocutionary Force Indicating Device
“It can provide insights into the requirements that the locution
must mmet to ensure that the illocution takes place”(p. 16)
STRESS
INTONATION
WORD ORDER
e.g.
• You´re going (I tell you)
• You´re going? (I request confirmation?
• Are you going? (I ask you if…)