This document discusses the design and analysis of an automotive front bumper beam for low-speed impact. It aims to study the key parameters of bumper beams, such as material, shape, and impact conditions to improve crashworthiness. A simulation of the bumper beam undergoing a low-velocity impact test as specified in international standards is performed. The strength of the bumper beam in elastic mode is analyzed by evaluating energy absorption and impact force at maximum deflection. Simulations are run with bumper beams made of different materials to compare deflection, impact force, stress distribution, and energy absorption. The results show that an M220 material minimizes deflection, impact force, stress, and maximizes energy absorption compared to
Review on Design and Analysis of Front BumperYogeshIJTSRD
Proper design of front bumper is essential in safeguarding engine bay during low impact collisions. The energy absorption characteristics of bumpers should be good enough to absorb impact energy without causing any damage to internal parts. The current research studies the various analysis conducted on front bumper using numerical and experimental techniques to determine the effect of various composite materials, high strength sheet moulding compounds and reinforced rib on improving energy absorption characteristics of bumper. J Chakravarthi | Dr. Alok Sharma "Review on Design & Analysis of Front Bumper" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39989.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/39989/review-on-design-and-analysis-of-front-bumper/j-chakravarthi
Impact Analysis and Material Optimization of a Front Bumper in a Heavy VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis and material optimization of a front bumper for a heavy vehicle. It begins with an introduction to bumpers and their purpose in automobiles. It then reviews literature on bumper design and materials. The document describes the modeling of different bumper designs in CREO software, including a steel bumper, composite bumper, and honeycomb-hybrid bumper. A finite element analysis is performed on the different designs in ANSYS to analyze deformation and weight. The results show that the composite bumper has a 25.5% reduction in deformation compared to steel, and the honeycomb-hybrid bumper has the lowest weight. The conclusion is that analyzing bumpers can help increase safety by evaluating different materials and
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LOADS ON BUMPER BEAM AT DIFFERENT OFFSETSIAEME Publication
The objectives of this study were to increase the physical understanding of the different phenomena taking place during the offset impact of an automotive bumper beam-longitudinal system as well as to validate a modeling procedure for the system’s crash performance. The experimental database was used for the development and validation of modeling procedures for the crash performance of the bumper beam-longitudinal system with the use of the FE-code ANSYS-DYNA. The numerical model should be able to predict the collapse mode with a high level of certainty in order to ensure robust design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic simulation of aluminum rectangular tubes under direct and oblique imp...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used dynamic simulation to analyze the behavior of aluminum rectangular tubes under direct and oblique impact loading for vehicle crashworthiness design. Rectangular tubes of various dimensions and with or without aluminum foam filling were modeled and subjected to direct and oblique impacts using explicit finite element analysis software. The simulations analyzed and compared the tubes' energy absorption capacity, peak force, and crush force efficiency under different loading conditions to determine the optimal design for impact energy absorption.
Dynamic simulation of aluminum rectangular tubes under direct and oblique imp...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used dynamic simulation to analyze the behavior of rectangular aluminum tubes under direct and oblique impact loads. It investigated tubes of various diameters, thicknesses, and foam fill weights. The objectives were to compare performance parameters like energy absorption capacity, peak force, and crush force efficiency (CFE) to identify the optimal design. Simulation results showed that tubes with hollow aluminum foam had up to 76.4% higher energy absorption, 44% higher CFE under direct loads, and 73.4% higher energy absorption and 22.5% higher CFE under oblique loads compared to empty tubes. Choosing thinner tubes and less foam helped minimize weight while still enhancing energy absorption and CFE.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the design of an automobile connecting rod using finite element analysis to optimize it for high cycle fatigue strength. The study developed a 3D model of a connecting rod, analyzed stresses under different loading conditions using FEA software, and identified areas of high stress concentration. Six different load cases were considered for the analysis, including bolt preload, inertial forces at various engine speeds, and combined gas and inertial forces. The maximum and minimum bolt preloads were identified as critical parameters for the high cycle fatigue analysis. The study aimed to establish a systematic procedure to evaluate and optimize connecting rod design for fatigue life using finite element modeling.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed and optimized the lower control arm of an automobile suspension system using finite element analysis. The existing lower control arm model was modeled, meshed, and analyzed under static loads to determine stresses and deformation. Topology optimization was then performed to reduce the weight of the lower control arm. The optimized model weight was reduced by 15% compared to the original. Static analysis was repeated on the optimized model to ensure stresses remained below yield strength. Cost analysis found the optimized design provided cost savings due to the reduced material usage.
Review on Design and Analysis of Front BumperYogeshIJTSRD
Proper design of front bumper is essential in safeguarding engine bay during low impact collisions. The energy absorption characteristics of bumpers should be good enough to absorb impact energy without causing any damage to internal parts. The current research studies the various analysis conducted on front bumper using numerical and experimental techniques to determine the effect of various composite materials, high strength sheet moulding compounds and reinforced rib on improving energy absorption characteristics of bumper. J Chakravarthi | Dr. Alok Sharma "Review on Design & Analysis of Front Bumper" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39989.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/39989/review-on-design-and-analysis-of-front-bumper/j-chakravarthi
Impact Analysis and Material Optimization of a Front Bumper in a Heavy VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis and material optimization of a front bumper for a heavy vehicle. It begins with an introduction to bumpers and their purpose in automobiles. It then reviews literature on bumper design and materials. The document describes the modeling of different bumper designs in CREO software, including a steel bumper, composite bumper, and honeycomb-hybrid bumper. A finite element analysis is performed on the different designs in ANSYS to analyze deformation and weight. The results show that the composite bumper has a 25.5% reduction in deformation compared to steel, and the honeycomb-hybrid bumper has the lowest weight. The conclusion is that analyzing bumpers can help increase safety by evaluating different materials and
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF IMPACT LOADS ON BUMPER BEAM AT DIFFERENT OFFSETSIAEME Publication
The objectives of this study were to increase the physical understanding of the different phenomena taking place during the offset impact of an automotive bumper beam-longitudinal system as well as to validate a modeling procedure for the system’s crash performance. The experimental database was used for the development and validation of modeling procedures for the crash performance of the bumper beam-longitudinal system with the use of the FE-code ANSYS-DYNA. The numerical model should be able to predict the collapse mode with a high level of certainty in order to ensure robust design.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Dynamic simulation of aluminum rectangular tubes under direct and oblique imp...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used dynamic simulation to analyze the behavior of aluminum rectangular tubes under direct and oblique impact loading for vehicle crashworthiness design. Rectangular tubes of various dimensions and with or without aluminum foam filling were modeled and subjected to direct and oblique impacts using explicit finite element analysis software. The simulations analyzed and compared the tubes' energy absorption capacity, peak force, and crush force efficiency under different loading conditions to determine the optimal design for impact energy absorption.
Dynamic simulation of aluminum rectangular tubes under direct and oblique imp...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used dynamic simulation to analyze the behavior of rectangular aluminum tubes under direct and oblique impact loads. It investigated tubes of various diameters, thicknesses, and foam fill weights. The objectives were to compare performance parameters like energy absorption capacity, peak force, and crush force efficiency (CFE) to identify the optimal design. Simulation results showed that tubes with hollow aluminum foam had up to 76.4% higher energy absorption, 44% higher CFE under direct loads, and 73.4% higher energy absorption and 22.5% higher CFE under oblique loads compared to empty tubes. Choosing thinner tubes and less foam helped minimize weight while still enhancing energy absorption and CFE.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the design of an automobile connecting rod using finite element analysis to optimize it for high cycle fatigue strength. The study developed a 3D model of a connecting rod, analyzed stresses under different loading conditions using FEA software, and identified areas of high stress concentration. Six different load cases were considered for the analysis, including bolt preload, inertial forces at various engine speeds, and combined gas and inertial forces. The maximum and minimum bolt preloads were identified as critical parameters for the high cycle fatigue analysis. The study aimed to establish a systematic procedure to evaluate and optimize connecting rod design for fatigue life using finite element modeling.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed and optimized the lower control arm of an automobile suspension system using finite element analysis. The existing lower control arm model was modeled, meshed, and analyzed under static loads to determine stresses and deformation. Topology optimization was then performed to reduce the weight of the lower control arm. The optimized model weight was reduced by 15% compared to the original. Static analysis was repeated on the optimized model to ensure stresses remained below yield strength. Cost analysis found the optimized design provided cost savings due to the reduced material usage.
The document discusses conducting a side pole impact test simulation using ANSYS software to analyze three materials - mild steel, aluminum alloy AA6060T4, and hot press formed Usibor 1500P - for a B-pillar panel. The simulation found that Usibor 1500P absorbed the most energy at 414.07 kJ/kg and allowed for 53.27% weight reduction compared to the benchmark mild steel. Aluminum AA6060T4 absorbed 299.52 kJ/kg and reduced weight by 51.54% compared to mild steel. The document provides background on B-pillar design, crashworthiness, hot press forming process, and the study's methodology for material selection and finite element analysis simulation.
This document discusses topology optimization applied to automotive chassis design for weight reduction. Two chassis types are optimized - one for a spider vehicle and one for a coupé vehicle. The optimization minimizes mass subject to constraints for bending/torsional stiffness, crashworthiness, natural frequencies, and local joint stiffness. Six test cases are considered that incrementally add more constraints. Results show the optimized chassis masses decrease as more constraints are included. The optimized layouts provide innovative, efficient designs for lightweight automotive chassis.
GDLS engineers used Adams software to model the complex gun turret drive system as a complete multidisciplinary system. This allowed them to identify a jamming condition prior to building prototypes and reduced development time. The Adams model accounted for rigid body dynamics, flexible bodies, assembly tolerances, and nonlinear factors. Comparison to measurement data from the first prototype showed good accuracy without parameter tuning.
This document discusses alternative lightweight materials and manufacturing technologies for vehicle frontal bumper beams. Three composite materials - GMT, GMTex, and GMT-UD - were characterized and evaluated through testing for their potential use in bumper beams. Quasi-static tensile, compression, and impact tests were conducted to determine the materials' mechanical properties and impact performance. Finite element analysis was also used to simulate impact loading and compare the performance of the composite materials to existing steel solutions. The results indicate the composite materials, especially GMT-UD, could provide advantages over steel in energy absorption and weight reduction while maintaining sufficient strength and stiffness for the bumper beam application.
This paper present a speed hybrid fuzzy-sliding mode control (HFSMC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to ensure the traction of an electric vehicle; at the first we applied the sliding mode control (SMC) with three surfaces on the PMSM by taking into account the dynamics of the vehicle; And afterwards we applied the fuzzy-sliding mode in which the surface of the speed is replaced by a Fuzzy-PI controller; Simulation under Matlab/Simulink has been carried out to evaluate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed control on a system drive. It should be noted that the reference speed is the European urban driving schedule ECE-15 cycle.
IRJET- Accomplishment Interpretation and Reformative Study for RCC Struct...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the effects of blast loading on reinforced concrete structures using finite element analysis software ANSYS.
2) A 3-story frame structure and a 7-story building are modeled and subjected to explosive blasts from TNT at varying distances.
3) Results show heavy sections and shear walls can reduce deformation and stresses in the structure compared to the original design, but increase costs slightly. Proper interior and exterior design can also help mitigate explosive energy.
This document discusses optimization techniques for shape, size, and topology optimization of a cantilever beam. It begins with an introduction to optimization and its applications in engineering design. It then discusses traditional optimization techniques like graphical methods, Johnson's method, and hill climbing. It also covers modern techniques like genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, and neural networks. The document provides detailed descriptions of how these various techniques can be applied to the design optimization of a cantilever beam.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on performing finite element analysis of a rear under-run protection device (RUPD) for trucks to simulate impact loading. The study aims to reduce physical testing iterations and costs during product development.
The researchers created an FE model of a RUPD assembly, including various components and connections. Materials were assigned based on their properties. Impactors were also modeled to simulate loads as specified in the IS 14812-2005 safety standard. Boundary conditions constrained the chassis and loads were applied sequentially to the RUPD.
Results showed the energy balance was reasonable, validating the quasi-static analysis. Reaction forces on impactors increased as expected. Maximum displacement and plastic strain of the RUPD
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the burning characteristics of six selected structural timber species from Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen timber samples of dimensions 510mm x 150mm x 150mm from the six species were exposed to fire for 0-29 minutes, 30-60 minutes, and 0-60 minutes. The species tested were Afara, Iroko, Mahogany, Mansonia, Opepe, and Teak. Charring rates were determined by measuring char depth and comparing to exposure time. Results showed charring rates increased with longer exposure times and higher densities and moisture contents reduced charring rates. Exposure time, density, and moisture content were found to influence timber burning characteristics.
A Survey on Mobile Forensic for Android SmartphonesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a survey on mobile forensic tools and techniques for investigating Android smartphones. It begins with an introduction to digital forensics and its application to mobile devices. The typical digital forensic investigation process is outlined as identification, data acquisition/preservation, data recovery, forensic analysis, and presentation of evidence. Android smartphones are described as having risen significantly in the global market. The main components of the Android platform are applications, application framework, libraries, Android runtime, and the Linux kernel. Tools and techniques for Android mobile forensics are compared according to their roles in the investigation process.
This document summarizes a study that models and implements a closed loop PI controller for a 3 phase to 3 phase power conversion using a matrix converter. The key points are:
1) A mathematical model of the 3 phase matrix converter circuit is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to achieve less computational time and evaluate the performance of the PI controller.
2) The PI controller is used to achieve real-time control of the 3 phase to 3 phase matrix converter.
3) Duty cycles of the bidirectional switches in the matrix converter are calculated using a modified Venturini algorithm to achieve maximum voltage transfer ratios.
The document presents a framework for sentiment analysis using a dictionary-based approach and compares sentiment analysis techniques, including machine learning and lexicon-based methods. It proposes an approach to sentiment analysis using lexicons that incorporates fuzzy logic. The key steps are preprocessing text data, calculating sentiment polarity of words and sentences using SentiWordNet and WordNet dictionaries, and applying fuzzy logic to handle negation and improve accuracy. A comparative analysis is provided of several sentiment analysis techniques based on features like preprocessing, techniques employed, dictionaries used, datasets, and soft computing approaches.
1) The document proposes a system model for secure data sharing in cloud environments using cryptography.
2) It aims to provide data confidentiality, access control of shared data, remove the burden of key management and file encryption/decryption for users, and support dynamic changes to user membership without requiring the data owner to always be online.
3) The proposed system addresses common challenges with secure data sharing in cloud computing like data security, access control, key management, and user revocation and rejoining.
This document provides an overview of change detection techniques for landcover using remote sensing data. It begins by discussing issues that can impact change detection accuracy, such as image acquisition parameters, viewing geometry, and radiometric correction. It then categorizes change detection techniques as either pre-classification or post-classification. Pre-classification techniques extract minimal change information, while post-classification techniques separate changes in more detail but may miss subtle within-class changes. Object-based techniques that segment images into objects before analysis are also discussed as a recent development.
This document presents a sliding mode control based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for solar PV systems. It discusses modeling of the PV system using a single diode model and the components of the system including the PV array, DC-DC boost converter, and sliding mode controller (SMC). The SMC algorithm tracks the maximum power point by adjusting the duty cycle of the boost converter based on a switching function defined as the slope of the PV characteristics. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMC MPPT approach under varying irradiance conditions.
This document analyzes the impact of packet size on the performance of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how packet size influences energy consumption patterns and finds that neither too long nor too short packets are optimal. The document describes simulations conducted to evaluate how packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption of sensor nodes vary with different packet sizes. The results show that performance can be improved by selecting an optimum packet size.
Core Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcohlic Fatty Liver DiseaseIOSR Journals
This study examined the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Bangladeshi patients. The study included 67 patients diagnosed with NAFLD and 50 healthy controls matched for age and BMI. Results found that NAFLD patients had higher levels of insulin resistance, triglycerides, and central obesity compared to controls. However, no significant association was found between MetS and NAFLD when defined by common diagnostic criteria. Individual components of MetS like dyslipidemia, central obesity, and high postprandial glucose were significantly associated with NAFLD on logistic regression analysis. The study concludes that while various MetS components are linked to NAFLD in
1) The document proposes a navigation algorithm for sparsely populated robot swarms that incorporates cardinality to constrain robot movements and ensure network connectivity.
2) Existing algorithms using communication-assisted navigation fail in sparse swarms as robots may not form a continuous network due to limited communication range.
3) The proposed algorithm assigns cardinality values to robots, with lower cardinality robots constrained to stay in range of higher cardinality robots. This maintains network connectivity even in sparse populations.
This document proposes a self-assured deduplication system for authorized deduplication in a hybrid cloud. The system uses convergent encryption to encrypt data before uploading it to the public cloud while allowing for deduplication. A private cloud server manages the private keys and generates file tokens to allow authorized duplicate checking on the public cloud. The proposed system was implemented as a prototype and experiments show it incurs minimal overhead compared to normal operations like encryption and uploading.
This document analyzes the aerodynamic performance of blended winglets on aircraft wings through computational fluid dynamics modeling. It finds that winglets can increase the lift to drag ratio of wings by 6-15% compared to wings without winglets. The maximum efficiency occurs at a winglet cant angle of 45 degrees and an angle of attack of 4 degrees. CFD simulations are validated against experimental data and show good agreement on lift coefficient values. Winglets improve efficiency by reducing wingtip vortices and increasing effective aspect ratio without adding structural weight.
This document summarizes an automated method for detecting microaneurysms, hard exudates, and cotton wool spots in retinal fundus images. 130 retinal images were used from a public database to train and evaluate classifiers. Features were extracted from pre-processed images and candidate lesions were classified using support vector machines and k-nearest neighbors algorithms. The proposed method achieved 95.6% sensitivity, 94.87% specificity, and 95.38% accuracy in detecting lesions, outperforming random sampling. Active learning was shown to select more informative training samples than random sampling, improving classifier performance.
The document discusses conducting a side pole impact test simulation using ANSYS software to analyze three materials - mild steel, aluminum alloy AA6060T4, and hot press formed Usibor 1500P - for a B-pillar panel. The simulation found that Usibor 1500P absorbed the most energy at 414.07 kJ/kg and allowed for 53.27% weight reduction compared to the benchmark mild steel. Aluminum AA6060T4 absorbed 299.52 kJ/kg and reduced weight by 51.54% compared to mild steel. The document provides background on B-pillar design, crashworthiness, hot press forming process, and the study's methodology for material selection and finite element analysis simulation.
This document discusses topology optimization applied to automotive chassis design for weight reduction. Two chassis types are optimized - one for a spider vehicle and one for a coupé vehicle. The optimization minimizes mass subject to constraints for bending/torsional stiffness, crashworthiness, natural frequencies, and local joint stiffness. Six test cases are considered that incrementally add more constraints. Results show the optimized chassis masses decrease as more constraints are included. The optimized layouts provide innovative, efficient designs for lightweight automotive chassis.
GDLS engineers used Adams software to model the complex gun turret drive system as a complete multidisciplinary system. This allowed them to identify a jamming condition prior to building prototypes and reduced development time. The Adams model accounted for rigid body dynamics, flexible bodies, assembly tolerances, and nonlinear factors. Comparison to measurement data from the first prototype showed good accuracy without parameter tuning.
This document discusses alternative lightweight materials and manufacturing technologies for vehicle frontal bumper beams. Three composite materials - GMT, GMTex, and GMT-UD - were characterized and evaluated through testing for their potential use in bumper beams. Quasi-static tensile, compression, and impact tests were conducted to determine the materials' mechanical properties and impact performance. Finite element analysis was also used to simulate impact loading and compare the performance of the composite materials to existing steel solutions. The results indicate the composite materials, especially GMT-UD, could provide advantages over steel in energy absorption and weight reduction while maintaining sufficient strength and stiffness for the bumper beam application.
This paper present a speed hybrid fuzzy-sliding mode control (HFSMC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to ensure the traction of an electric vehicle; at the first we applied the sliding mode control (SMC) with three surfaces on the PMSM by taking into account the dynamics of the vehicle; And afterwards we applied the fuzzy-sliding mode in which the surface of the speed is replaced by a Fuzzy-PI controller; Simulation under Matlab/Simulink has been carried out to evaluate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed control on a system drive. It should be noted that the reference speed is the European urban driving schedule ECE-15 cycle.
IRJET- Accomplishment Interpretation and Reformative Study for RCC Struct...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the effects of blast loading on reinforced concrete structures using finite element analysis software ANSYS.
2) A 3-story frame structure and a 7-story building are modeled and subjected to explosive blasts from TNT at varying distances.
3) Results show heavy sections and shear walls can reduce deformation and stresses in the structure compared to the original design, but increase costs slightly. Proper interior and exterior design can also help mitigate explosive energy.
This document discusses optimization techniques for shape, size, and topology optimization of a cantilever beam. It begins with an introduction to optimization and its applications in engineering design. It then discusses traditional optimization techniques like graphical methods, Johnson's method, and hill climbing. It also covers modern techniques like genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, and neural networks. The document provides detailed descriptions of how these various techniques can be applied to the design optimization of a cantilever beam.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on performing finite element analysis of a rear under-run protection device (RUPD) for trucks to simulate impact loading. The study aims to reduce physical testing iterations and costs during product development.
The researchers created an FE model of a RUPD assembly, including various components and connections. Materials were assigned based on their properties. Impactors were also modeled to simulate loads as specified in the IS 14812-2005 safety standard. Boundary conditions constrained the chassis and loads were applied sequentially to the RUPD.
Results showed the energy balance was reasonable, validating the quasi-static analysis. Reaction forces on impactors increased as expected. Maximum displacement and plastic strain of the RUPD
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the burning characteristics of six selected structural timber species from Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen timber samples of dimensions 510mm x 150mm x 150mm from the six species were exposed to fire for 0-29 minutes, 30-60 minutes, and 0-60 minutes. The species tested were Afara, Iroko, Mahogany, Mansonia, Opepe, and Teak. Charring rates were determined by measuring char depth and comparing to exposure time. Results showed charring rates increased with longer exposure times and higher densities and moisture contents reduced charring rates. Exposure time, density, and moisture content were found to influence timber burning characteristics.
A Survey on Mobile Forensic for Android SmartphonesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a survey on mobile forensic tools and techniques for investigating Android smartphones. It begins with an introduction to digital forensics and its application to mobile devices. The typical digital forensic investigation process is outlined as identification, data acquisition/preservation, data recovery, forensic analysis, and presentation of evidence. Android smartphones are described as having risen significantly in the global market. The main components of the Android platform are applications, application framework, libraries, Android runtime, and the Linux kernel. Tools and techniques for Android mobile forensics are compared according to their roles in the investigation process.
This document summarizes a study that models and implements a closed loop PI controller for a 3 phase to 3 phase power conversion using a matrix converter. The key points are:
1) A mathematical model of the 3 phase matrix converter circuit is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to achieve less computational time and evaluate the performance of the PI controller.
2) The PI controller is used to achieve real-time control of the 3 phase to 3 phase matrix converter.
3) Duty cycles of the bidirectional switches in the matrix converter are calculated using a modified Venturini algorithm to achieve maximum voltage transfer ratios.
The document presents a framework for sentiment analysis using a dictionary-based approach and compares sentiment analysis techniques, including machine learning and lexicon-based methods. It proposes an approach to sentiment analysis using lexicons that incorporates fuzzy logic. The key steps are preprocessing text data, calculating sentiment polarity of words and sentences using SentiWordNet and WordNet dictionaries, and applying fuzzy logic to handle negation and improve accuracy. A comparative analysis is provided of several sentiment analysis techniques based on features like preprocessing, techniques employed, dictionaries used, datasets, and soft computing approaches.
1) The document proposes a system model for secure data sharing in cloud environments using cryptography.
2) It aims to provide data confidentiality, access control of shared data, remove the burden of key management and file encryption/decryption for users, and support dynamic changes to user membership without requiring the data owner to always be online.
3) The proposed system addresses common challenges with secure data sharing in cloud computing like data security, access control, key management, and user revocation and rejoining.
This document provides an overview of change detection techniques for landcover using remote sensing data. It begins by discussing issues that can impact change detection accuracy, such as image acquisition parameters, viewing geometry, and radiometric correction. It then categorizes change detection techniques as either pre-classification or post-classification. Pre-classification techniques extract minimal change information, while post-classification techniques separate changes in more detail but may miss subtle within-class changes. Object-based techniques that segment images into objects before analysis are also discussed as a recent development.
This document presents a sliding mode control based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for solar PV systems. It discusses modeling of the PV system using a single diode model and the components of the system including the PV array, DC-DC boost converter, and sliding mode controller (SMC). The SMC algorithm tracks the maximum power point by adjusting the duty cycle of the boost converter based on a switching function defined as the slope of the PV characteristics. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMC MPPT approach under varying irradiance conditions.
This document analyzes the impact of packet size on the performance of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks. It discusses how packet size influences energy consumption patterns and finds that neither too long nor too short packets are optimal. The document describes simulations conducted to evaluate how packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and energy consumption of sensor nodes vary with different packet sizes. The results show that performance can be improved by selecting an optimum packet size.
Core Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nonalcohlic Fatty Liver DiseaseIOSR Journals
This study examined the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Bangladeshi patients. The study included 67 patients diagnosed with NAFLD and 50 healthy controls matched for age and BMI. Results found that NAFLD patients had higher levels of insulin resistance, triglycerides, and central obesity compared to controls. However, no significant association was found between MetS and NAFLD when defined by common diagnostic criteria. Individual components of MetS like dyslipidemia, central obesity, and high postprandial glucose were significantly associated with NAFLD on logistic regression analysis. The study concludes that while various MetS components are linked to NAFLD in
1) The document proposes a navigation algorithm for sparsely populated robot swarms that incorporates cardinality to constrain robot movements and ensure network connectivity.
2) Existing algorithms using communication-assisted navigation fail in sparse swarms as robots may not form a continuous network due to limited communication range.
3) The proposed algorithm assigns cardinality values to robots, with lower cardinality robots constrained to stay in range of higher cardinality robots. This maintains network connectivity even in sparse populations.
This document proposes a self-assured deduplication system for authorized deduplication in a hybrid cloud. The system uses convergent encryption to encrypt data before uploading it to the public cloud while allowing for deduplication. A private cloud server manages the private keys and generates file tokens to allow authorized duplicate checking on the public cloud. The proposed system was implemented as a prototype and experiments show it incurs minimal overhead compared to normal operations like encryption and uploading.
This document analyzes the aerodynamic performance of blended winglets on aircraft wings through computational fluid dynamics modeling. It finds that winglets can increase the lift to drag ratio of wings by 6-15% compared to wings without winglets. The maximum efficiency occurs at a winglet cant angle of 45 degrees and an angle of attack of 4 degrees. CFD simulations are validated against experimental data and show good agreement on lift coefficient values. Winglets improve efficiency by reducing wingtip vortices and increasing effective aspect ratio without adding structural weight.
This document summarizes an automated method for detecting microaneurysms, hard exudates, and cotton wool spots in retinal fundus images. 130 retinal images were used from a public database to train and evaluate classifiers. Features were extracted from pre-processed images and candidate lesions were classified using support vector machines and k-nearest neighbors algorithms. The proposed method achieved 95.6% sensitivity, 94.87% specificity, and 95.38% accuracy in detecting lesions, outperforming random sampling. Active learning was shown to select more informative training samples than random sampling, improving classifier performance.
- Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to security attacks due to their distributed nature, multi-hop communication, and lack of resources. Intrusion detection systems play an important role in detecting attacks.
- There are three main types of intrusion detection systems: signature-based, anomaly-based, and specification-based (a hybrid of the two). Signature-based systems detect known attacks but miss new ones, while anomaly-based systems can detect new attacks but have high false positives.
- The paper compares these intrusion detection systems for wireless sensor networks and finds that anomaly-based systems have the lowest resource usage but may miss known attacks, while signature-based systems detect known attacks but use more resources. The best approach
Male and female rats were exposed to mercury (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) for 12 weeks to investigate the effects on antioxidant enzymes. Mercury exposure inhibited antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase in a gender-specific manner. In female rats, mercury inhibited catalase and superoxide dismutase in the plasma, erythrocytes, liver and kidneys. In male rats, mercury inhibited superoxide dismutase in the liver and catalase in the kidneys. Mercury levels in tissues correlated negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels, specifically in females. The findings support that mercury exposure affects antioxidant defenses differently between males and females.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with different types of reinforcing bars, including glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and high-tensile steel (HTS) bars. Fifteen beams were tested under static load with variations in reinforcement type and concrete strength. The results were analyzed to compare failure modes, moment capacity, deflection, crack formation, and strains between the different beams. In general, the GFRP and CFRP beams exhibited higher deflections, wider cracking, and more brittle failures compared to the steel reinforced beams. The study aims to better understand the structural response of concrete beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer bars
The document presents a study on a novel polynomial speed hump and its effects on car dynamics using a quarter-car model. A polynomial hump profile is generated in MATLAB that starts and ends with zero displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The dynamics of a quarter-car model crossing polynomial humps of varying heights, lengths, and speeds are investigated. The sprung mass displacement and maximum acceleration are examined to evaluate ride comfort. Simulation results show the effect of hump dimensions and speed on sprung mass response. The proposed polynomial hump aims to provide smoother kinematics for ride comfort compared to other hump designs.
This document summarizes research on using ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in water. The research tested water samples from three locations in Ambazari Lake in India over different seasons. Testing measured physio-chemical parameters like turbidity, pH, and hardness, as well as E. coli levels before and after UV treatment. Results found physio-chemical parameters within standards, and over 99.999% reduction in E. coli after UV exposure times from 0.5 to 8 hours depending on initial bacterial levels and water quality. The research concluded UV light is an effective alternative to chlorine for water disinfection, avoiding harmful chlorination byproducts, though pre-
This document proposes an enhanced adaptive data hiding technique in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain. It begins with background information on DWT and quantization techniques like uniform and adaptive quantization. It then describes how data can be embedded in the non-zero DWT coefficients after adaptive quantization. Specifically, it embeds secret data by modifying the quantized DWT coefficients in a way that minimizes distortion to maintain good visual quality of the cover image. The goal is to improve data hiding capacity while preserving the quality of the cover image as measured by metrics like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the human visual system (HVS).
1) The document investigates the effect of polarized signals on the performance of adaptive antenna arrays with uniformly spaced elements. It compares the performance of arrays with single dipole elements versus cross-dipole elements.
2) Simulation results show that when the polarization of the desired signal is unknown, cross-dipole arrays perform better than single dipole arrays. However, if the polarization of the desired signal is known, single dipole arrays give better performance.
3) The paper defines parameters to characterize the polarization of incoming signals, including ellipticity angle, orientation angle, and electric field components. It describes how the signal received at each antenna element depends on these polarization parameters.
Numerical Simulation of Bumper Impact Analysis and To Improve Design for Cras...theijes
The major concern in design of bumper is their potentiality to bear impact loads. Therefore, bumper impact test is required to fulfill the safety requirement. In development of bumper systems for the automotive industry, iterative Finite Element (FE) simulations are normally used to find a bumper design that meets the requirements of crash performance. The crash performance of a bumper system is normally verified by results from standardized low speed crash tests based on common crash situations. Explicit finite element method is used to investigate stress and effective plastic strain of bumper at impact. Design modification is applied to the bumper to improve its impact performance.
Comparative Analysis of Behaviour of Engineering Composite Materials & their ...paperpublications3
Abstract: A good design of car bumper must provide safety for passengers and should have low weight. Different countries have different performance standards for bumpers. Under the International safety regulations originally developed as European standards and now adopted by most countries outside. After the impact on the bumper all the control systems and signing system should be in working conditions. It must also withstand static and dynamic loads without undue deflection or distortion. The given model is tested under frontal collision conditions and the resultant deformation and stresses are determined using hyper works software. Automotive development cycles are getting shorter by the day. With increasing competition in the marketplace, the OEM’s and suppliers main challenge is to come up with time-efficient design solutions. The design should be such that, it ensures the passenger safety; the design should be cost effective also. Researchers are trying to improve many of existing designs using novel approaches. Bumpers are fixed on the front and on the back side of a car and serve as its protection. They reduce the effects of collision with other cars and objects due to their large deformation zones. The bumpers are designed and shaped in order to deform it and absorb the force (kinetic energy) during a collision. Many times there is conflicting performance and cost requirements, this puts additional challenge with R&D units to come up with a number of alternative design solutions in less time and cost compared to existing designs. These best solutions are best achieved in a CAE environment using some of the modern CAD and FEM tools. Such tools are capable of effecting quick changes in the design within virtual environment.
IRJET-A New Approach of using Foundry Sand for Enhancing Concrete Mechanical...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis and material optimization of a front bumper for a heavy vehicle. It begins with an introduction to bumpers and their purpose in automobiles. It then reviews literature on bumper design and materials. The document describes the modeling of different bumper designs in CREO software, including a steel bumper, composite bumper, and honeycomb-hybrid bumper. A finite element analysis is performed on the different designs in ANSYS to analyze deformation and weight. The results show that the composite bumper has a 25.5% reduction in deformation compared to steel, and the honeycomb-hybrid bumper has the lowest weight. The conclusion is that analyzing bumpers can help increase safety by evaluating different materials and
IRJET- Side Impact Glass Fiber Composite Beam and Enhanced Passenger Car ...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses replacing a vehicle's traditional steel side impact beam with a composite beam made of glass fiber to improve crashworthiness, reduce weight, and increase fuel efficiency.
2) Finite element modeling was used to simulate the performance of different composite beam designs under side impact testing conditions specified by FMVSS 214 and IIHS standards.
3) Simulation results showed that the glass fiber composite beams experienced less intrusion than a traditional steel beam under side impact loads, indicating improved crashworthiness performance. The use of composite materials can thus enhance vehicle safety while also reducing weight to increase fuel efficiency.
To Study Weld Strength and Strain Energy Absorption of Roll Over Protection S...IOSR Journals
The roll over protection structure, referred as ROPS is designed to protect the driver from the injuries caused by roll-overs. In addition to safety against roll-overs and collisions, it also acts as a single rugged base for mounting the sub-systems of the all terrain vehicle. This study will deals with edge preparation techniques employed prior to welding to strengthen the ROPS and corresponding strain energy absorption at the time of collision. The design of ROPS depends on the vehicle size, weight distribution, sub-system mounting, occupant's safety and ergonomics; followed by force analysis under specified crash conditions.
This document analyzes a three-layered reinforced bumper system to minimize damage in frontal collisions. The bumper is made of three layers - a plastic fascia reinforced with carbon fiber, polyurethane foam between the fascia and steel bumper beam. Finite element analysis was used to simulate impacts at 48 kmph with an unreinforced steel bumper and the reinforced bumper. The reinforced bumper reduced the resultant acceleration by half and considerably slowed deceleration, which reduces occupant injury risk compared to the unreinforced bumper. Reinforcing the collision zone absorbs more impact energy and protects the occupant compartment.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Bumper using Carbon Fibre 395IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on designing and analyzing an automotive bumper using carbon fiber 395 composite material. A 3D CAD model of a passenger bus bumper is created in CATIA V5 software. The carbon fiber 395 material properties are defined in ANSYS since they are not included in the default library. Finite element analysis is performed in ANSYS to simulate impact at 108 kph and determine deformation, stress, and strain. The analysis shows a total deformation of 4.292 mm and maximum stress of 13474 MPa, indicating the bumper design is suitable. Using carbon fiber 395 composite material provides benefits over metal, including reduced weight and increased strength to absorb impact energy.
IRJET- Design and Experimental Analysis on Car Bumper with Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document describes research into designing and experimentally analyzing a car bumper made of composite materials. The objective was to minimize cost and increase strength compared to traditional metal bumpers. Carbon fiber and jute fiber were chosen as composite materials for the bumper design. SolidWorks and Ansys software were used to model and simulate the bumper. Tensile strength and impact tests were performed on bumper samples made of the composite materials, alloy steel, and alloy aluminum. The results showed that the composite material bumper had the lowest deformation and equivalent stress under an applied load, indicating it provided strength and impact absorption at a lower cost than the metal alternatives.
DESIGN ANDDEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC BUMPERIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of an automatic pneumatic bumper system using finite element analysis simulation. It aims to improve vehicle safety by creating a bumper that can adapt its stiffness and damping based on impact force. The researchers created 3D models of the bumper, applied meshing and boundary conditions, and ran FEA simulations to analyze stress distribution, deformation and energy absorption. The results showed maximum deformation of 1.17mm and von-Mises stress of 169MPa, closely matching experimental data. They concluded the automatic pneumatic bumper design optimized strength and crashworthiness performance.
Design of automobile front bumper for collision energy AttenuationIRJET Journal
This document presents research on designing an automobile front bumper to better attenuate collision energy. The study aims to reduce passenger and vehicle body damage from collisions. Three materials - ABS plastic, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic - were modeled and analyzed using CATIA and ANSYS software. Dynamic impact simulations were performed with the bumper striking a fixed support at 10 m/s. Von Mises stress and deformation results from ANSYS were highest for carbon fiber, followed by glass fiber and ABS plastic. A mathematical model was also developed to calculate impact stress, and results closely matched those from ANSYS simulations. In conclusion, composite materials showed better energy absorption during impact testing compared to ABS plastic.
Modeling and simulation analysis of pole side impact crash test sledIJRES Journal
For the analysis of car crash worthiness of the sled test, according to crash simulation theory, the finite element model of sled test impact with the energy absorption tube is set up based on the LS-DYNA solver. Simulated analysis is made on the process of sled test impact. verifying the strength of the simulation model, in order to meet the requirements of the test. By analyzing the strength of the sled test, we know the structure needs to optimized.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a car bumper using springs. It begins with an introduction describing the importance of bumpers in ensuring passenger safety during crashes. It then discusses previous research on bumper design using different materials. The proposed design involves using springs between the bumper and chassis to absorb impact forces rather than directly connecting the bumper to the chassis. The bumper is modeled and analyzed in CATIA and ANSYS using materials like carbon fiber composite, glass mat thermoplastic, and aluminum B390. Static and modal analyses are performed at different speeds and the results like stresses, displacements, and frequencies are compared for the bumper with and without springs. The analyses show that the proposed bumper with springs experiences
IRJET- Finite Element Analysis of Passenger Vehicle BumperIRJET Journal
This document presents a finite element analysis of passenger vehicle bumpers to improve safety performance. The study models and simulates bumpers in LS-DYNA software to analyze deformation, impact force, stress distribution, and energy absorption using different materials and designs. Results show that modifying the bumper thickness from 3mm to 5mm significantly reduces maximum strain from 50% to 15% and decreases maximum deformation from 476mm to 423mm, improving the bumper's ability to absorb impact energy.
IRJET- A Study on the Behavior of Grid Slab Subjected to Seismic LoadingIRJET Journal
This document discusses multi-cornered thin-wall sections for improving vehicle crashworthiness and occupant protection. It analyzes the collapse behavior of square, hexagonal, and octagonal cross-sections as well as a newly introduced 12-edge section through computer simulations. The 12-edge section was found to have high energy absorption capacity through stable collapse. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed using ABAQUS to evaluate the response of the different section geometries under axial loading and over a range of steel grades. The goal was to maximize the specific energy absorption of the cross-sections to better manage crash energy and improve occupant safety.
Design and Optimisation of Sae Mini Baja ChassisIJERA Editor
The objective is to design and develop the roll cage for All - Terrain Vehicle accordance with the rulebook of BAJA 2014 given by SAE. The frame of the SAE Baja vehicle needs to be lightweight and structurally sound to be competitive but still protect the driver. The vehicle needs to traverse all types of off-road conditions including large rocks, downed logs, mud holes, steep inclines, jumps and off camber turns. During the competition events there is significant risk of rollovers, falling from steep ledges, collisions with stationary objects, or impacts from other vehicles. Material for the roll cage is selected based on strength and availability. A software model is prepared in Pro-engineer. Later the design is tested against all modes of failure by conducting various simulations and stress analysis with the aid of ANSYS 13. Based on the result obtained from these tests the design is modified accordingly. A target of 2 is set for Yield Factor of Safety.
Numerical and Theoretical Analysis for Investigation of Shear strength of A J...ijsrd.com
This document presents a numerical and theoretical analysis of the shear strength of an adhesive joint used in an automotive application. Finite element analysis was conducted using ABAQUS software to determine the shear stresses induced in two adhesive materials joining a brake shoe assembly under an applied torque load. Shear stress values from the finite element analysis were validated using theoretical calculations. The results showed that one of the adhesive materials (Material 2) produced lower shear stresses than the other (Material 1) according to both the numerical and theoretical analyses. The study aimed to determine the optimal adhesive material and joint design to maximize shear strength for the automotive application.
Analysis of Energy Absorption Tubes (Crush Can)IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the energy absorption of different tube designs through finite element analysis. It summarizes that square, circular, rectangular, and square tubes with holes were modeled and subjected to axial impact loading at 15 m/s. The square tube absorbed the most energy by reducing the initial peak force and increasing progressive crushing. Validation experiments were also conducted on an aluminum tube under quasi-static loading, with the force-displacement curve and failure modes matching FEA results. The analysis concludes circular and rectangular tubes perform similarly in absorbing energy through axial loading, while the square tube with holes minimizes initial peak force to reduce occupant harm.
Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation Strategies for Lightweight Vehicle Stru...Amitprem51
The document summarizes a study that used multidisciplinary design optimization to reduce the mass of a lightweight vehicle structure. The study optimized panel thicknesses and material grades to improve crash performance in frontal, side, and pole impacts as well as torsional rigidity. A radial basis function metamodel was used to approximate the vehicle responses during optimization to reduce computational cost. The initial vehicle model performance met crashworthiness targets but further mass reduction was possible through optimization.
Design and Analysis of Go Kart Chassis for Front, Side and Rear Impactijtsrd
This paper deals with Go kart chassis building with the help of modelling software CATIA V15 and analysis of the same for front, side and rear impact. The cassis has been designed for light weight profile and engine mounting of capacity 135cc. The go kart vehicle is meant for participation in various Go kart event organized all over the India. The preliminary test for these events is checking of 3 D model of the chassis frame and analysis of the same chassis frame under front, side and rear impact. During collision the chassis is under impact loading conditions so it has to be thoroughly analyzed for impact loads. The studies found below shades some light on how the chassis behaves under impact loading conditions. Chassis is made up of a tubular cross section pipe, fabricated assembly of EN8 grade and a few other grades. In this kart, we have used EN8 class tube with 1 inch diameter and 1.5 mm wall thickness. The results obtained for permissible stresses, Factor of safety and deformation are found to be well within range. This makes the chassis suitable for Go kart events. The main criteria that has been focused here is maximum deformation and stress. The stresses should be well within Von mises stress range and so as the Factor of safety. After analysis, both are found to be well within range. Chetan Mahatme | Pratik Lande | Surendra Nagpure | Abhishek Pawar | Nikhil Kharabe ""Design and Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis for Front, Side and Rear Impact"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22973.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/22973/design-and-analysis-of-go-kart-chassis-for-front-side-and-rear-impact/chetan-mahatme
Design and Validation of a Light Vehicle Tubular Space Frame ChassisIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and validated a light vehicle tubular space frame chassis using finite element analysis. Key points:
1. A SAE BAJA space frame was designed according to competition rules and material availability constraints. Analytical and numerical models were compared to validate design.
2. Beam elements were found to be most efficient for modeling frame members, while plate elements were used for an engine fixation plate.
3. A 3D model was created in SolidWorks and simulated under inertial, impact, and torsion loading scenarios to validate the frame's performance.
4. Results indicated the proposed frame can safely operate under expected road conditions, allowing the manufacturing process to proceed
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
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D012241727
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. IV (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 17-27
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
Design and Analysis of an Automotive Front Bumper Beam for
Low-Speed Impact
Maheshkumar V. Dange1
, Dr. Rajesh. B. Buktar2
, Dr. Nilesh. R. Raykar3
1.2.3.
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sardar Patel College of Engineering/ Mumbai University, India)
Abstract: Automotive bumper beam assembly plays very important role in absorbing impact. In this paper, the
most important parameters of an automotive front bumper beam such as material, shape and impact condition
are to be studied to improve the crashworthiness. The simulation of bumper beamis done under low-velocity
impact as per the standards of automotive stated in E.C.E. United Nations Agreement, Regulation no. 42, 1994.
The strength of the bumper beamin elastic mode is investigated with energy absorption and impact force in
maximum deflection situation. Similar bumper beams made of different materials are simulated to determine the
deflection, impact force, stress distribution and energy-absorption behavior, these characteristics are compared
with each other to find best choice of material. The results show that a M220 material can minimize the bumper
beam deflection, impact force and stress distribution and also maximize the elastic strain energy. In addition,
the effect of passengers in the impact behavior is examined. The time history of the calculated parameters is
showed in graphs for comparison.
Keywords -Bumper beam, Impact, low velocity, LS-Dyna.
I. Introduction
Car accidents are happening every day. Most drivers are convinced that they can avoid such
troublesome situations. Nevertheless, we must take into account the statistics – ten thousand dead and hundreds
of thousands to million wounded each year [1]. These numbers call for the necessity to improve the safety of
automobiles during accidents. Automotive bumper beam is one of the key systems in passenger cars. Bumper
beam designed to prevent or reduce physical damage to the front or rear ends of passenger motor vehicles in
collision condition. They protect the hood, trunk, grill, fuel, exhaust and cooling system as well as safety related
equipment such as parking lights, headlamps and taillights, etc. [2]. A good design of car bumper must provide
safety for passengers and should have low weight [3]. Different countries have different performance standards
for bumpers. Under the International safety regulations originally developed as European standards and now
adopted by most countries outside North America, a car's safety systems still function normally after a straight-
on pendulum or moving-barrier impact of 4 Kmph (2.5 mph) to the front and the rear, and to the front and rear
corners of 2.5 Kmph (1.6 mph) at 445mm above the ground with the vehicle loaded or unloaded. In North
America (FMSS: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards), Canada (CMVSS: Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety
Standards) and E.C.E. United Nations Agreement, Regulation No. 42, 1994[4]. This regulation is accepted by
ARAI India, so it is used for this study.
II. Literature Review
Hosseinzadeh et al. [2] studied the structure, shape, and impact condition of glass mat thermoplastic
(GMT) bumper by using LS-DYNA pre solver and the results are compared with conventional metals like steel
and aluminium. GMT showed very good impact behavior compared with steel and aluminium, which all failed
and showed manufacturing difficulties due to strengthening ribs or weight increase due to use more dense
materials.
Andersonet al. [5] has discussed that to increase crash performance in automotive vehicles it is
necessary to use new techniques such as use of energy absorber and materials. Components linked to crash
safety should transmit or absorb energy. The energy absorbing capability of a specific component is a
combination of geometry and material properties.
Evans D and Morgan T [6] have studied that as vehicle manufacturers continue to become more
aggressive with the styling of new vehicles, bumper system technologies will be required to find new solutions
that fit into the reduced package spaces while continuing to meet the vehicle performance and cost requirements.
It was suggested to introduce new and innovative Expanded Polypropylene (EPP) foam technologies and
techniques.
Bautista et al.[7] studied the different impact standards and for the specific material they optimized the
shape of bumper beamby performing the software simulation. They also studied the effect of metallic energy
absorber in bumper system.Maximum stress and deformationwere used as design criteria. They have complied
many international standards for bumper beam design.
2. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
From above published work it is clear that different countries have different standards but few are
accepted globally. For this study E.C.E. United Nations Agreement, Regulation No. 42, 1994[4] selected.
Design criteria selected as follows.MaximumVon-Mises stress should be less than the yield strength and
deformation should be less than the specified limit which depends on gap space available in the design. For this
paper deformation limit is 40mm.
III. Impact Mechanics
Investigators [3, 6, 7, 8] have recommends following procedure for finding energy dissipated during
impact, and find the vehicle velocity after impact. The impacting phenomenon between barrierand the front
bumper beam in a low-speed full crash could be very complicated, since transient and nonlinear analysis are
involved. But, in designing the front bumper beam, automobile manufacturers insist that the bumper system
should not have any material crash or failure. Therefore, up to that point, the total energy is conserved
throughout the impact duration.
Since the barrier is assumed to be rigid and the bumper beam was made of metallic material and shock
absorber is a relatively low stiffness material, the distribution of the impact load is irregular along the contact
area and over the contact region of the bumper, the bumper beam subjected to the impact load undergoes a
constant deformation δmax.
A principle of energy conservation in the elastic impact is used[3]; The kinetic energy before impact is
conserved and converted to elastic energy and the kinetic energy of the barrierand the automobile at its
maximum deflection, i.e.,
1
2
MAVA
2
=
1
2
Keq δmax.
2
+
1
2
MAV0
2
+
1
2
MBV0
2
(1)
Where MA is the mass of the barrier, MB the mass of vehicle,VAthe velocity of the barrierbefore impact and V0
the final velocity of the barrierand vehicle in maximum deflection point. Keqthe equivalent impact stiffness of a
bumper and is obtained by the relationship of displacement and reaction forces from beam analysis.
An important consideration of momentum is that it can be neither created nor destroyed. Thus, the
momentum before an impact is equal to the momentum after the impact. At the moment of its maximum
deflection, a principle of momentum conservation before and after impact can be ex- pressed as follows:
MAVA = (MA+MB) V0 (2)
From equations (1) and (2) the maximum deflection δmax is obtained as follows:
δmax.
2
=
1
Keq
MaMb
Ma+Mb
VA
2
(3)
After separation point, energy and momentum conservation equations can be expressed as follows:
1
2
MAVA
2
=
1
2
MAVA2
2
+
1
2
MBVB2
2
(4)
MAVA = MAVA2+ MBVB2 (5)
Where VA2 and VB2 are the final velocities of the impactor and vehicle, respectively in separation point.
In the elasto-plastic impact, the principle of linear momentum conservation satisfies, since impact
forces are equal and opposite.
MAVA + MBVB = MAVA2+ M BVB2 (6)
In this case, the velocities after impact may be determined with the coefficient of restitution (e). The
coefficient of restitution (COR) is the ratio of speed of separation to speed of approach in a collision.
e = (VB2- VA2) / (VA- VB) (7)
An object with a COR equals to 1 collides elastically, while an object with a COR of 0 will collide
inelastically, effectively sticking to the object it collides with, not bouncing at all. The coefficient of restitution
is a number which indicates how much kinetic energy (energy of motion), remains after a collision of two
objects. If the coefficient is high (very close to 1), it means that very little kinetic energy was lost during the
collision. If the coefficient is low (close to 0), it suggests that a large fraction of the kinetic energy was
converted into the heat or was otherwise absorbed through deformation.
The Eq. (8) can be used to find the energy dissipated, ED during an impact. This is found by subtracting
the kinetic energy of the two masses after impact, and the kinetic energy of the impactor before impact.
EPlastic =
1
2
MAVA
2
+
1
2
MBVB
2
-
1
2
MA2VA2
2
-
1
2
MB2VB2
2
(8)
3. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Figure 1.Isometric view of impact layout
IV. Finite Element Modeling
The bumper beam dimension are measured from local passenger car.From the measured dimension
generate the 3D Bumper beam is generated in ANSYS workbench 14.5. The analysis “Nonlinear explicit” type.
Bumper beam generated is surface model. The Barrier is made as per the ECE R42 standards [4] this barrier acts
as rigid component. The bumper beam is attached to two semi-cubic plastic polypropylene (PEP) holders as
shown in Fig.1. In this study to reduce the simulation time bumper beam is replaced with spring having stiffness
equal to the stiffness of the crash can. These springs areattached to end plate, and the complete assembly is
attached to car body. In this model half of car weight (with passenger) is applied to each end plate as point
mass.Weight of the barrier is also equal to weight of car (with passenger).All the degree of freedom are
restricted for end plates and barrier, exceptthe degree of freedom in the direction perpendicular to barrier
Bumper beam is meshed by shell element whereas barrier and end plate is meshed with rigid solid
element. Material used for bumper beam is martensitic steel and for the barrier and end plate it is structural steel.
Barrier was modeled according to dimensional drawings from E.C.E. standard [4]. Fig. (1) Shows the
model of bumper beam and barrier. As shown in the figure barrier impacts on bumper beam in straight and
perpendicular direction. Frictionless contact was assumed between barrier and bumper beam surface and the car
was taken to be lying on a flat and frictionless surface. Barrier velocity was 4kmph for straight impact as stated
in E.C.E standard [4]. Table (1) shows the FEM characteristics of each component in the modelling.
Table 1FEM characteristics of the models.
Part of model Material FEM element Thickness or weight
Bumper beam Steel, Mg, Al, M220 Shell 4 mm
Crash can PEP spring 4 mm
Car Mass 1300 Kg
1600 Kg with passenger
Barrier Str. steel Solid 1300 Kg
V. Bumper Beam Material
To find out the effect of bumper beam material on the impact behavior, two parameter are studied here: modulus
of elasticity and yield strength.
5.1 Modulus of elasticity
To study the effect of modulus of elasticity three material are considered having their yield strength
nearly equal and different moduli of elasticity. Mechanical properties of the material are given in table 2 [9, 15].
Table 2Material properties of the models.
Material E(GPa) Y (MPa) ʋ ρ (Kg/mm3
)
Str. Steel 200 250 0.3 7850
Aluminium alloy
6060-T5
69.5 243 0.33 2700
Magnesium alloy 45 193 0.35 1800
Other material properties of the model such as crash can, barrier, etc. are constant for all other case
studies. The barrier impacts the bumper beam perpendicularly with 4 Km/h velocity.The deformation amongst
the three bumper beam material measured at a height 445mm above the ground level as per the E.C.E standard
[4] where the maximum impact occurs in most of cases [10].
4. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
Figure 2. Magnesium, aluminum and steel bumper deflections
The bumper beam separates from barrier at 0.180, 0.127 and 0.108 s, for magnesium, aluminum and
steel respectively.This may be seen in the deflection vs. time diagram in Fig.5.1, where the deflections become
constant.The maximum deformation point also occurs at 0.055, 0.090 and 0.075s; with the deflections 87.46,
64.24 and 52.12 mm, for magnesium, aluminum and steel respectively. From this it is clear that the steel
stiffness is higher than the aluminum and the aluminum stiffness is higher than the magnesium.
Figure 3. Kinetic energy transfer in Magnesium bumper.
Figure 4. Kinetic energy transfer in Aluminum bumper.
Fig. 3-5 clearly shows that there is difference in impact velocities among the steel, aluminium and
magnesium bumper beam. In magnesium bumper beam difference between barrier velocity and vehicle velocity
after impact is higher than the steel and aluminium. It means in magnesium bumper beam more kinetic energy
transfer from barrier to vehicle. As COR of magnesium is lower than the steel and aluminium maximum KE loss
in deformation which results the deformation of Mg bumper beam is higher than other.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Deformation(mm)
Time(s)
STEEL
AL
MG
5. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
Figure 5. Kinetic energy transfer in Steel.
To compare the differences among impact forces, the impactor inertia force in three states was defined
as a common criterion. According to Fig. 6, the impact force in magnesium bumper is the lowest. This
phenomenon is due to lower rigidity of magnesium.Withhigh impact force barrier decelerate quickly it is clear
from energy graph.
Figure 6. Impact force in steel, aluminum alloy and magnesium alloy bumper beam.
Table 3 shows the comparison of three material only the steel is nearer to fulfill the required condition
i.e. stress should be less than the yield stress and deformation of bumper beam less than 40mm but this condition
is not satisfied by any material.
Table 3. Comparison of stress and deformation for three materials
Material Von Mises stress Yield stress Max Deformation Limiting deformation
Magnesium 212.02 193 84.76
40
Aluminum alloy
6060 T5
256 243 65.92
Steel 25.71 250 51.92
5.2 Yield strength.
To study the effect of yield strength on bumper beam three different aluminium alloys are considered.
Mechanical properties of these aluminium alloys are given in table4.
Table 4. Mechanical properties of the various aluminum alloy [11, 12].
Material E(GPa) Y (MPa) ʋ ρ (Kg/mm3
)
A6111-T4 68.35 170 0.33 2700
A6060-T5 69.5 243 0.33 2700
A20204-T351 71 363 0.33 2700
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Force(N)
Time(s)
magnesium
Aluminum
Steel
6. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
Fig. 7 demonstrate that maximum deformation and plastic deformation after impact less in A2020-
T351.Compare to others because it has high yield strength than others. The maximum deflection also occurs
early in high strength material. For different aluminum bumpers, difference between vehicle and impactor
velocities afterimpact increasesby increasing the yield strength.
Figure 7. Various aluminum bumper beam deformations
Accordingly, more kinetic energy transfers to the vehicle and as a result lesser energy dissipates. This
can be clearly shown in Figs. 8, 9 and 10. According to these figures, the velocity of barrier is not reduced to
zero. As plastic deformation is more in bumper beam so maximum energy is dissipated in deformation and
remaining in heat.
Figure 8. Kinetic energy transfer in aluminum 6111-T4 bumper.
Figure 9. Kinetic energy transfer in aluminum 6060-T5 bumper.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0.020.040.060.08 0.1 0.120.140.16
Deformation(mm)
Time (s)
A6111 T4
A6060 T5
7. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
Figure 10. Kinetic energy transfer in aluminum 2024-T351 bumper.
When bumper beam is in contact with the barrier middle point of bumper will gain the same velocity as
that of barrier and when it is separates from barrier starts vibrating to adjust its velocity to that of car.
In fig.11 impact forces of different aluminum alloy are shown. It is observed from fig.11 that the
impact force decreases by decreasing the aluminium strength. It is also observed that for high strength
aluminium maximum deformation occur early.
Figure 11. Comparison of impact force for three different aluminum alloy.
Fig. 12 shows the conversion of energy. As barrier loses the kinetic energy at the same time bumper
beam starts gaining the strain energy, bumper is not able to gain all the energy transferred by the barrier because
some of energy loss in plastic deformation. So due to plastic deformation bumper not able to reach the barrier
velocity 4 km/h.
Figure 12. Kinetic energy converts to strain energy 2024- T351.
From the table 5 it is clear that all the aluminum alloy are not able to fulfill the criteria [2, 3]. It is
observed that with high strength material maximum deformation is less also it absorbs the more energy.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
Force(N)
Time(s)
6111 -T4
6060 -T5
2024 -T351
8. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Table 5. Comparison of stress and deformation for three materials.
Material Von Mises stress Yield stress Max Deformation Limiting deformation
A6111-T4 192.4 170 79.07
40A6060-T5 253.52 243 64.04
A20204-T351 365.89 363 53.97
VI. Martensitic Steel.
Martensitic steel having high modulus of elasticity and also it has high yield strength [13] this type of
steel are used for the manufacturing of the bumper beam [14]. Material property of the M220 given in table.
Table 6. Mechanical properties of M220 [16]
Material E(GPa) Y (MPa) ʋ ρ (Kg/mm3
)
M 220 200 1350 0.3 7890
Figure 13. Deformation of bumper beam for M220. Figure 14. Stress of bumper beam for M220.
Figure 15. Impact force of bumper beam for M220.
With bumper beam Material as M220 once again model is tested and the result are plot.The maximum
deformation of the bumper beam for M220 material is 28.10mm which is well below the permissible limit
40mm, also the maximum stress value is 1308.8 MPa which is less than the yield strength of the material
1350MPa. The maximum impact force is 33313.8N which is more than the aluminum alloys. Fig.15 shows that
the force absorbing capacity of the M220 material is higher than the all other material studied in this paper.
Fig. 16 shows the Von-Mises stress distribution in bumper beam. Maximum stress is induced at the
middle portion of the bumper beam as it is less than the yield stress of material so the bumper beam is safe.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Deformation(mm)
Time (S)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Stress(MPa)
Time (S)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Force(N)
Time (s)
9. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
Figure 16. Von Mises stress distribution in M220 bumper beam.
VII. Effect of Passenger.
The effect of presence of passenger on impact behavior with martensitic steel is investigated by
considering the passenger’s weight as point mass elements which is applied on end plate. There are two
conditions studied here first car weight with passenger and second case car without passenger. For the
simplification, in case of car with passenger, distribution of passenger is not considered here. For this study four
occupants are considered as per the standard.
Figure 17. Comparison of impact force for two case studies.
The impact force with and without passenger are calculated and plot in fig.17. It shows that impact
force with passenger is 6% more than the without passenger. Fig. 18 shows the deformation comparison for with
and without passenger. The effect of without passenger is not much compare to with passenger.
10. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Figure 18. Comparison of deformation for two case studies.
Figure 19.Kinetic energy transfer in M 200 bumper beam with passenger
Figure 20. Kinetic energy transfer without passenger.
Kinetic energy and linear momentum conservation is observed in Figs. 19, 20. The difference between
barrier velocity and car is different for bumper beam with and without passenger. Barrier velocity goes in
negative direction because the barrier is not able to transfer its complete momentum to a bumper beam. In case
11. Design And Analysis Of An Automotive Front Bumper Beam For Low-Speed Impact
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12241727 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
of bumper without passenger barrier goes less in negative direction compare to with passenger. The COR < 1
means barrier impacted on bumper beam inelastically. COR with passenger bumper beam is 0.9 and 0.98 for
without passenger.
From the above study it is clear that if the bumper beam is tested considering effect of mass, itis critical
case nearer to actual case. If this is safe then it is definitely safe for the case without passenger.In the second
place, any plastic deformation of the bumper beam should be avoided as much as possible in low-speed mode.
Maximum deformation of bumper beam should be within the acceptable limit which in this study is 40mm limit
is considered. The maximum stress of the bumper must be below the yield stress.
From the material study it is conclude that bumper beam material must have high yield strength and
high modulus of elasticity.
VIII. Conclusion
In order to design the front bumper beam, two major factors considered. First the internal absorbed
energy by the bumper beams should be kept high by using material having high yield strength and high modulus
of elasticity.In the second place, any plastic deformation of the bumper beam should be avoided as much as
possible in low-speed mode. Maximum deformation of bumper beam kept within the acceptable limit. The
maximum stress of the bumper is also below the yield stress of material.
From the study of passenger it is clear that if bumper is safe for with passenger then it is definitely safe
for without passenger. From the above study it isconclude that material M220 is good for the manufacturing of
bumper beam.
IX. Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the
successful completion of this work. At the outset I articulate my overwhelmed feelings towards my guide and
head of mechanical engineering Dr. Rajesh B. Buktarfor being my teacher and providing confidence to carry
out my research work.
I express my deep sense of appreciation to Prof. N. R. Raykar for his unrelenting help and moral
support throughout the research work. I thanks to my parents for giving me the innate abilities that I have. I wish
to recognize the moral support, proof reading and lively cooperation of my lovely friends.
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Websites:
[1] www.ansys.com
[2] http://www.ispat.com
[3] https://www.araiindia.com
[4] http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/testing/procedures/TP-581-01.pdf
[5] http://www.autooutlet.es/MS0101330.