This document presents the results of a study that investigated the environmental hazards of idle time and speed of a compression ignition engine fueled with Iraqi diesel fuel. The study measured emissions of CO, HC, CO2, NOx, particulate matter, and noise from the engine at various idle speeds (900, 1000, 1200, 1500 rpm) over a 20 minute period. The results showed that increasing idle time and decreasing idle speed generally increased emissions and noise, while increasing idle speed improved combustion and reduced most emissions and noise. Specifically, higher idle times and lower speeds increased CO, HC, NOx, PM and noise but decreased CO2, while higher speeds increased CO2 and NOx but decreased other emissions and noise. The aim was
Study and Experimentation on Reduction of Emission in Diesel EngineIRJET Journal
- The document presents a study on reducing diesel engine emissions through oxygen augment combustion technology.
- An experiment was conducted on a vehicle by supplying oxygen to the intake air, which reduced emissions as measured by a smoke meter. Smoke and HC-CO levels decreased with oxygen augmentation.
- While NOx emissions may increase with higher oxygen levels, overall the study found that properly implemented oxygen augmentation can effectively reduce diesel engine emissions.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Theoritical investigations of injection pressure in a four stroke di diesel e...IAEME Publication
This document discusses theoretical investigations of injection pressure in a four-stroke diesel engine using alcohol as fuel. A computer program was developed to simulate the engine's performance with diesel and at different alcohol injection pressures ranging from 180 to 160 bar. The results showed that an injection pressure of 165 bar for alcohol produced higher brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency that were closest to diesel fuel. It was concluded that alcohol can be used in diesel engines with an injection pressure of 165 bar as it allows an optimum amount of alcohol to be injected while compensating for alcohol's low viscosity.
IRJET- Study of Vehicular Exhaust Emission EstimationIRJET Journal
This study examined vehicular exhaust emissions using experimental testing and the COPERT emissions model. Researchers measured carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from vehicle exhaust under different operating conditions, including idling and driving cycles. Emissions were compared to COPERT estimates. While CO and HC emissions correlated well with COPERT, measured NOx levels were higher. The study found CO emissions were overestimated by COPERT, while NOx was underestimated. Critical vehicle speeds that impact CO and NOx variations were identified. The research provides insight into exhaust emissions and helps validate the COPERT model.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measure...Gurdas Sandhu
1. The document discusses research on quantifying the effects of errors in measurements from portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) on reported vehicle emission rates.
2. It outlines methods to calculate mass per time emission rates from 1 Hz sensor data and evaluate the sensitivity of rates to errors in parameters like engine RPM, manifold pressure, and exhaust gas concentrations.
3. It also describes approaches to synchronize data streams from multiple instruments, including visual alignment of indicator variables and computational optimization of correlation between variables.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pollution is one major factor which affects the environment nowadays, resulting in green house effect and global warming. Suitable methods are introduced to increase the engine fuel economy and bring down the emissions within the tolerable limit. One way of doing it is by inducting oxygen into the combustion chamber since oxygen is a combustion enhancer the amount of oxygen entering into the combustion chamber if increased it would result in better engine performance and lower emissions. Oxygen can be inducted in the intake stroke by the help of an external source and mixing chamber is provided so that it helps in better mixing of air and supplementary oxygen. This additional increase of air will affects all parameters of the engine like operating temperature, fuel consumption, Brake power, emissions, and heat release but only fuel consumption and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) alone is analyzed. Load test was conducted on a compression Ignition engine for various concentration of oxygen from (21% to 27%) with an interval of 2%. This experimental study shows better fuel economy and better brake specific fuel consumption but led to a very high percentage of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission and lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) emission. Keywords: NOx emission, Fuel economy, Diesel engine, Oxygen enriched air.
Study and Experimentation on Reduction of Emission in Diesel EngineIRJET Journal
- The document presents a study on reducing diesel engine emissions through oxygen augment combustion technology.
- An experiment was conducted on a vehicle by supplying oxygen to the intake air, which reduced emissions as measured by a smoke meter. Smoke and HC-CO levels decreased with oxygen augmentation.
- While NOx emissions may increase with higher oxygen levels, overall the study found that properly implemented oxygen augmentation can effectively reduce diesel engine emissions.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Injection of OxyHydrogen Gas on t...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRAC: Oxy-Hydrogen gas, H2O2, is a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by water electrolysis. In this work, an experimental exploration was carried out in order to study the effect of the addition of oxy-hydrogen gas into inlet air manifold on speed performance characteristics of a diesel engine at different operating conditions. The experimental work was performed on a test rig comprising a four stroke 5.67 liters water-cooled diesel engine and a Heenan hydraulic dynamometer. Instrumentation included devices for measuring engine speed, load, fuel consumption and inlet air flow rate. The measurements were conducted at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm. At each speed, the engine load was adjusted to 20%, 40% and 80% from the engine full load which corresponds to engine brake mean effective pressures of 1.55, 3.11, and 6.22 bar, respectively, for Oxy-hydrogen generator supplied Currents of 26A and electrolyte concentration of 25 %. The fuel saving percentage and so the brake thermal efficiency for the H2O2 enriched CI engine is more evidently seen at low loads and high-speed conditions. the volumetric efficiency drop was about 5 % at small speeds and reaches to about 2% at higher engine speed.
Theoritical investigations of injection pressure in a four stroke di diesel e...IAEME Publication
This document discusses theoretical investigations of injection pressure in a four-stroke diesel engine using alcohol as fuel. A computer program was developed to simulate the engine's performance with diesel and at different alcohol injection pressures ranging from 180 to 160 bar. The results showed that an injection pressure of 165 bar for alcohol produced higher brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency that were closest to diesel fuel. It was concluded that alcohol can be used in diesel engines with an injection pressure of 165 bar as it allows an optimum amount of alcohol to be injected while compensating for alcohol's low viscosity.
IRJET- Study of Vehicular Exhaust Emission EstimationIRJET Journal
This study examined vehicular exhaust emissions using experimental testing and the COPERT emissions model. Researchers measured carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from vehicle exhaust under different operating conditions, including idling and driving cycles. Emissions were compared to COPERT estimates. While CO and HC emissions correlated well with COPERT, measured NOx levels were higher. The study found CO emissions were overestimated by COPERT, while NOx was underestimated. Critical vehicle speeds that impact CO and NOx variations were identified. The research provides insight into exhaust emissions and helps validate the COPERT model.
To Study the Performance of Oxygen Enriched Diesel Engine by Varying Compress...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the performance of a diesel engine with oxygen-enriched intake air at different compression ratios. The study used a single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. Tests were conducted at two compression ratios (16.5 and 17.5) and two oxygen intake levels (1 L/min and 2 L/min). Results showed that brake specific fuel consumption decreased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Brake power and exhaust gas temperature increased with higher oxygen intake and compression ratio. Optimum performance was achieved between 70-80% load with a compression ratio of 16.5-17.5 when oxygen intake was increased.
Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measure...Gurdas Sandhu
1. The document discusses research on quantifying the effects of errors in measurements from portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) on reported vehicle emission rates.
2. It outlines methods to calculate mass per time emission rates from 1 Hz sensor data and evaluate the sensitivity of rates to errors in parameters like engine RPM, manifold pressure, and exhaust gas concentrations.
3. It also describes approaches to synchronize data streams from multiple instruments, including visual alignment of indicator variables and computational optimization of correlation between variables.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Journals
Abstract Pollution is one major factor which affects the environment nowadays, resulting in green house effect and global warming. Suitable methods are introduced to increase the engine fuel economy and bring down the emissions within the tolerable limit. One way of doing it is by inducting oxygen into the combustion chamber since oxygen is a combustion enhancer the amount of oxygen entering into the combustion chamber if increased it would result in better engine performance and lower emissions. Oxygen can be inducted in the intake stroke by the help of an external source and mixing chamber is provided so that it helps in better mixing of air and supplementary oxygen. This additional increase of air will affects all parameters of the engine like operating temperature, fuel consumption, Brake power, emissions, and heat release but only fuel consumption and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) alone is analyzed. Load test was conducted on a compression Ignition engine for various concentration of oxygen from (21% to 27%) with an interval of 2%. This experimental study shows better fuel economy and better brake specific fuel consumption but led to a very high percentage of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission and lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) emission. Keywords: NOx emission, Fuel economy, Diesel engine, Oxygen enriched air.
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document examines the NOx emissions from a heavy goods vehicle (HGV) fueled by used cooking oil compared to standard diesel under real-world driving conditions. Key findings include:
1) Both fuels produced higher NOx emissions under all test conditions when using used cooking oil, though they behaved identically under the same driving conditions.
2) Acceleration showed the strongest correlation with NOx emissions and needs to be restricted to limit them.
3) The temperature of exhaust gases after the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst had the largest impact on NOx emissions, as the catalyst requires high temperatures to function properly.
4) Driving in congested urban areas led to higher average NO
The document summarizes an ambient air quality study conducted in six major cities of Pakistan. The study measured concentrations of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and other pollutants at multiple locations in each city. Pollutant levels exceeded national standards at many sites and were highest in Karachi. Transportation emissions were identified as a major contributor to air pollution. The study recommends improvements to vehicle and fuel standards, and development of public transportation, to reduce pollution levels.
In this study, analysis of DRO and ORO (C10-C40) were performed using a Shimadzu GC-FID equipped with fast temperature programmable (FTP) column that aim to significantly reduce the run time for this analysis.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis and Modeling for Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Exha...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that tested the effectiveness of an innovative catalytic converter coated with iron oxide nanoparticles at reducing emissions from a diesel engine. Emissions of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and exhaust gas temperature were measured at various engine loads both with and without the catalytic converter installed. The results showed significant increases in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations and exhaust temperatures when the catalytic converter was used. A behavioral model was also developed to simulate emissions values at all load levels based on the experimental data. The model predictions closely matched the actual measured emissions, indicating it can accurately estimate emissions across the engine's operating range.
The document investigates the effects of adding hydrogen to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Hydrogen was added through the intake port of a four-cylinder diesel engine at rates of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 liters per minute. Testing was conducted at 1800 RPM with engine loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results showed that adding hydrogen increased brake thermal efficiency and decreased brake specific fuel consumption, due to improved mixture formation and the higher flame speed of hydrogen. Higher hydrogen addition of 0.80 lpm increased exhaust temperature and NOx emissions at higher loads. CO, UHC, and soot emissions significantly decreased with hydrogen addition at all loads.
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
Investigation on evaporative emission from a gasoline polycarbonate fuel tankeSAT Journals
Abstract It is estimated that about 15 to 20 percent of the vehicle hydrocarbon (HC) emission were due to evaporation of fuel. Hence a need was felt to understand the extent of evaporative emission from gasoline fuel system. A polycarbonate fuel tank that is predominantly used in two wheeled vehicles is considered for study. Emission can surface to atmosphere in three modes; diffusion through fuel tank wall, escaping through vent in tank and when fuel tank cap is opened for refueling. The average temperature condition which prevails in south India which is in the range of 27o C to 34oC was considered. From which temperatures which were at proximity to peak high and low day time were chosen. The complete set up was placed in open atmosphere to replicate the working environment. The emission constituents and its levels were measured by conducting the test particularly for averaged out day time high and low temperature condition. Further diffusion test was conducted within a range of 34oC to 36oC, this temperature is considered to be range of maximum temperature which prevails in south India. From which a temperature was chosen and the test was conducted. This comparative study gives an indication of emission and its quantity from the fuel tank at the ambient temperature. Keywords: Evaporative Emission, Fuel Tank, HC Emission
OBD-II and Oxygen Sensor: Review the I.C Engine - Emissions related PerformanceIJCERT
Increased awareness regarding the adverse effects of pollutants from automobile exhaust gases has been the main driving force for implementation of more and more stringent legislation on automobile exhaust emissions in many Countries. On Board Diagnostic (OBD), regulations in the USA for light and medium duty vehicles (I. C. Engines) are introducing to implement the air quality standard. California and the Federal Government used a driving cycle to certify 1966 and newer models which referred to as either California Cycle or the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The California Air Resource Board (CARB) and the objective to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) emission caused by malfunction of the vehicles emission control systems adopted the California code of Regulations (CCR) known as OBD – II. The diagnosis is based on the oxygen sensor response time that is the amount of time to complete a switch from rich to lean or lean to rich transition that gives the ability to control the engine at stochiometric Air Fuel ratio. Typical values of lean mean voltage and rich mean voltage are 300 to 600 mill volts respectively. For post-cat O2 sensor, in particular, voltage level checks and heater systems checked and done and the failure thresholds for the post O2 sensor, diagnostic must not be set at a point beyond the failure limit where the catalyst diagnostic is affected.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
This document summarizes a study that optimized parameters for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using palm shell activated carbon. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature, and space velocity. Statistical analysis was used to develop a regression model relating these parameters to breakthrough adsorption capacity. H2S concentration and space velocity had the most significant effects on capacity, with higher concentrations and lower space velocities resulting in higher capacity. Characterization of the activated carbon confirmed that H2S was being adsorbed onto pore surfaces.
Tank trucks are loaded with crude oil or condensate at loading terminals for transportation. Loading losses occur as vapors in the empty cargo tanks are displaced during loading. The quantity of evaporative losses depends on characteristics of the previous and new cargos and the loading method. Tank truck loading can be categorized based on use of pressure and connections. Facilities may be permitted by rule or standard permit depending on location and date constructed. Emissions are estimated using equations accounting for factors like vapor pressure, temperature, and saturation based on loading method.
Diesel Engine Combustion Simulation using Computational Fluid DynamicsIDES Editor
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate diesel engine combustion and predict nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The study modeled a direct injection diesel engine with a 4-hole injector. CFD simulations were performed to analyze in-cylinder flow, temperature distribution, and NOx concentration over time. Simulation results predicted NOx emissions that agreed with experimental engine test measurements to within 3-5%. The study demonstrated CFD can provide insight into combustion features and help optimize engine design to reduce NOx emissions.
The document discusses removing ammonia from storm water through a stripping process. Key points:
1) Ammonia exists primarily as unionized NH3 above pH 10, allowing for easier removal. A pilot plant achieved over 90% removal at pH 11.
2) Mass and energy balances were performed on a simplified process involving preheating, alkalization with NaOH, and stripping ammonia with air in a column. Less than 20 ppm ammonia remained.
3) Hazards were analyzed through HAZOP. Key risks involved pressure buildup, which can be mitigated with flow and pressure controls. Maintaining proper pH is important for robust ammonia removal.
This document presents the results of performance testing of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled by enriched biogas and petrol. The engine was modified to operate on both fuels. Testing was conducted at a constant narrow load range of around 2 kg and RPMs ranging from 1100 to 1800. At constant lower load conditions, the brake specific fuel consumption of enriched biogas was 10.77%, 24.24%, and 35.63% higher than petrol at 1100, 1500, and 1800 RPMs respectively. The brake thermal efficiency of petrol was higher than enriched biogas at all tested speeds, ranging from 4.91% to 9.41% higher for petrol. However, the mechanical efficiency of enriched biogas was 42.93% compared
A Power Flow Analysis of the Nigerian 330 KV Electric Power SystemIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the power flow of Nigeria's 330kV electric power system. It describes the system which includes 30 buses and 9 generating stations connected by 330kV transmission lines totaling 5000km. The document aims to determine causes of power failures in Nigeria and evaluate individual bus voltages to ensure they remain within statutory limits. A power flow analysis is conducted using Newton-Raphson's method in MATLAB. Results show several bus voltages outside limits. Capacitive compensation is implemented on problem buses, improving voltages to acceptable levels and enhancing system efficiency.
The document experimentally investigates aluminum alloy with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite to increase mechanical properties using stir casting method. Aluminum 6061 alloy was used as the matrix and MWCNTs were added as reinforcement at 1 wt%. Samples were prepared via stir casting and characterized through optical microscopy, SEM, hardness testing, and tensile testing. Results showed that the MWCNT composite had higher hardness and tensile strength than the unreinforced aluminum alloy. Specifically, the 1 wt% MWCNT composite demonstrated improved proof stress, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness compared to the unreinforced alloy, indicating the MWCNTs successfully increased the mechanical properties of the aluminum matrix.
The document discusses hiding confidential text data within an encrypted image using reversible data hiding techniques. It begins by introducing the concepts of reversible data hiding and meaningful image encryption. The proposed method first encrypts an original image using AES to create a pre-encrypted image. It then applies discrete wavelet transform to the pre-encrypted image to transform it into a visually meaningful encrypted image. Finally, reversible data hiding is used to hide confidential text data within the meaningful encrypted image while still allowing lossless retrieval of both the image and hidden data. The method aims to provide effective data protection with low computational cost.
This document discusses applying cell zooming to compensate for cell outages in mobile networks. Cell zooming involves adjusting transmission power levels or antenna heights to vary cell sizes. The document develops an algorithm using the Okumura-Hata propagation model to calculate the transmission power or antenna height needed for outage compensation. Simulation results using a planning software show that cell zooming can achieve outage compensation with minimal human intervention, in line with self-organizing network (SON) objectives.
This document discusses optimizing bit loading in broadband power line communication networks. It describes using a greedy bit loading technique to maximize the raw bit rate given available transmission power constraints. The performance of bit loading is analyzed under different system parameters like load conditions, available power, and target error probability. Results show that raw bit rates increase with higher available power and decrease with higher load conditions and lower target error probabilities. Maximum raw bit rates of around 180 Mbps were achieved for the analyzed network model.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes two methods called EFFORT and ANYCAST to maximize the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. EFFORT is an opportunistic routing protocol that improves path diversity and transmission reliability. ANYCAST is an asynchronous sleep-wake scheduling mechanism that arranges sensor nodes to sleep to reduce energy consumption. The document describes how EFFORT selects forwarder nodes based on an opportunistic energy cost metric (OECS) that considers several energy costs. It also explains how ANYCAST works by having sensor nodes wake independently during probing periods to relay data, then return to sleep if no response is received. Simulation results showed both EFFORT and ANYCAST effectively extend network lifetime compared to other routing
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document examines the NOx emissions from a heavy goods vehicle (HGV) fueled by used cooking oil compared to standard diesel under real-world driving conditions. Key findings include:
1) Both fuels produced higher NOx emissions under all test conditions when using used cooking oil, though they behaved identically under the same driving conditions.
2) Acceleration showed the strongest correlation with NOx emissions and needs to be restricted to limit them.
3) The temperature of exhaust gases after the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst had the largest impact on NOx emissions, as the catalyst requires high temperatures to function properly.
4) Driving in congested urban areas led to higher average NO
The document summarizes an ambient air quality study conducted in six major cities of Pakistan. The study measured concentrations of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and other pollutants at multiple locations in each city. Pollutant levels exceeded national standards at many sites and were highest in Karachi. Transportation emissions were identified as a major contributor to air pollution. The study recommends improvements to vehicle and fuel standards, and development of public transportation, to reduce pollution levels.
In this study, analysis of DRO and ORO (C10-C40) were performed using a Shimadzu GC-FID equipped with fast temperature programmable (FTP) column that aim to significantly reduce the run time for this analysis.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis and Modeling for Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Exha...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that tested the effectiveness of an innovative catalytic converter coated with iron oxide nanoparticles at reducing emissions from a diesel engine. Emissions of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and exhaust gas temperature were measured at various engine loads both with and without the catalytic converter installed. The results showed significant increases in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations and exhaust temperatures when the catalytic converter was used. A behavioral model was also developed to simulate emissions values at all load levels based on the experimental data. The model predictions closely matched the actual measured emissions, indicating it can accurately estimate emissions across the engine's operating range.
The document investigates the effects of adding hydrogen to a diesel engine on performance and emissions. Hydrogen was added through the intake port of a four-cylinder diesel engine at rates of 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80 liters per minute. Testing was conducted at 1800 RPM with engine loads of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results showed that adding hydrogen increased brake thermal efficiency and decreased brake specific fuel consumption, due to improved mixture formation and the higher flame speed of hydrogen. Higher hydrogen addition of 0.80 lpm increased exhaust temperature and NOx emissions at higher loads. CO, UHC, and soot emissions significantly decreased with hydrogen addition at all loads.
COMPARATIVE EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CNG AND OCTANE IN RETROFITTED CAR ENGINESIAEME Publication
Comparative emission analysis of octane and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled retrofitted spark ignition car engine refers to exhaust emission (carbon monooxide, carbon di-oxide, Nitrogen Oxide) analysis and exhaust temperature on car engines which are operated with either gasoline or CNG using a solenoid actuated valve mechanism. The analysis was successfully carried out with the help of an exhaust gas analyzer (IMR 4000). Octane was used as the conventional fuels, whereas CNG was the alternative fuel. Comparative analysis of the experimental result showed the retrofitted engine produced higher exhaust gas temperature andNOx emission over different engines of different mileage when were used with CNG.
Other emission contents were significantly lower than those of the gasoline emissions.
The impact of engine operating variables on emitted PM and Pb for an SIE fuel...iosrjce
The replacement of gasoline with ethanol is increased worldwide indicating the need to understand
the air quality impacts of this exchanging. In the recent study, variable experimental tests conducted to evaluate
the impacts of several ethanol-gasoline blends (E20, E50, and E80) on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb)
concentrations emitted from a four-stroke, single cylinder, water-cooled spark-ignition (SI) engine. PM and Pb
exhaust emissions measured and analyzed at variable engine operation parameters.
The emitted PM emissions reduced with increase concentration of ethanol in the blend. Compared to the
baseline gasoline (E0), E20 gave relatively lower reductions in PM emissions, while E50 and E80 both reduced
PM emissions under the conditions studied. Ethanol was observed to impact Pb emissions depending on the
ethanol share in the blend
Investigation on evaporative emission from a gasoline polycarbonate fuel tankeSAT Journals
Abstract It is estimated that about 15 to 20 percent of the vehicle hydrocarbon (HC) emission were due to evaporation of fuel. Hence a need was felt to understand the extent of evaporative emission from gasoline fuel system. A polycarbonate fuel tank that is predominantly used in two wheeled vehicles is considered for study. Emission can surface to atmosphere in three modes; diffusion through fuel tank wall, escaping through vent in tank and when fuel tank cap is opened for refueling. The average temperature condition which prevails in south India which is in the range of 27o C to 34oC was considered. From which temperatures which were at proximity to peak high and low day time were chosen. The complete set up was placed in open atmosphere to replicate the working environment. The emission constituents and its levels were measured by conducting the test particularly for averaged out day time high and low temperature condition. Further diffusion test was conducted within a range of 34oC to 36oC, this temperature is considered to be range of maximum temperature which prevails in south India. From which a temperature was chosen and the test was conducted. This comparative study gives an indication of emission and its quantity from the fuel tank at the ambient temperature. Keywords: Evaporative Emission, Fuel Tank, HC Emission
OBD-II and Oxygen Sensor: Review the I.C Engine - Emissions related PerformanceIJCERT
Increased awareness regarding the adverse effects of pollutants from automobile exhaust gases has been the main driving force for implementation of more and more stringent legislation on automobile exhaust emissions in many Countries. On Board Diagnostic (OBD), regulations in the USA for light and medium duty vehicles (I. C. Engines) are introducing to implement the air quality standard. California and the Federal Government used a driving cycle to certify 1966 and newer models which referred to as either California Cycle or the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The California Air Resource Board (CARB) and the objective to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) emission caused by malfunction of the vehicles emission control systems adopted the California code of Regulations (CCR) known as OBD – II. The diagnosis is based on the oxygen sensor response time that is the amount of time to complete a switch from rich to lean or lean to rich transition that gives the ability to control the engine at stochiometric Air Fuel ratio. Typical values of lean mean voltage and rich mean voltage are 300 to 600 mill volts respectively. For post-cat O2 sensor, in particular, voltage level checks and heater systems checked and done and the failure thresholds for the post O2 sensor, diagnostic must not be set at a point beyond the failure limit where the catalyst diagnostic is affected.
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
This document summarizes a study that optimized parameters for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using palm shell activated carbon. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature, and space velocity. Statistical analysis was used to develop a regression model relating these parameters to breakthrough adsorption capacity. H2S concentration and space velocity had the most significant effects on capacity, with higher concentrations and lower space velocities resulting in higher capacity. Characterization of the activated carbon confirmed that H2S was being adsorbed onto pore surfaces.
Tank trucks are loaded with crude oil or condensate at loading terminals for transportation. Loading losses occur as vapors in the empty cargo tanks are displaced during loading. The quantity of evaporative losses depends on characteristics of the previous and new cargos and the loading method. Tank truck loading can be categorized based on use of pressure and connections. Facilities may be permitted by rule or standard permit depending on location and date constructed. Emissions are estimated using equations accounting for factors like vapor pressure, temperature, and saturation based on loading method.
Diesel Engine Combustion Simulation using Computational Fluid DynamicsIDES Editor
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate diesel engine combustion and predict nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The study modeled a direct injection diesel engine with a 4-hole injector. CFD simulations were performed to analyze in-cylinder flow, temperature distribution, and NOx concentration over time. Simulation results predicted NOx emissions that agreed with experimental engine test measurements to within 3-5%. The study demonstrated CFD can provide insight into combustion features and help optimize engine design to reduce NOx emissions.
The document discusses removing ammonia from storm water through a stripping process. Key points:
1) Ammonia exists primarily as unionized NH3 above pH 10, allowing for easier removal. A pilot plant achieved over 90% removal at pH 11.
2) Mass and energy balances were performed on a simplified process involving preheating, alkalization with NaOH, and stripping ammonia with air in a column. Less than 20 ppm ammonia remained.
3) Hazards were analyzed through HAZOP. Key risks involved pressure buildup, which can be mitigated with flow and pressure controls. Maintaining proper pH is important for robust ammonia removal.
This document presents the results of performance testing of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled by enriched biogas and petrol. The engine was modified to operate on both fuels. Testing was conducted at a constant narrow load range of around 2 kg and RPMs ranging from 1100 to 1800. At constant lower load conditions, the brake specific fuel consumption of enriched biogas was 10.77%, 24.24%, and 35.63% higher than petrol at 1100, 1500, and 1800 RPMs respectively. The brake thermal efficiency of petrol was higher than enriched biogas at all tested speeds, ranging from 4.91% to 9.41% higher for petrol. However, the mechanical efficiency of enriched biogas was 42.93% compared
A Power Flow Analysis of the Nigerian 330 KV Electric Power SystemIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the power flow of Nigeria's 330kV electric power system. It describes the system which includes 30 buses and 9 generating stations connected by 330kV transmission lines totaling 5000km. The document aims to determine causes of power failures in Nigeria and evaluate individual bus voltages to ensure they remain within statutory limits. A power flow analysis is conducted using Newton-Raphson's method in MATLAB. Results show several bus voltages outside limits. Capacitive compensation is implemented on problem buses, improving voltages to acceptable levels and enhancing system efficiency.
The document experimentally investigates aluminum alloy with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite to increase mechanical properties using stir casting method. Aluminum 6061 alloy was used as the matrix and MWCNTs were added as reinforcement at 1 wt%. Samples were prepared via stir casting and characterized through optical microscopy, SEM, hardness testing, and tensile testing. Results showed that the MWCNT composite had higher hardness and tensile strength than the unreinforced aluminum alloy. Specifically, the 1 wt% MWCNT composite demonstrated improved proof stress, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness compared to the unreinforced alloy, indicating the MWCNTs successfully increased the mechanical properties of the aluminum matrix.
The document discusses hiding confidential text data within an encrypted image using reversible data hiding techniques. It begins by introducing the concepts of reversible data hiding and meaningful image encryption. The proposed method first encrypts an original image using AES to create a pre-encrypted image. It then applies discrete wavelet transform to the pre-encrypted image to transform it into a visually meaningful encrypted image. Finally, reversible data hiding is used to hide confidential text data within the meaningful encrypted image while still allowing lossless retrieval of both the image and hidden data. The method aims to provide effective data protection with low computational cost.
This document discusses applying cell zooming to compensate for cell outages in mobile networks. Cell zooming involves adjusting transmission power levels or antenna heights to vary cell sizes. The document develops an algorithm using the Okumura-Hata propagation model to calculate the transmission power or antenna height needed for outage compensation. Simulation results using a planning software show that cell zooming can achieve outage compensation with minimal human intervention, in line with self-organizing network (SON) objectives.
This document discusses optimizing bit loading in broadband power line communication networks. It describes using a greedy bit loading technique to maximize the raw bit rate given available transmission power constraints. The performance of bit loading is analyzed under different system parameters like load conditions, available power, and target error probability. Results show that raw bit rates increase with higher available power and decrease with higher load conditions and lower target error probabilities. Maximum raw bit rates of around 180 Mbps were achieved for the analyzed network model.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes two methods called EFFORT and ANYCAST to maximize the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. EFFORT is an opportunistic routing protocol that improves path diversity and transmission reliability. ANYCAST is an asynchronous sleep-wake scheduling mechanism that arranges sensor nodes to sleep to reduce energy consumption. The document describes how EFFORT selects forwarder nodes based on an opportunistic energy cost metric (OECS) that considers several energy costs. It also explains how ANYCAST works by having sensor nodes wake independently during probing periods to relay data, then return to sleep if no response is received. Simulation results showed both EFFORT and ANYCAST effectively extend network lifetime compared to other routing
The document proposes a behavioral model called PFMDA to detect anomalous packet dropping and modification attacks in wireless ad hoc networks. The PFMDA scheme establishes a routing tree with the sink node at the root. As data packets are transmitted along the tree, each sender or forwarder adds a small number of "packet marks" to the packet. This allows the sink to determine the dropping ratio for each node and identify nodes that are definitely dropping/modifying packets or are suspicious of such behavior. The scheme uses node categorization and heuristic ranking algorithms to gradually identify misbehaving nodes with few false positives. The goal is to detect packet droppers and modifiers within the network.
Evaluation of Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due To...IOSR Journals
This document evaluates the radiation hazard indices and excess lifetime cancer risk from natural radioactivity in mined tailings from 14 locations in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. Samples were analyzed using gamma spectroscopy and the average concentrations of Ra226, Th232 and K40 were found to be far above world averages. Various hazard indices like annual gonadal equivalent dose, radium equivalent, external hazard index, internal hazard index, representative gamma index, annual effective dose equivalent (outdoor and indoor) and excess lifetime cancer risk were calculated. The values obtained were far above world recommended levels, indicating significant health hazards for miners, processors and nearby residents from radiation exposure. The results show the need to investigate radiation levels in other environmental samples from the area like
This document describes a proposed interactive voice response (IVR) and dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based voting system. The system would allow voters to cast their votes via phone by pressing numbers on their keypad in response to IVR prompts, without needing to physically go to a polling place. It would use two databases - one to store voter information and another to store information about candidates/parties. Voters would call into the system using their assigned voter ID and password. The system would track votes cast and prevent double voting. After voting closed, administrators could generate results reports displayed as graphs. The proposed system aims to make voting more convenient and accessible compared to traditional in-person methods.
This document provides a review of approaches for enhancing the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) using CSMA-MACA. It begins with an introduction to VANETs and discusses some of their key properties including high dynamic topology, frequent disconnections, and the hidden terminal problem. The document then reviews related work on hybrid approaches combining CSMA and MACA for routing in VANETs. Finally, it provides details on commonly used routing protocols like AODV and discusses how accounting for obstacles in simulations can improve safety performance evaluations of VANET applications.
1. The document analyzes factors that determine the maximum noise produced by a train horn, including Doppler effect and sound dampening with distance.
2. Key calculations are presented to determine the critical angle at which noise is maximum, as well as the change in sound frequency and sound pressure level due to Doppler effect and distance.
3. Based on the calculations, a noise barrier height of 17 meters is recommended to mitigate train horn noise exceeding permissible levels for a train traveling at 56 km/hr, with the barrier oriented at the calculated critical angle.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an automotive front bumper beam for low-speed impact. It aims to study the key parameters of bumper beams, such as material, shape, and impact conditions to improve crashworthiness. A simulation of the bumper beam undergoing a low-velocity impact test as specified in international standards is performed. The strength of the bumper beam in elastic mode is analyzed by evaluating energy absorption and impact force at maximum deflection. Simulations are run with bumper beams made of different materials to compare deflection, impact force, stress distribution, and energy absorption. The results show that an M220 material minimizes deflection, impact force, stress, and maximizes energy absorption compared to
Challenging Issues and Similarity Measures for Web Document ClusteringIOSR Journals
This document discusses challenging issues and similarity measures for web document clustering. It begins with an introduction to text mining and document clustering. It then reviews related work on similarity approaches and measures. Some key challenging issues in web document clustering are discussed, such as measuring semantic similarity between words and evaluating cluster validity. Various types of similarity measures are also described, including string-based measures like Jaro-Winkler distance and corpus-based measures like latent semantic analysis. The conclusion states that accurate clustering requires a precise definition of similarity between document pairs and discusses different similarity measures that can be used.
This document compares the use of a PI controller and fuzzy logic controller for speed control of an induction motor. It first provides background on induction motors and common speed control techniques. It then describes the basic structure and advantages of PI controllers and fuzzy logic controllers for motor speed control. Specifically, it details the design of a fuzzy logic controller for this application, including the 49 rule base and membership functions used. Finally, it presents the MATLAB/Simulink models used to simulate and compare the PI controller and fuzzy logic controller for induction motor speed control.
The document presents a mathematical modeling and analysis of the influence of process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) during electrical discharge machining (EDM) of stainless steel 304. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of peak current, pulse on time, and pulse off time on MRR. Using Taguchi methods, an optimal combination of parameters was identified to achieve maximum MRR. Analysis of variance confirmed the significant effects of the parameters on MRR. Regression analysis was then used to develop a second order full quadratic mathematical model relating MRR to the process parameters. The model was found to have acceptable accuracy in predicting response values based on its R2 and adjusted R2 values. Interaction effects between the parameters were also studied.
Face Image Restoration based on sample patterns using MLP Neural NetworkIOSR Journals
This document presents a face image restoration method using MLP neural networks. Low resolution face images are generated from a high resolution image using an observation model. Patches are extracted from the high and low resolution images and used to train an MLP network. After training, the model can be used to restore low resolution images. The method is tested on images from the ORL database. Results show the proposed method has better performance than other methods in terms of statistical metrics and visual quality, especially when there are only geometric changes between images. When noise levels are varied, performance decreases.
This document summarizes the design and analysis of an inverted-F antenna for wideband applications. It presents the geometry of the coaxially-fed inverted-F antenna and discusses its ability to resonate at wideband frequencies. The antenna is designed on an FR4_epoxy substrate using simulation software. Key parameters like return loss, VSWR, and gain are simulated and validated through measurements. The antenna operates in five bands from 1.18GHz to 7.97GHz with good matching between simulated and measured results, making it suitable for multi-band applications.
Effectiveness of Information Communication Technologies for Education SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the effectiveness of using information and communication technologies (ICT) for education. It begins by outlining how ICT has transformed business, governance, and education over the past 20 years. While ICT is beginning to have a presence in education, its impact has been lacking. The document then discusses how ICT, including e-learning and Web 2.0 tools, can enhance student-centered learning and collaboration. It proposes developing an end-to-end e-learning infrastructure by integrating technologies like the semantic web, grid computing, collaboration tools, and knowledge management. Overall, the document argues that ICT has great potential to improve access to education and support goals like achieving universal primary education.
This document summarizes research on the preparation and characterization of titanium-doped barium ferrite (BFTO) nanopowders. BFTO powders with compositions of BaFe(12-x)TixO19, where x=0.32 and x=0.36, were synthesized using a sol-gel method. The powders were characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single tetragonal phase and particle sizes ranging from 15-50 nm. SEM images showed irregularly shaped plate-like particles 10-40 nm in size. FTIR spectra exhibited peaks corresponding to metal-oxygen bonds and residual organic groups from the synthesis method.
The document discusses techniques for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It proposes two new methods: 1) shifting two null subcarriers among two data subcarriers and 2) switching null subcarriers with data subcarriers. Through MATLAB simulations, the proposed methods achieve around 1.4dB lower PAPR compared to existing methods, with the shifting null subcarriers method performing best. The bit error rate performance of the proposed shifting method is also better than existing approaches.
This document summarizes a study on reducing carbon dioxide emissions from diesel passenger vehicles using an activated alumina capturing method. The researchers designed and modeled a catalytic converter reactor chamber containing activated alumina balls to absorb CO2 from exhaust gases. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was used to validate the design, showing it achieved the targeted pressure drop and flow uniformity. The reactor chamber was fabricated and experiments were conducted on a Volkswagen diesel vehicle. Initial results found an 11.6% reduction in CO2 emissions through the capturing method using activated alumina catalyst in the optimized reactor chamber design.
The document experimentally investigates the performance, emissions, and combustion of a diesel engine operating in CNG-diesel dual fuel mode with varying CNG injection rates and operating pressures. Tests were conducted at 6 LPM and 13.5 LPM of CNG injected at diesel injection pressures of 200, 220, and 240 bar. Results show brake thermal efficiency increased with higher pressure but decreased with more CNG, while emissions varied with both factors. CO2 and NOx increased at 220 bar then decreased at 240 bar for all fuels, while CO and UHC decreased with higher pressure and more CNG substitution. Peak heat release rate was highest for pure diesel at 240 bar due to better atomization.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine using nitrogenated fuel additives. The study used ethanol and nitromethane as additives blended with diesel fuel at 10% and 0.2% respectively. The performance and emissions of the engine running on the blended fuels were evaluated and compared to diesel at compression ratios of 17.5:1 and 16.5:1. The results showed that the ethanol-nitromethane-diesel blend at 17.5:1 compression ratio improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions compared to the other fuel blends and compression ratio tested.
This document discusses the effect of injection timing and coolant temperatures on cold and hot engine startability and emissions in a DI diesel engine. Tests were conducted at four coolant temperatures (-10, 0, 25, 50°C) and four injection timings (12, 15, 20, 23° BTDC) to evaluate their impact. The results showed that increasing temperature significantly reduced starting time due to better fuel atomization and vaporization at higher combustion chamber temperatures. Emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were extremely high during cold starting, particularly at -10°C, but decreased substantially with increasing temperature. Combustion instability and noise were also significant issues at low starting temperatures and retarded injection timings.
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine modified to operate as a dual fuel engine using biogas and diesel. The engine was tested at compression ratios of 14:1, 16:1, and 18:1 while varying the load. Brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were highest at a compression ratio of 18:1, while brake specific fuel consumption was lowest. NOx and CO2 emissions increased with compression ratio and were highest at 18:1, while HC and CO emissions decreased with compression ratio and were highest at 14:1. The study found that a compression ratio of 18:1 produced the best performance and lowest emissions in the biogas-diesel
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of operating variables on particulate matter (PM) and lead (Pb) emissions from a single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with variable ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E20, E50, E80). The key findings were:
1) PM emissions decreased as the concentration of ethanol in the blend increased, with E80 providing the largest reductions compared to E0. Pb emissions also generally decreased with higher ethanol blends but were not affected by operating variables.
2) Both PM and Pb emissions were lowest near stoichiometric conditions and increased at very lean and rich equivalence ratios, though the reductions did not directly correlate with the ethanol percentage
Study of Engine Testing Lab and Engine Testing of TATA 697 series EnginesManish Bhartiya
The document discusses testing of Tata 697 series diesel engines at Tata Motors' testing lab to evaluate performance and emissions. Key aspects tested include power, fuel consumption, smoke density, and emissions. Tests are conducted according to BS emission standards using equipment like a dynamometer, gravimetric fuel meter, opacimeter, and water cooling system. Precise procedures involve clamping the engine to a test bed, applying load via a dynamometer, and measuring various parameters to check compliance with standards.
Design of Secondary Air Injection System in Lower CC Engines- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and operation of secondary air injection systems used in automotive engines to reduce emissions. It begins with an introduction that describes how secondary air injection works to control carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. It then discusses the working principle of secondary air injection systems, including how fresh air is injected into the exhaust stream to allow fuller combustion of exhaust gases using chemical reactions. Finally, it provides details on how secondary air injection can be implemented in lower displacement engines as an effective and low-cost way to meet emission regulations.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the effects of different fuel injection timings on various engine parameters in a multicylinder diesel engine. Five mode tests were conducted at injection timings of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 degrees before top dead center. Parameters like fuel consumption, NOx emissions, exhaust temperature, air flow, and torque were measured across different engine loads. Graphs of these parameters were plotted against load for each injection timing. The results showed the influence of injection timing on air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, fueling rate, and other indicators.
IRJET- Diesel Particulate Filter by using Copper Oxide as a Filter MediumIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using copper oxide in a diesel particulate filter to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from diesel engines. It introduces the health and environmental issues with diesel engine emissions and the need for aftertreatment devices. The study designs a particulate filter with copper oxide spheres that can react with carbon monoxide at temperatures of 400-500°C to convert it to less harmful carbon dioxide. Experimental testing of a diesel engine without and with the copper oxide filter shows reductions in carbon monoxide and other emissions with only minor reductions in engine performance.
DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI CYLINDER CRD-I ENGINE TO MEET EURO VI EMISSION NORMSIAEME Publication
Direct injection diesel engine offers the benefit of better fuel economy over gasoline engine. Diesel engine with electronic control of high press ure, multiple injections per cycle, 4valves per cylinder, turbocharged with intercooled, cooled EGR or SCR and DPF have now become the key features to meet the upcoming emissions in India. This paper describes the work done on multi-cylinder diesel engine to meet the requirements of Bharat stage 5 emissions and has the potential to meet Euro6 emission norms.
Modeling and Grey Relational Multi-response Optimization Performance Efficien...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that used Taguchi design of experiments and grey relational analysis to optimize the performance of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and hydrogen blends. The factors investigated were engine load, hydrogen percentage, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ignition pressure, and ignition timing. The optimal settings identified were 25% engine load, 20% hydrogen, 50 ppm multi-walled carbon nanotubes, 220 bar ignition pressure, and 21 degrees before top dead center ignition timing. Analysis of variance showed that engine load had the greatest influence on overall performance. The optimal settings were found to improve brake thermal efficiency and reduce fuel consumption and emissions. However, further experimental validation is still needed to confirm the predicted optimal
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
INFLUENCE OF INJECTOR OPENING PRESSURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN DI DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Experiments were conducted to study exhaust emissions of direct injection (DI) diesel engine with different levels of low heat rejection (LHR) combustion chamber such as i) ceramic coated cylinder head, ii) air gap insulated piston and air gap insulated liner and iii) ceramic coated cylinder head along with air gap insulation with pure diesel operation with varied injector opening pressure.Exhaust emissions of particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were determined at various
values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. Particulate emissions were measured by AVL Smoke meter, while NOx by Netel Chromatograph NOx analyzer
This document summarizes a study on the influence of injector opening pressure on exhaust emissions in a direct injection diesel engine with three levels of insulation operated on diesel fuel. Experiments were conducted with a conventional engine and engines featuring ceramic coated cylinder heads, air gap insulated pistons and liners, and a combination of the two insulation techniques. Exhaust emissions of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides were measured at varying brake mean effective pressures and injector opening pressures. The insulated combustion chambers showed higher nitrogen oxide emissions than the conventional engine, while particulate emissions were comparable. Increasing the injector opening pressure reduced exhaust emissions for all engine configurations.
Experimental and CFD Analysis of Exhaust Manifold to Improve Performance of I...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of different exhaust manifold designs to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine. Three manifold geometries - sharp bend, short bend, and long bend - were tested on a single cylinder diesel engine. Experimental results showed the long bend design reduced exhaust backpressure and increased brake thermal efficiency compared to the other designs. CFD analysis validated these results, demonstrating lower pressure and higher velocities within the long bend manifold. The study concluded the long bend manifold facilitates easier exhaust gas flow and lower backpressure to improve engine performance.
Validation of Experimental and Numerical Techniques for Flow Analysis over an...IJERA Editor
The impact of improvement in vehicle aerodynamics mainly reflects in lower fuel consumption and lower carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The governments of many countries support continuous aerodynamics’ improvement programs as a way of mitigating the energy crisis and atmospheric pollution. This work has the main goal to validate experimental and numerical techniques for application in road vehicles. The experimental results were obtained through the analysis of the flow around a standard body with simple geometry called Ahmed Body, using hot wire anemometry from experiments in wind tunnel. It was also proposed a computational validation using a commercial software (Star CCM +) to further analyze the flow and to corroborate the experimental results. Both results were compared and allowed characterizing the flow around the vehicle. The results obtained analyzing the Ahmed Body aimed further application on aerodynamics of heavyduty vehicles, which is an ongoing research being developed at the Experimental Aerodynamics Research Center – CPAERO, in Brazil.
INLET AIR HUMIDIFICATION TECHNIQUE IN CI ENGINES- FOR REDUCTION OF NOxIRJET Journal
The document presents the results of a study on using inlet air humidification to reduce NOx emissions from a diesel engine. Key findings include:
1. NOx and CO2 emissions from the engine decreased as the humidity of the inlet air increased, with NOx reducing by up to 50% as humidity rose to 70%.
2. CO emissions initially decreased with higher humidity but rose slightly at the highest humidity level tested, though still within limits.
3. The technique lowers combustion temperatures, reducing NOx formation. It provides a cheaper and simpler alternative to other methods with fewer drawbacks.
4. Testing was conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine retrofitted with a humidification system. Emissions
Performance analysis of ic engine using air energizereSAT Journals
Abstract In normal circumstances, due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains unburnt and is emitted in the form of black smoke, causing air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and on the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of carbon deposition increases especially in city driving, as the engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon decreases the compression ratio of the engine which ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking or detonation. The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making use of paramagnetic property of oxygen present in the incoming air i.e. by passing the air through external magnetic field. Keywords: Air Energizer, Magnet, IC engine;
Performance analysis of ic engine using air energizerLaukik Raut
In normal circumstances, due to incomplete combustion, 30% of the fuel remains unburnt and is emitted in the form of black
smoke, causing air pollution. Moreover, the carbon originating from incomplete fuel combustions, settles on the spark plug and
on the engine piston, thus diminishing the compression capacity of the piston and increasing the friction factor. This rate of
carbon deposition increases especially in city driving, as the engine works much of the time at part throttle. Excess carbon
decreases the compression ratio of the engine which ultimately robs the engine of its power, due to acute knocking or detonation.
The above problem can be reduced to some extent by making use of paramagnetic property of oxygen present in the incoming air
i.e. by passing the air through external magnetic field
Similar to Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Iraqi Diesel Fuel (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
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Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Iraqi Diesel Fuel
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan- Feb. 2015), PP 29-34
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12132934 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle
Time and Speed of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With
Iraqi Diesel Fuel
Miqdam Tariq Chaichan 1
, Sajda Sabri Faris 1
1
(Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq)
Abstract: Idle emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), CO, CO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM) and noise
measured from multi-cylinder direct injection diesel-fueled engine. The purpose was to evaluate the hazards
collateral to operating the engine at idle speed for long periods. Experiments were conducted at various speeds
(900, 1000, 1200 and 1500 rpm) and for 20 min period. The measurements obtained each 5 min.
The results indicate that increasing idle time increased CO, HC, NOx, PM, and noise, at the same time reduced
CO2 concentration. Increasing idle time deteriorated combustion causing lower CO2 while the other emissions
increased profoundly. Increasing idle speed improved the combustion and reduced CO, HC, PM and noise
while increased CO2 and NOx.
Keywords: Engine idling, idle time, NOx, PM, HC, CO, noise. .
I. Introduction
Climate change is an essential issue of concern for the last two decades. Climate change tied to energy
usage and the emissions emitted from fossil fuels combustion. Huge efforts are made to the use of that energy
efficiently and to reduce the emitted carbon dioxide quantity from all the used energy sources [1]. The idle
period for heavy-duty diesel vehicle consumes fuel and emitted emissions that reduce atmospheric quality. Idle
engine operation is crucial to provide the cab heat or air-conditioning that supply the driver comfort. However,
preventing this operation mode or period needs legislation, in addition to public edification for its importance to
air quality [2].
Heavy-duty trucks have been subjected to many valuable improvements to achieve high efficiencies. In
addition to reducing its fuel consumption, within the existing profiles of tractor and trailer operated all over the
world [3, 4, 5 & 6].
One obstacle to defining idle operation impact on air quality and human health is the lack of a
comprehensive tailpipe emissions database that describes these effects. A large number of studies investigated
and quantified idle emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The primary target of these studies was to
understand the impact of engine speed and load on idle emissions and to evaluate the idle reduction technologies
performance. Mc-Cormick [7] tested the emissions of idle operation of 24 heavy duty diesel vehicles and four
heavy-duty compressed natural gas vehicles. Diesel trucks emitted considerable quantities of HC, CO, NOx, and
PM emissions during idling compared to compressed natural gas trucks. Brodrick [8] tested the engine speed
and loaded impact on idle emissions on a 1999 model year Freightliner truck powered by a 450 horsepower
engine. Increasing the engine speed with air conditioning operated; resulted in increasing emissions of CO,
NOx, and CO2. It also increased the consumed fuel by 70%.
Chaichan [9] reported an increment in idle emissions of CO, HC, NOx, PM, and CO2 with adding EGR
to the suction manifold. Idle NOx concentrations increased with time; also, fuel injection control did not have
any effect on CO2 concentrations. The study concluded that the usage of the air conditioning in the truck without
increasing engine speed increased the emitted emissions. Increasing the engine speed increased the emissions of
CO2 and NOx highly, whereas PM and HC emissions increased by 100% and 70%, respectively.
Idle operation emitted emissions have serious impacts on human health, but truck drivers are
specifically at risk. Their long-term exposure to diesel exhaust increases the hazards of lung cancer [10]. The
recent studies of air pollution inside and outside of trucks at idling indicated an increase in fine particulates
emissions [11, 12 & 13]. The studies verified that the pollutant exposure, when the driver is resting in a truck
with the engine idling has a disruptive of sleep comfortably. Sleep intermittence causes driver exhaustion during
waking hours [14].
Idle reduction includes methods and technologies needed to be provided. Alternatives for cabin heating
and cooling must be taken into consideration. Maintaining the engine and reduce fuel sulfur content, improving
system warming for easy startup. Also, the providing of electricity for other amenities activities can lessen the
engine idle operation at stopping points. Many idle reduction technologies used including onboard direct-fired
2. Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12132934 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
heaters. The off-board stops electrification equipment on the truck that supplies electric power for air
conditioning, heating, and ventilation [15].
In this paper, the idle emissions quantity measurement was the one of primary targets. The examination
of the effect of elevated engine speed and engine idle time on idle emissions was one of the targets. Iraqi
conventional diesel fuel employed in the engine idle period evaluated, also.
II. Experimental Setup
2.1 Equipments
Fiat diesel engine used in the tests is direct injection, water-cooled, four cylinders in-line, and naturally
aspirated. Table 1 represents the major specifications of the tested engine. A hydraulic dynamometer is coupled
to the engine to control the applied load. An emissions analyzer type Multigas model 4880 was used to measure
the concentration of regulated emissions (NOx, HC, CO2, and CO).
Emitted PMs collected by a device type Sniffer L-30 (low volume air sampler). PMs obtained by
means of Whatmann-glass micro-filters. These filters weighted before and after the end of sampling operation
period that extend for half an hour every time. At the end of each sampling period, each filter was kept in a
plastic bag provisionally until weighing and analyzing the outcomes.
Particulate matters (PMs) concentrations determined by the equation:
(1)
Where: PM = the concentration of particulate matters in (µg/m3
).
w1 = filter weight before the sampling period in (g).
w2 = filter weight after the sampling period in (g).
Vt = the drawn air total volume (m3
)
The equation to evaluate Vt is:
tQVt t
(2)
Where: Qt= Elementary and final air flow rate through the device (m3
/sec).
t = sampling time in (min).
Table 1 Tested Engine Specifications
Engine type 4cyl., 4-stroke
Engine model TD 313 Diesel engine rig
Combustion type DI, water cooled, natural aspirated
Displacement 3.666 L
Valve per cylinder Two
Bore 100 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Compression ratio 17
Fuel injection pump Unit pump
26 mm diameter plunger
Fuel injection nozzle Hole nozzle
10 nozzle holes
Nozzle hole dia. (0.48mm)
Spray angle= 160o
Nozzle opening pressure=40 Mpa
Precision sound level meter equipped with microphone type 4615 was used to measure overall sound pressure.
A standard calibrator meter type pisto phone type 4220 used to calibrate the tests noise level meter.
1.2 The used fuel
The commercial Iraqi diesel used as engine fuel in this work. Iraqi diesel fuel is well known by its high
sulfur content (it was 10000 ppm sulfur in the present tested fuel). Also, it has a moderate cetane number (49 in
the present work).
2.3 Error analysis
The reliance potential of the tests outcomes is represented by measurement accuracy. The calibration of
the used measuring equipments defined the error sources, and then the uncertainty in this study can be
determined. Table 3 lists the measuring equipment and its accuracies. The uncertainty can be defined by the
equation [16]:
3. Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12132934 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
(3)
Where:
eR: outcomes uncertainty.
R : function includes variables or R=R (V1, V2, …, Vn).
ei : variable uncertainty range.
The partial derivative represents results sensitivity to a single variable. Then, the uncertainty for the recent
investigation results was:
The uncertainty result confirms the achieved accuracy in the measurement of more than 95% of the
present study. All tests repeated three times at least to lessen random errors in the results. The results average for
each test recorded along with more than 95% confidence.
2.4 Tests Procedure
The engine was left to run about 10 minutes without any load until the cooling water, and lubricant oil
reached 75°C. After that, the engine was made to run at constant speeds of 800, 1000, 1200 &1500 rpm.
Exhaust emissions CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM, and noise measured at intervals of 5 minutes each. The readings
obtained for 20 minutes in each test. This time selected about the fact that this engine idling time is possible in
practical life in Baghdad city and other Iraqi governorates due to checking points and traffic strangulations.
III. Results And Discussions
The effect of engine runs time with various idle speeds on the emitted emissions studied. CO, CO2, HC,
NOx, PM and noise emissions considered. Fig. 1 shows time effect on CO2 concentrations for tested speeds.
CO2 concentrations increased until 10 min timing, and then it started to reduce till 20 min. At 1000 rpm, CO2
concentration increased gradually to reach its maximum value at 10 min operation time, and then it began to
decrease. The figure results indicate that after engine operation more than 10 min at idle speed the combustion
deteriorates. CO2 reduction means higher CO and HC concentrations resulted from this bad combustion. By
comparing the emitted CO2 for the studied engine speeds with that resulted by 900 rpm, it can be seen that an
increment in these concentrations at 1000 rpm with about 29%. CO2 decreased with about 22 and 10.7% for
1200 and 1500 rpm respectively.
Fig. 2 represents the time and idle speed effects on CO concentrations. CO emissions from diesel
engine are low during normal operation but at idle its behavior changed. At 900 rpm, CO concentration started
at high levels, and it declined until it reached its minimum values near 10 min timing. After 10 min operating,
these concentrations began to increase. At 1000 and 1200 rpm, CO concentrations reduced to reach its minimum
value around 5 min then it increased to 20 min. While at 1500 rpm, it reached its minimum value around 20 min
operations. CO2 deterioration means that the combustion is poor, so instead of complete combustion with no CO
concentrations, CO increased. The CO increment is due to the following:
Fig. 1, the effect of time and engine idle speed on emitted CO2 concentrations
4. Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12132934 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
1. At the beginning of combustion, the combustion chamber is cool causing fuel partial evaporation and
uncompleted combustion.
2. With idle period continuing, combustion chamber temperature increased, and better engine combustion
achieved.
3. With idle time and fuel injection continued, the quantity of partially burned fuel increased causing higher
CO concentrations.
The results indicated that the increments in CO concentrations were -32, 2.7 and 22% for 1000, 1200
and 1500 rpm compared with that emitted at 900 rpm. At 1000 rpm the lowest CO concentration was achieved.
Fig. 2, the effect of time and engine idle speed on emitted CO concentrations
Fig. 3, the effect of time and engine idle speed on emitted HC concentrations
Fig. 3 declares the impact of idle time and engine idling speed on HC concentration. Idle HC emissions
from diesel engines, in general are small in comparison to their gasoline counterparts because of high diesel
engine combustion efficiency. Idle HC emissions, in some cases, were so small that they could not even
detected accurately. HC concentrations reduced with time at 900 rpm till 10 min operation and then it increased
gradually. Increasing idling period increased these concentrations. At 1000 rpm, HC concentrations increased
till 10 min operation and then it reduced. For 1250 rpm the concentrations increased all the time. At 1500 rpm
HC concentrations reduced to 15 min operation and then, it increased with a high rate. When the vehicle
stopped, and no load subjected on the engine, the combustion chamber cooled, and uncompleted combustion
take place increasing HC concentrations. The engine became warmer with idle period continued which reduced
HC concentration. The emitted HC concentrations were increased by 130, 227 and 279% for engine idle speed
100, 1200 and 1500 respectively compared with 900 rpm emitted HC.
Idle NOx exhibited a total contrast to the idle CO and HC emissions behavior. NOx concentrations
increased with time increasing as Fig. 4 represents. At 900 rpm, NOx concentrations are the lower rate of all
other idling speeds. Increasing idle speed means increasing combustion chamber temperatures which result in
higher NOx. The concentrations measured in the present tests are greater than any regulated legislation as Euro
3, 4 or 5 or American Tier 3 or 4. The emitted NOx concentrations were increased by 19, 33.9 and 54.98% for
engine idle speed 100, 1200 and 1500 respectively compared with 900 rpm emitted HC.
5. Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12132934 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Fig. 4, the effect of time and engine idle speed on emitted NOx concentrations
Idle PM emissions from the diesel engines are minuscule, especially for the later model year vehicles.
Fig. 5 clarifies the effect of idle time and speed on PM concentrations. PM concentrations increased at low
speeds due small combustion chamber temperatures. Increasing idling speed increased combustion chamber
temperatures causing lower PM. For idle period from 10 to 20 min, PM concentrations increased for all speeds
indicating combustion deterioration. The maximum concentrations resulted at 900 rpm stating the hazards from
operating the engine idle speed at low ones. The results showed that the decrements in PM concentrations were
25, 40 and 53% for 1000, 1200 and 1500 rpm compared with that emitted at 900 rpm. At 1500 rpm the lowest
PM concentration was achieved.
Engine noise increased at low idle speeds and reduced at high ones as Fig. 6 illustrates. At low speeds,
engine vibration increased causing higher noise accompanied with low lubrication for rotating parts. At high
engine idle speed, the block vibration reduced as well as lubrication of moving parts increased. The results
illustrate that the decrements in engine noise were 32, 33.5 and 33.6% for 1000, 1200 and 1500 rpm compared
with the 900 rpm engine noise. At 1500 rpm the lowest engine noise was achieved.
Fig. 5, the effect of time and engine idle speed on emitted PM concentrations
Fig. 6, the effect of time and engine idle speed on emitted noise
6. Practical Investigation of the Environmental Hazards of Idle Time and Speed of…
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12132934 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
IV. Conclusions
The effect of idle time and engine idling speed were tested using multi-cylinder direct injection diesel
engine. The results indicate that increasing idle time increased CO, HC and NOx, and reduced PM and noise.
Increasing idle time deteriorated combustion causing lower CO2 while the other emissions increased profoundly.
Increasing idle speed improved the combustion and reduced CO, HC, PM and noise while increased CO2 and
NOx. Increasing engine speed enhanced combustion resulting in higher CO2 concentration, but it also increases
combustion temperature that led to higher NOx.
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[16]. ASHREA GIUDE LINE. Guide engineering analysis of experimental data, Guideline 2-1986.
Notation
IT injection timing
CN cetane number
DI direct injection
HC unburnt hydrocarbon
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
NOx nitrogen oxides
dB decibel
LCV Lower calorific value