This document presents the results of performance testing of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled by enriched biogas and petrol. The engine was modified to operate on both fuels. Testing was conducted at a constant narrow load range of around 2 kg and RPMs ranging from 1100 to 1800. At constant lower load conditions, the brake specific fuel consumption of enriched biogas was 10.77%, 24.24%, and 35.63% higher than petrol at 1100, 1500, and 1800 RPMs respectively. The brake thermal efficiency of petrol was higher than enriched biogas at all tested speeds, ranging from 4.91% to 9.41% higher for petrol. However, the mechanical efficiency of enriched biogas was 42.93% compared
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Â
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Â
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS âPETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Â
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Design and development of pyrolysis batch reactor and characterization of tir...eSAT Journals
Â
Abstract Owing to the increased fuel crises and rapid growth of transportation sector, it is very much necessary to identify and alternative to petroleum feed stocks. On the other hand disposal of solid waste material raises the hazard of environmental pollution. In order to bridge these gaps, a pyrolysis batch reactor was designed and fabricated in the present investigation with an overall dimension of 400 X 200 X 458 cm and handling capacity of 10 kgs per cycle. The yield of TPO was optimized with reaction temperature to produce high quantity of gaseous outputs. Elemental analysis, Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis were carried out and found that limonene was the major compound in the TPO. The FT IR analysis also revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the TPO. The physio-chemical properties of TPO were determined using Indian standard 1448 standards and were found to usable in internal combustion engine as treated TPO and blends of TPO with straight diesel. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Elemental analysis, Limonene, Calorific value, Sulphur.
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Â
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
Performance Study of Ethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel in Spark Ignition EngineIOSR Journals
Â
Growing energy needs and environmental concern worldwide have propelled the interest for quest
and utilization of renewable and eco friendly fuels .Various substitutes are available to be used engines with the
possibility of reducing harmful emissions. In this work gasoline is taken as reference which is blended with
ethanol. Physical properties relevant to the fuel were determined for the four blends of gasoline and ethanol. A
four cylinder, four stroke, varying rpm, Petrol engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer was run on
blends containing 5%,10%,15%,20% ethanol and performance characteristics were evaluated. In this paper it
is shown that the higher blends can replace gasoline in a SI engine, results showed that there is a reduction in
exhaust gases and increase in Mechanical efficiency, Specific Fuel Consumption and air fuel ratio on blending.
We can conclude from the result that using 10% ethanol blend is most effective and we can utilize it for further
use in SI engines with little constraint on material used to sustain little increase in pressure
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS âPETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Â
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Design and development of pyrolysis batch reactor and characterization of tir...eSAT Journals
Â
Abstract Owing to the increased fuel crises and rapid growth of transportation sector, it is very much necessary to identify and alternative to petroleum feed stocks. On the other hand disposal of solid waste material raises the hazard of environmental pollution. In order to bridge these gaps, a pyrolysis batch reactor was designed and fabricated in the present investigation with an overall dimension of 400 X 200 X 458 cm and handling capacity of 10 kgs per cycle. The yield of TPO was optimized with reaction temperature to produce high quantity of gaseous outputs. Elemental analysis, Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis were carried out and found that limonene was the major compound in the TPO. The FT IR analysis also revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the TPO. The physio-chemical properties of TPO were determined using Indian standard 1448 standards and were found to usable in internal combustion engine as treated TPO and blends of TPO with straight diesel. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Elemental analysis, Limonene, Calorific value, Sulphur.
Bionic's ”fuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
Biogas as Alternate Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Literature ReviewIOSR Journals
Â
Bio fuels derived from biomass are considered as good alternative to petroleum fuels. Biogas, a
biomass derived fuel can be used in internal combustion (IC) engines, because of its better mixing ability with
air and clean burning nature. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of various organic substances such as
kitchen wastes, agricultural wastes, municipal solid wastes, cow dung etc., which offers low cost and low
emissions than any other secondary fuels. It can be a supplemented to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and
compressed natural gas (CNG), if it is used in compressed form in cylinders. This paper reviews the current
status and perspectives of biogas production, including the purification & storage methods and its engine
applications. Lower hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and particulates emission has been reported in diesel engines
operating on biogas diesel dual fuel mode. Here through detailed literature review, the combustion
characteristics of biogas in I.C engines are investigated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Â
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
Â
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio â fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio â diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Natural gas engine combustion research based on bench testIJRES Journal
Â
In this paper, mainly research on LNG(CNG) engine with outside-cylinder premixed combustion mode, the combustion mode can determine the gas engine emissions and power performance. There are three kinds of engine combustion -Lean combustion, Equivalent combustion and Mixed combustion mode by using equivalent combustion/lean burn combined. The innovation point lies in this paper is that this experiment adopts mixed combustion mode by burning strategy control, can be achieved in guarantee engine fuel economy, power performance , meet the requirements of Euro V combustion emissions regulations.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
Â
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio â fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio â diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
This work concerns a systematic study of IC engine operation with 100% biogas as fuel (as opposed to the dual-fuel mode) with particular emphasis on operational issues and the quest for high efficiency strategies.
As a first step, In Biogas CO2 does not help in combustion process but reduce the calorific value of biogas. H2S is in minor quantity but it has corrosive action on combustion chamber and also reduces calorific value of biogas. Also traces of moisture are to be removing for better thermal efficiency. So harmful gradients are removed and use only methane as a fuel.
Subsequently, the model of KINETIC GF is used to predict effect of different parameters such as compression ratio, spark timing and combustion durations on engine performance and efficiency.
The results show very high overall efficiencies with the manifold injection strategy. The main reasons are the higher volumetric efficiency and overall lean operation of the engine across the entire load range. Predictions show excellent agreement with measurements, enabling the model to be used as a tool for further study. Simulations suggest that a higher compression ratio (up to 13) and appropriate spark advance can lead to higher engine power output and efficiency.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
Â
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Production of syngas from agricultural residue as a renewable fuel and its su...Jatinderpal Singh gill
Â
In the present era, the world is in a difficult position as the prime problems, like
continuous depletion of nonrenewable energy resources at a brisk rate and
environment pollution due to emission of greenhouse gases which are
released on burning fossil fuels, are worsening day by day. Due to this, the
interest of the researchers is shifting toward the idea of alternative fuels
derived from biomasses, which are renewable in nature and eco-friendly in
contrast to the conventional fossil fuels, to reduce the dependence on exhausting nonrenewable energy sources. In the present study, agricultural residues
like cotton stalks and wheat straws are processed in a downdraft gasifier to
produce syngas through biomass gasification. The produced syngas is further
inducted in a gasifier-coupled dual-fuel compression ignition (DFCI) engine to
investigate the performance, emission, and noise characteristics of the dual
fuel engine to compare the standard diesel operation and syngas-diesel dual
fuel operation. The results during the investigation concluded that Dual Fuel
Compression Ignition (DFCI) engine works satisfactorily in dual fuel mode of
syngas-diesel. Moreover, a maximum 44.44% of reduction in diesel consumption is observed with a slight decrease in indicated power by 3.49% at the
maximum loading condition. In addition to the reduction in diesel consumption, the emission of nitrogen oxide was reduced by maximum of 76.74% in
dual fuel mode as compared to standard diesel operation.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Â
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Journals
Â
Abstract Pollution is one major factor which affects the environment nowadays, resulting in green house effect and global warming. Suitable methods are introduced to increase the engine fuel economy and bring down the emissions within the tolerable limit. One way of doing it is by inducting oxygen into the combustion chamber since oxygen is a combustion enhancer the amount of oxygen entering into the combustion chamber if increased it would result in better engine performance and lower emissions. Oxygen can be inducted in the intake stroke by the help of an external source and mixing chamber is provided so that it helps in better mixing of air and supplementary oxygen. This additional increase of air will affects all parameters of the engine like operating temperature, fuel consumption, Brake power, emissions, and heat release but only fuel consumption and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) alone is analyzed. Load test was conducted on a compression Ignition engine for various concentration of oxygen from (21% to 27%) with an interval of 2%. This experimental study shows better fuel economy and better brake specific fuel consumption but led to a very high percentage of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission and lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) emission. Keywords: NOx emission, Fuel economy, Diesel engine, Oxygen enriched air.
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Publishing House
Â
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
Â
âą Extensive research in a team of four on how to reduce CO2 emissions from a cement factory
âą Focused on reducing CO2 emissions from the calciner reactor by using substitute reactant materials and running a simulation on Aspen HYSYS to determine the least CO2 produced
Bionic's ”fuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
Biogas as Alternate Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Literature ReviewIOSR Journals
Â
Bio fuels derived from biomass are considered as good alternative to petroleum fuels. Biogas, a
biomass derived fuel can be used in internal combustion (IC) engines, because of its better mixing ability with
air and clean burning nature. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of various organic substances such as
kitchen wastes, agricultural wastes, municipal solid wastes, cow dung etc., which offers low cost and low
emissions than any other secondary fuels. It can be a supplemented to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and
compressed natural gas (CNG), if it is used in compressed form in cylinders. This paper reviews the current
status and perspectives of biogas production, including the purification & storage methods and its engine
applications. Lower hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and particulates emission has been reported in diesel engines
operating on biogas diesel dual fuel mode. Here through detailed literature review, the combustion
characteristics of biogas in I.C engines are investigated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Â
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
Â
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio â fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio â diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Natural gas engine combustion research based on bench testIJRES Journal
Â
In this paper, mainly research on LNG(CNG) engine with outside-cylinder premixed combustion mode, the combustion mode can determine the gas engine emissions and power performance. There are three kinds of engine combustion -Lean combustion, Equivalent combustion and Mixed combustion mode by using equivalent combustion/lean burn combined. The innovation point lies in this paper is that this experiment adopts mixed combustion mode by burning strategy control, can be achieved in guarantee engine fuel economy, power performance , meet the requirements of Euro V combustion emissions regulations.
Emission Analysis of Sapodilla seed oil as bio-dieselIJCMESJOURNAL
Â
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio â fuels, for this fruit like Sapodilla seed oil as bio â diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Sapodilla fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Sapodilla seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Sapodilla seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
This work concerns a systematic study of IC engine operation with 100% biogas as fuel (as opposed to the dual-fuel mode) with particular emphasis on operational issues and the quest for high efficiency strategies.
As a first step, In Biogas CO2 does not help in combustion process but reduce the calorific value of biogas. H2S is in minor quantity but it has corrosive action on combustion chamber and also reduces calorific value of biogas. Also traces of moisture are to be removing for better thermal efficiency. So harmful gradients are removed and use only methane as a fuel.
Subsequently, the model of KINETIC GF is used to predict effect of different parameters such as compression ratio, spark timing and combustion durations on engine performance and efficiency.
The results show very high overall efficiencies with the manifold injection strategy. The main reasons are the higher volumetric efficiency and overall lean operation of the engine across the entire load range. Predictions show excellent agreement with measurements, enabling the model to be used as a tool for further study. Simulations suggest that a higher compression ratio (up to 13) and appropriate spark advance can lead to higher engine power output and efficiency.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
Â
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Production of syngas from agricultural residue as a renewable fuel and its su...Jatinderpal Singh gill
Â
In the present era, the world is in a difficult position as the prime problems, like
continuous depletion of nonrenewable energy resources at a brisk rate and
environment pollution due to emission of greenhouse gases which are
released on burning fossil fuels, are worsening day by day. Due to this, the
interest of the researchers is shifting toward the idea of alternative fuels
derived from biomasses, which are renewable in nature and eco-friendly in
contrast to the conventional fossil fuels, to reduce the dependence on exhausting nonrenewable energy sources. In the present study, agricultural residues
like cotton stalks and wheat straws are processed in a downdraft gasifier to
produce syngas through biomass gasification. The produced syngas is further
inducted in a gasifier-coupled dual-fuel compression ignition (DFCI) engine to
investigate the performance, emission, and noise characteristics of the dual
fuel engine to compare the standard diesel operation and syngas-diesel dual
fuel operation. The results during the investigation concluded that Dual Fuel
Compression Ignition (DFCI) engine works satisfactorily in dual fuel mode of
syngas-diesel. Moreover, a maximum 44.44% of reduction in diesel consumption is observed with a slight decrease in indicated power by 3.49% at the
maximum loading condition. In addition to the reduction in diesel consumption, the emission of nitrogen oxide was reduced by maximum of 76.74% in
dual fuel mode as compared to standard diesel operation.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Â
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Journals
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Abstract Pollution is one major factor which affects the environment nowadays, resulting in green house effect and global warming. Suitable methods are introduced to increase the engine fuel economy and bring down the emissions within the tolerable limit. One way of doing it is by inducting oxygen into the combustion chamber since oxygen is a combustion enhancer the amount of oxygen entering into the combustion chamber if increased it would result in better engine performance and lower emissions. Oxygen can be inducted in the intake stroke by the help of an external source and mixing chamber is provided so that it helps in better mixing of air and supplementary oxygen. This additional increase of air will affects all parameters of the engine like operating temperature, fuel consumption, Brake power, emissions, and heat release but only fuel consumption and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) alone is analyzed. Load test was conducted on a compression Ignition engine for various concentration of oxygen from (21% to 27%) with an interval of 2%. This experimental study shows better fuel economy and better brake specific fuel consumption but led to a very high percentage of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission and lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC) emission. Keywords: NOx emission, Fuel economy, Diesel engine, Oxygen enriched air.
Analysis of fuel consumption and oxides of nitrogen using oxygen enriched air...eSAT Publishing House
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
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âą Extensive research in a team of four on how to reduce CO2 emissions from a cement factory
âą Focused on reducing CO2 emissions from the calciner reactor by using substitute reactant materials and running a simulation on Aspen HYSYS to determine the least CO2 produced
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(MHD) free convection for heat flow patterns within trapezoidal enclosures. A finite element analysis is
performed to investigate the effects of unifor heating and is also used for solving the Navier-Stokes and
Energybalance equations.In this study, cold bottom walls, uniformly heated left and right (side) walls and
insulated top walls with inclination angles (Ń) are considered in a trapezoidal enclosure. The present numerical
procedure adopted in this investigation yields consistent performance over a wide range of parameters, Prandtl
numbers, (Pr = 0.026 - 0.7), and Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 103 â 105), Hartmann number (Ha = 50) with various
tilt angles Ѐ = 450, 300 and 00(square).Numerical results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, heat
function (total heat flux) and nusselt numbers.for different Ra and Pr. As Ra increases conduction dominant
region changes for different Pr. Complete heat transfer analysis is performed in terms of local and average
nusselt numbers.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
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The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
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A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Application of Hydrogen as Fuel Supplement in Internal Combustion Engines-A B...IJSRD
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Faced with the ever increasing cost of conventional fossil fuels and the severe environmental pollution, researchers worldwide are working to cost effectively improve internal combustion engines fuel economy and emission characteristics. Recently, use of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuel supplement for SI and CI engines is considered to be one of the potential solutions to these problems. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used for improving hydrocarbon combustion and emissions performance of both SI and CI engines. This article presents a brief review on the recent progress in the application of hydrogen as a fuel additive to improve the efficiencies and emissions of modern IC engines.
Investigation of engine performance, combustion, and emissions using waste t...Adib Bin Rashid
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This work investigated engine performance and emissions using waste tire oil-diesel-biodiesel blends. A sustainable fuel glycine max biodiesel was blended with the tire oil-diesel blends to improve performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions. The seven fuels including a 100% diesel 10â30% waste tire oil to 90-70% diesel, 10% tire oil +10% biodiesel +80% diesel, 30% tire
oil+10% biodiesel+60% diesel and 10% biodiesel+90% diesel was used as fuels in a direct injection diesel engine. Up to 30% (vol) waste tire pyrolysis oil was blended with diesel. More than 30% of waste tire pyrolysis oil shows inferior solubility issues and inferior engine performance and emissions. Thus, this investigation was limited to 30% waste tire pyrolysis oil. All fuel blends
showed similar properties to diesel. With similar engine performance, like torque, power,efficiency, energy, and exergy metrics, the blends showed insignificant variations in emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide) compared to a reference diesel fuel. Interestingly, the experimental results were compared with the modelling results, and the maximum variations between
them were 10%. The outcome of this research can promote waste tire pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines and accords with alternative energy development initiatives all over the world.
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
THE INFLUENCE OF CETANE NUMBER AND OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE PERFORMANCE AND EMIS...IAEME Publication
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Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) and ethanol are attractive renewable energy
sources, as ethanol has a high content of oxygen. However, for this particular study,
direct blending of conventional diesel, WPPO, ethanol and 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN)
was attempted. The purpose was, firstly, to improve the combustion, ignition quality,
performance and emission characteristics of the WPPO blends. Secondly, EHN has the
potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX and PM. Thirdly, ethanol
improves viscosity and miscibility of biodiesel blends, besides increasing the oxygen
content of WPPO. Five mixing ratios were used in the following order,
50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10 and
90/WPPO5/E5 for conventional diesel (CD), WPPO and ethanol and respectively.
However, for EHN the mixing ratio was determined by the total quantity of blended fuel
and put at 0.01 %. Complete miscibility was observed with no phase separation allowed
from the blended mixtures throughout the experiment. Performance and emission
characteristics of a stationary single cylinder water-cooled diesel power generator
were evaluated. The results obtained were compared carefully to ASTM standards and
discussed using tables and graph figure curves. The conclusion was that ethanol and
EHN can be used in diesel engine power generators as an alternative fuel to help
improve cetane numbers and to increase the oxygen content without or with
modification with WPPO blends. This is due to the densities 792 kg/m3
, 963 kg/m3
, 825
kg/m3 for WPPO, ethanol and EHN respectively, which are close to CD fuel at 845
kg/m3
. The addition of EHN, reduced emissions and improved engine performance so
that it equalled that of CD fuel
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more âmechanicalâ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
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Attacks on counties â USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
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The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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Clients donât know what they donât know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clientsâ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projectsâ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, youâre in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part âEssentials of Automationâ series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Hereâs what youâll gain:
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- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
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Donât miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
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Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
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4. Demo
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Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overviewâ
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and Grafana
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D1302042127
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 2 Ver. IV (Mar- Apr. 2016), PP 21-27
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary
Single Cylinder SI Engine
Chaitanya B. Pandya1
, Prof. Divyang R. Shah2
, Dr. Tushar M. Patel3
, Prof.
Gaurav P. Rathod4
1
PG Scholar, Mechanical Eng. Dept., LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar, India,
2
Associate Professor, Mechanical Eng. Dept., GEC, Gandhinagar, India,
3
Associate Professor, Mechanical Eng. Dept., LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar,
4
Associate Professor, Mechanical Eng. Dept., LDRP-ITR, Gandhinagar,
Abstract: This paper presents the performance results of a 7.5 hp Kirloskar Engine make TV 1 research engine
which was converted into spark ignition mode and run on Enriched biogas and Petrol at compression ratio of 8
at constant narrow load range around 2 kg and RPM varying from 1100-1800. At constant lower load condition
for 1100, 1500, 1800 RPM, Enriched biogas Brake Specific fuel consumption were 10.77%, 24.24 % and
35.63% higher than petrol. At narrow constant load (15%) condition for 1100, 1500, 1800 RPM Brake thermal
efficiency were 4.91 %, 8.26 %, 9.41 % for petrol and for Enriched Biogas it were 4.57 %, 6.87 %, 7.13 %
respectively, which clearly indicated Brake thermal efficiency is higher in petrol mode. Mechanical efficiency of
enriched biogas is 42.93 over 30.87 for petrol which shows mechanical efficiency increase of 39.06% when
using enriched biogas engine. Running cost showed tremendous percentage decrease from Petrol to Enriched
Biogas of 30.02 %, 25.16 %, and 17.78 % on price bases accordingly. As the Enriched biogas produces
advantages over fossil petrol, it could be used as auto fuel for spark ignition vehicles
Key words: Biogas, Methane Enriched Biogas, Petrol SI Engine, Compression Ratio, Alternative Fuel,
Vehicular Fuel, Engine Performance, Engine Load, Engine Speed
I. Introduction
Limited non renewable energy source and escalating costs of fossil fuels have forced many countries to
consider the use of renewable energy technologies in internal combustion engines like biomass, biogas, solar,
hydrogen, ethanol etc. By the year 2070, the world will eat up fossil fuels and hence the enormous increase in
biomass research [19, 20]. Engines running on spark ignition or compression ignition are fitted with conversion
kits to run on compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas for use in power plant, transportation etc. CNG
(85 % methane and other gases) showed the advantage of reduced exhaust emission and enhanced thermal
efficiency in alternative fuel. Organic carbon based materials of plants and animals are called biomass. This
biomass maybe transformed by physical, chemical and biological process to biofuels. Anaerobic digestion of
organic materials is a combustible gas called Biogas which is composed of methane (60%) and Carbon dioxide
(40 %). In most countries, the main biogas quality indicator is the methane concentration, which should be at
least 96%, and carbon dioxide, which should not exceed 4%. The Wobbe index is another indicator for fuel that
depends on higher heating value and can be used as a basis for comparison between different gases. The
concentrations of sulphur, hydrogen and water vapor in gases are also restricted because reactions of these
substances can corrode engines [15, 18]. Use of biogas expertise can put in at least 10% national energy
requirement and approximately 50% to rural energy requirement [1]. Developing countries like ours India can
reduce their import bill by using alternative fuel like biogas and become self dependant as it has 300 million
cattle population. Presently India is on the second number position in producing biogas right after China.
Almost 2.5 million plants have been built in India with a potential to build over 10 million more, Since the
introduction of biogas in 1930. The Indian government views biogas technology as a vehicle to reduce rural
poverty. The most popular biogas plants established in the Indian region are of types (i) floating drum type and
(ii) fixed dome type plants [3]. A period of 15 days is adequate for anaerobic bacteria to convert organic carbon
based biomass into biogas. Feedstocks used for biomethanation are normally animal and human wastes along
with municipal wastes and agricultural crops [8].
For increasing the calorific value and to reduce unwanted components e.g. CO2, Water, H2S, which are
detrimental to utilization systems, it is necessary to clean raw biogas and then upgrade it to a higher quality fuel.
This process is called biogas cleaning and upgrading. Water scrubbing, cryogenic separation, physical
absorption, chemical absorption, pressure swing adsorption, in- situ upgrading, membrane technology and
biological upgrading methods are some of the methods for biogas enrichment [2].
2. Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary Single Cylinder SI Engine
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 22 | Page
TABLE 1: COMPOSITION OF RAW BIOGAS [2]
Parameter Biogas from AD Influence on biogas utilization
CH4 60-70 %(mol)
HC 0 %(mol)
H2 0 %(mol)
CO2 30-40 %(mol) Declining calorific value, anti-knock properties of engines,
corrosion
H2O 1-5 %(mol) Corrosion, damage due to formation of condensate and ice
N2 0.2 %(mol) Declining calorific value, anti-knock properties of engines
O2 0 %(mol) Corrosion
H2S 0-4000 (ppm) decay, catalytic converter poison, emissions and health
NH3 100 (ppm) Emissions, anti-knock properties of engines, decaying
II. Background For Biogas As An Alternative Fuel In Ic Engine
Papacz presented that biogas to be used as a transport fuel has to be upgraded to at least 95% methane
by volume and it can then be used in automobile modified to run on natural gas. Biogas fuelled vehicles can
reduce CO2 emissions by between 75% and 200% compared with fossil fuels. There is a double benefit by
reducing fossil emissions from burning diesel and reducing methane emissions from waste manure [4].
Masebinu et al. discussed that biogas is environmentally hazardous if emitted directly into the environment [5].
Prajapati et al. discussed that biogas generally has a high self-ignition temperature so reduced auto ignition
delays and hence resists knocking but for that reason cannot be directly used in CI engine. Propatham et al. used
mixture of air and biogas provided into engine, compressed and ignited by a spray of fuel with a low self-
ignition temperature like diesel or biodiesel, which is called a pilot fuel [15]. Biogas premixed charge diesel
dual fuelled compression ignition engine produces lower energy conversion efficiency and higher breaks
specific energy consumption at any load [7]. Propatham et al. reported that enhanced swirl showed decrease in
HC level and increase in NO level [10]. Furthermore, it improved the performance including brake thermal
efficiency and power output. Makareviciene et al. concluded that when exhaust gas recirculation was turned off
then excessive high air/fuel ratio results in higher fuel consumption and lower thermal efficiency, yet smokiness,
HC, CO decreased and NO level increased [11]. Lim et al. summarized that, despite enriched biogas has a lower
calorific value than the natural gases, NOx emissions were lower for the enriched biogas than for the natural
gases and no noteworthy differences were seen in fuel economy between the gases in any of the driving cycle
[12]. Farzaneh-Gord et al. studied the effects of storing CNG and found that the filling time required natural gas
vehicle on-board cylinder to reach its final pressure (200 Bar) in the buffer storage system is 66 % less than the
cascade storage system [13]. Bordelanne et al. developed prototype âToyota Prius II Hybrid CNG Vehicleâ and
found that Green House Gas emissions from prototype are significantly lower than emissions of gasoline
vehicles: approximately 17 % lower in the case of CNG Vehicle and 51 % lower in case of hybrid CNG
vehicles. Moreover, in case of enriched biogas emission levels are lowered by 87 % in the case of the Toyota
Prius CNG Hybrid prototype and also concluded 80% down green house gas emission in comparison with
gasoline [14]. Propatham et al. modified diesel engine to run on spark ignition mode and found an increase in
HC and NO level with rise in compression ratio [15]. In addition, lean misfire limit found with an equivalence
ratio of 0.64 of compression ratio of 15:1 as opposed to 0.77 with a compression ratio of 9.3:1. Subramanian et
al. found no noteworthy difference in fuel economy between enriched biogas (24.11 km/kg) and CNG (24.38
km/kg) [16]. Exhaust emissions such as CO, HC and NOx are slightly higher with enriched biogas than CNG
meeting Bharat Stage IV Emission Norms. Alkesh et al. performed the experiment on variable compression ratio
research engine and found out that Particulate matter, CO2, NOx, emissions are significantly reduced in dual fuel
(diesel + CNG) mode as compared to diesel mode. Also, found slight thermal efficiency increased with
increasing induction distance away from engine manifold which is 20 cm away from intake manifold rather than
20 cm and 40 cm [17].
In light of above context, objective of the present work was to determine the performance analysis of
enriched biogas in variable compression research engine converted into spark ignition engine which can run
both petrol and biogas using necessary modification.
3. Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary Single Cylinder SI Engine
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
TABLE 2: IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF PETROL AND BIOGAS [9, 16]
III. Modification Of Research Engine From Di To Si Mode
Engine cylinder head for DI mode was replaced with SI mode. For operating biogas mode, petrol fuel
lines were removed and instead biogas is supplied after passing through pressure reducer (Diaphragm pump)
with the help of flexible metal and rubber pipes. Control valve for controlling biogas is placed before going to
the venturi gas mixer. Biogas fuel flow measurement was done with the help of weighing scale and stopwatch.
IV. Experimental Details And Methodology
A Experimental engine test rig.
Figure 1 show actual arrangement of experimental set-up of modified SI engine in to Biogas fuelled SI
engine. Figure 2 indicates schematic of experimental setup.
The experimental engine setup involved following components:
ï Variable Compression Research Engine: A 7.5 HP, four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, multi fuel
Kirloskar IC engine assembled by Apex innovation Pvt. Ltd having injection timing at 250
c BTDC and
connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading.
Fig. 1: Actual Photo of experimental setup showing engine, cylinder, weighing scale
Fig. 2: Schematic Diagram of experimental setup
Properties Petrol Enriched Biogas
Chemical formula C8H18 CH4- 93 %
CO2 -4%
H2-0.06%
N2-2.94%
H2S-20 ppm
State Liquid Gas
Lower heating Value (kJ/kg) 44000 42620
Octane rating 88-100 120-130
Cetane rating - --
Auto ignition temp.(K) 257 650-750
Stoichiometric ratio 14.7 17.2
Flash Point ° C -42.77 -
Freezing Point ° C -43 -
Boiling Point ° C 187-343 -82 to -161
Latent heat of vaporization
kJ/kg
349 -
Density at 150
C, (kg/m3
) 720 0.9
Flame Speed (m/s) 4-6 0.34
Flammability Limits (volume
% in air )
1.4-7.6 5-15
4. Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary Single Cylinder SI Engine
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
ï Instruments are provided to capture readings of
airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurements. Stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two
fuel flow measuring device, system indicators and controllers. Rota meters are provided for cooling water
and calorimeter water flow measurement.
ï Compression ratio of research engine was varied by loosening allen bolts and then by roatating CR adjuster
nut upward or downward and finally fitting lock nut as shown in figure 3.
Fig. 3: Compression ratio setting
ï Weighing scale for measuring biogas fuel consumption with 50 gram accuracy.
ï Pressure reducer to convert Biogas from 200 bar to 1-2 bar.
ï Carburettor to supply petrol fuel and air to the engine
ï Air flow was provided at stand alone panel box with help of suitable volume air box (Due to pulsating
nature of air box) and recorded at manometer.
ï Thermocouples for measurement of water and exhaust gas temperature.
TABLE 3: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Item Specification
Make & Model Kirlosker Research Engines, TV1
Type Four stroke, Water cooled, Petrol
No. of cylinder One
Bore 87.5 mm
Stroke 110 mm
Compression ratio 6 to 10
Power rating 7.5 HP
Injection timing †0
25BTDC
Valve Timing
Inlet valve opening (IVO): 4.50
before TDC
Inlet valve closing (IVC): 35.50
after BDC
Exhaust valve opening (EVO): 35.50
before BDC
Exhaust valve closing (EVC): 4.50
after TDC
Load Capacity 0 to 20 kg
B Experimental procedure
Engine testing was performed with petrol first and then research engine modified for biogas. During
experimental work 1100 to 1800 RPM was varied using accelerator knob keeping load constant at around 2 kg
(15 % constant load).
Weight of biogas cylinder was taken step by step in the range of 1100-1700 keeping load nearly
constant.
Performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Indicated power (IP), Brake
power (BP), volumetric efficiency (VE), indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency(ME) and brake
thermal efficiency (BTHE) were calculated later and confirmed with the research engine results.
V. Results and Discussion
The observation for engine performance on petrol and after modification on Enriched biogas for
constant load conditions at 1100- 1800 RPM were taken. The results of performance parameters are presented
below in detail.
5. Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary Single Cylinder SI Engine
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 25 | Page
A Brake power
Fig. 4: Speed Vs Brake Power at Lower Constant Load for both Petrol and Enriched Biogas.
Figure 4 shows the correlation between the speed (RPM) and brake power (kW) developed by the
engine while operating on Petrol and Enriched Biogas at Compression Ratio 8. It was found that with increase in
speed brake power increases for both the cases.
B Brake specific fuel consumption
Fig. 5: Speed Vs Brake Specific Fuel Consumption at Lower Constant Load for both Petrol and Enriched
Biogas.
As shown in Figure 5 at constant lower load condition for 1100, 1500, 1800 RPM petrol Brake Specific
fuel consumption were 1.67 kg/kWh, 0.99 kg/kWh, 0.87 kg/kWh respectively and for Enriched Biogas were
1.85 kg/kWh, 1.23 kg/kWh, 1.18 kg/kWh respectively, which clearly indicates that fuel efficiency is higher in
Petrol mode and at higher RPM fuel efficiency tends to increase due to the lower heat loss to the combustion
chamber and increasing friction power.
C Brake thermal efficiency
Fig. 6: Speed Vs Brake Thermal Efficiency at Lower Constant Load for both Petrol and Enriched Biogas.
6. Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary Single Cylinder SI Engine
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
As shown in Figure 6 at constant lower load condition for 1100, 1500, 1800 RPM Brake thermal
efficiency were 4.91 %, 8.26 %, 9.41 % respectively for petrol and for Enriched Biogas were 4.57 %, 6.87 %,
7.13 % respectively which clearly indicates lower brake thermal efficiency of enriched biogas.
D Mechanical efficiency
Fig. 7: Speed Vs Mechanical Efficiency at Lower Constant Load for both Petrol and Enriched Biogas.
Form Figure 7 We can see that in this narrow range of constant load mechanical efficiency is higher in
enriched biogas and increasing with respect to speed whereas in petrol engine it remains almost constant.
Mechanical efficiency indicates that how good an engine is in converting indicated power to useful power
considering design and operating condition. Frictional losses are found clearly lower in case of Enriched biogas.
At 1800 RPM mechanical efficiency of enriched biogas is 42.93 whereas for petrol it is just 30.87 which show
mechanical efficiency increase of 39.06% when using enriched biogas engine.
E Running Cost
Fig. 8: Speed Vs Price (Rs. /h) at Lower Constant Load for both Petrol and Enriched Biogas.
Form Figure 8 It is found that if the engine run for one hour at 1100, 1500 and 1800 RPM, running cost
based on fuel consumption (kg/h) is Rs. 44.43, Rs. 44.43 and Rs. 51.84 for petrol engine respectively and Rs.
31.09, Rs. 33.25, Rs. 42.62 respectively, which clearly indicates percentage decrease from petrol to Enriched
Biogas of 30.02 %, 25.16 %, and 17.78 % on price bases accordingly.
VI. Conclusion
It is concluded that Brake specific fuel consumption, Mechanical efficiency in enriched biogas engine
is higher compared to petrol engine and its brake thermal efficiency were found low. Running Cost of enriched
biogas is very low compared to petrol mode which gives the most important benefit of using enriched biogas
over petrol.
7. Performance Analysis of Enriched Biogas Fuelled Stationary Single Cylinder SI Engine
DOI: 10.9790/1684-1302042127 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
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