The document summarizes an ambient air quality study conducted in six major cities of Pakistan. The study measured concentrations of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and other pollutants at multiple locations in each city. Pollutant levels exceeded national standards at many sites and were highest in Karachi. Transportation emissions were identified as a major contributor to air pollution. The study recommends improvements to vehicle and fuel standards, and development of public transportation, to reduce pollution levels.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Dr Francis Pope, University of BirminghamIES / IAQM
Talk title: Trialling EDAR in the UK a new remote sensing device for measuring vehicle emissions.
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Road Runoff Water from...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Road runoff water samples were collected for the
analysis of eight PAHs during first flush and aftermath in
monsoon season of the year 2014-15 from 12 sites
associated with high traffic activities round the clock . All
the sites were selected for investigation to represent the
high traffic activity areas of Guwahati city, Assam, India.
Eight common environmental PAHs [Phenanthrene-(PHE),
Benzo(K)FLUORANTHENE(-BKF), Benz(a) Pyrene-
(BAP), Benzo(ghi)Pyrene-(BGHIP), Benzo(a)
Anthracene/Chrysene-(BAA/CHR), Fluoranthene-(FLT),
Pyrene-(PYR), Anthracene-(ANT)] were found to be
distributed and the concentrartion of PAHs was
determined by using HPLC technique. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially mutagenic and
carcinogenic substances occurring at various
concentrations in atmosphere, soils, waters and sediments.
PAHs, inherited both from natural and anthropogenic
processes, are persistent organic pollutants (POP) due to
their chemical stability and biodegradation resistance.
The present data indicates that the total average
of PAHs over the investigated sites was ranged from 0.005
ng/l to 0.057 ng/l. On individual scale, the highest
concentration were 0.057 ng/l and 0.053 ng/l for BKF and
ANT. The investigation showed the carcinogenic content of
PAHs (BKF) was found in all the investigated runoff water
samples. The increase of road transportation, and of
industrial and activities has led to a notable build up of
PAH amounts in the environmental media.
Plenary talk at ISPAC conference on the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental forensics. Covers basics of what enviromental forensics investigations (EFIs) are and how PAHs can be used to help determine sources of releases (creosote, railway ties), oil sands development and oil spill releases (Macondo oil spill, gulf oil spill).
Presentation from 2007 to AWMA conference on vapour intrusion. Presentation covers the environmental forensics investigation of gases to identify the sources of the potential vapour intrusion. Techniques used both standard gas analysis as well as isotopic analysis of selected gases to identify the likely sources.
In this study, analysis of DRO and ORO (C10-C40) were performed using a Shimadzu GC-FID equipped with fast temperature programmable (FTP) column that aim to significantly reduce the run time for this analysis.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Dr Francis Pope, University of BirminghamIES / IAQM
Talk title: Trialling EDAR in the UK a new remote sensing device for measuring vehicle emissions.
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Road Runoff Water from...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Road runoff water samples were collected for the
analysis of eight PAHs during first flush and aftermath in
monsoon season of the year 2014-15 from 12 sites
associated with high traffic activities round the clock . All
the sites were selected for investigation to represent the
high traffic activity areas of Guwahati city, Assam, India.
Eight common environmental PAHs [Phenanthrene-(PHE),
Benzo(K)FLUORANTHENE(-BKF), Benz(a) Pyrene-
(BAP), Benzo(ghi)Pyrene-(BGHIP), Benzo(a)
Anthracene/Chrysene-(BAA/CHR), Fluoranthene-(FLT),
Pyrene-(PYR), Anthracene-(ANT)] were found to be
distributed and the concentrartion of PAHs was
determined by using HPLC technique. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially mutagenic and
carcinogenic substances occurring at various
concentrations in atmosphere, soils, waters and sediments.
PAHs, inherited both from natural and anthropogenic
processes, are persistent organic pollutants (POP) due to
their chemical stability and biodegradation resistance.
The present data indicates that the total average
of PAHs over the investigated sites was ranged from 0.005
ng/l to 0.057 ng/l. On individual scale, the highest
concentration were 0.057 ng/l and 0.053 ng/l for BKF and
ANT. The investigation showed the carcinogenic content of
PAHs (BKF) was found in all the investigated runoff water
samples. The increase of road transportation, and of
industrial and activities has led to a notable build up of
PAH amounts in the environmental media.
Plenary talk at ISPAC conference on the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental forensics. Covers basics of what enviromental forensics investigations (EFIs) are and how PAHs can be used to help determine sources of releases (creosote, railway ties), oil sands development and oil spill releases (Macondo oil spill, gulf oil spill).
Presentation from 2007 to AWMA conference on vapour intrusion. Presentation covers the environmental forensics investigation of gases to identify the sources of the potential vapour intrusion. Techniques used both standard gas analysis as well as isotopic analysis of selected gases to identify the likely sources.
In this study, analysis of DRO and ORO (C10-C40) were performed using a Shimadzu GC-FID equipped with fast temperature programmable (FTP) column that aim to significantly reduce the run time for this analysis.
Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measure...Gurdas Sandhu
See journal paper at http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2340-02
Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are useful for quantification of real-world vehicle activity, energy use, and emissions. However, there is no standard methodology for processing PEMS data; this can lead to errors in reported results. PEMS typically include tail-pipe exhaust gas and particle analyzers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, engine sensors, and electronic control unit (ECU) data loggers. The sensitivity of estimated emission rates to random errors in measurements is quantified. Methods are evaluated for identification and correction of improper synchronization of PEMS, ECU, and GPS data streams and for road grade estimation. Estimated fuel use and emission rates for light- and heavy-duty vehicles are sensitive to errors in intake manifold absolute pressure and engine revolutions per minute values and in indicators of air-to-fuel ratio including carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. Synchronization can be aided by maximizing the Pearson correlation coefficient between two indicator variables and confirming the result by matching concurrent increases in indicator variables. The effect of improper synchronization on estimated modal emission rates is quantified. Modal average emission rates based on vehicle-specific power (VSP) are more sensitive to improperly synchronized engine versus GPS data. Improperly synchronized data streams result in decreased variability between the lowest and highest modal average emission rates. Estimation of road grade from a linear least squares slope of elevation over a specified distance is demonstrated. VSP-based modal fuel use and pollutant emission rates are less sensitive to differences in road grade than to errors in synchronization.
This presentation was a plenary talk on environmental forensics delivered at the 2011 Dioxin Conference in Brussels (www.dioxin2011.org). The presentation focused on the topic of environmental forensics investigations and techniques and their application to the field of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Using environmental forensics techniques to identify fugitive methane. Techniques included VOCs, fixed gases, stable isotopes, and radioactive carbon to identify soil gas samples from a variety of urban settings.
AWMA presentation on the use of stable isotopes and other environmental forensic techniques to determine the source of fugitive methane. Originally presented in 2007 at an AWMA conference in Calgary. The presentation covered an investigative of methane in areas around Calgary using different environmental and geoforensics techniques to identify the sources of methane at the different locations. A variety of analyses were used such as isotopic analysis, VOC analysis, and gas composition analysis.
3° Presentazione del Workshop Finale del Progetto IPA/BC-Monitor
Il progetto IPA/BC-Monitor ha sviluppato un sistema innovativo, compatto e standalone, per la misura online di due componenti chiave del particolato atmosferico, IPA e BC.
Sito web del progetto: www.ipabcmonitor.it
Chemometrical Optimization for Fourier Transform Near Infrared Analysis of Su...IJERD Editor
Real-time evaluation of sugar quality requires determining the content of sugar brix in the steps of
the cane sugar process. Sugar brix is a key indicator for evaluating sugar quality. Fourier transform near infrared
(FTNIR) spectroscopy is a simple, rapid and non-destructive technology on the analysis of material contents. In
this study, the chemometric algorithm of parameter-combined tuning of Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoother and
Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was utilized for FTNIR analysis of sugar brix content in sugarcane
clarified juice, an important intermediate product in cane sugar industry. The algorithms of combined
optimization of SG smoother and PLS regression was achieved and the calibration models were established
optimized by screening the expanded 540 SG smoothing modes and the 1-30 latent valuables (LV). The
optimized models have high predictive accuracy. These results confirm that the combined optimization of SG
smoothing modes and PLS LVs is effective in the quantitative determination of sugar brix contents in sugarcane
clarified juice, and that the FTNIR spectroscopic technology with its chemometric algorithms have the potential
in the analysis of cane sugar intermediates.
USE OF VPH/EPH/APH DATA TO
CHARACTERIZE RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT FROM PETROLEUM EXPOSURES
1st International Congress on Petroleum Contaminated Soils, Sediments, and Water
Analysis, Assessment and Remediation
Imperial College, London, U.K.
Workshop No. 05
14 August 2001
Amy Stidworthy - Optimising local air quality models with sensor data - DMUG17IES / IAQM
An unapologetically technical conference, DMUG remains the key annual event for experts in this field. Unmissable speakers will be examining topical issues in emissions, exposure and dispersion modelling.
Effects of Errors on Vehicle Emission Rates from Portable Emissions Measure...Gurdas Sandhu
See journal paper at http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2340-02
Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are useful for quantification of real-world vehicle activity, energy use, and emissions. However, there is no standard methodology for processing PEMS data; this can lead to errors in reported results. PEMS typically include tail-pipe exhaust gas and particle analyzers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, engine sensors, and electronic control unit (ECU) data loggers. The sensitivity of estimated emission rates to random errors in measurements is quantified. Methods are evaluated for identification and correction of improper synchronization of PEMS, ECU, and GPS data streams and for road grade estimation. Estimated fuel use and emission rates for light- and heavy-duty vehicles are sensitive to errors in intake manifold absolute pressure and engine revolutions per minute values and in indicators of air-to-fuel ratio including carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. Synchronization can be aided by maximizing the Pearson correlation coefficient between two indicator variables and confirming the result by matching concurrent increases in indicator variables. The effect of improper synchronization on estimated modal emission rates is quantified. Modal average emission rates based on vehicle-specific power (VSP) are more sensitive to improperly synchronized engine versus GPS data. Improperly synchronized data streams result in decreased variability between the lowest and highest modal average emission rates. Estimation of road grade from a linear least squares slope of elevation over a specified distance is demonstrated. VSP-based modal fuel use and pollutant emission rates are less sensitive to differences in road grade than to errors in synchronization.
This presentation was a plenary talk on environmental forensics delivered at the 2011 Dioxin Conference in Brussels (www.dioxin2011.org). The presentation focused on the topic of environmental forensics investigations and techniques and their application to the field of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Using environmental forensics techniques to identify fugitive methane. Techniques included VOCs, fixed gases, stable isotopes, and radioactive carbon to identify soil gas samples from a variety of urban settings.
AWMA presentation on the use of stable isotopes and other environmental forensic techniques to determine the source of fugitive methane. Originally presented in 2007 at an AWMA conference in Calgary. The presentation covered an investigative of methane in areas around Calgary using different environmental and geoforensics techniques to identify the sources of methane at the different locations. A variety of analyses were used such as isotopic analysis, VOC analysis, and gas composition analysis.
3° Presentazione del Workshop Finale del Progetto IPA/BC-Monitor
Il progetto IPA/BC-Monitor ha sviluppato un sistema innovativo, compatto e standalone, per la misura online di due componenti chiave del particolato atmosferico, IPA e BC.
Sito web del progetto: www.ipabcmonitor.it
Chemometrical Optimization for Fourier Transform Near Infrared Analysis of Su...IJERD Editor
Real-time evaluation of sugar quality requires determining the content of sugar brix in the steps of
the cane sugar process. Sugar brix is a key indicator for evaluating sugar quality. Fourier transform near infrared
(FTNIR) spectroscopy is a simple, rapid and non-destructive technology on the analysis of material contents. In
this study, the chemometric algorithm of parameter-combined tuning of Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoother and
Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression was utilized for FTNIR analysis of sugar brix content in sugarcane
clarified juice, an important intermediate product in cane sugar industry. The algorithms of combined
optimization of SG smoother and PLS regression was achieved and the calibration models were established
optimized by screening the expanded 540 SG smoothing modes and the 1-30 latent valuables (LV). The
optimized models have high predictive accuracy. These results confirm that the combined optimization of SG
smoothing modes and PLS LVs is effective in the quantitative determination of sugar brix contents in sugarcane
clarified juice, and that the FTNIR spectroscopic technology with its chemometric algorithms have the potential
in the analysis of cane sugar intermediates.
USE OF VPH/EPH/APH DATA TO
CHARACTERIZE RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT FROM PETROLEUM EXPOSURES
1st International Congress on Petroleum Contaminated Soils, Sediments, and Water
Analysis, Assessment and Remediation
Imperial College, London, U.K.
Workshop No. 05
14 August 2001
Amy Stidworthy - Optimising local air quality models with sensor data - DMUG17IES / IAQM
An unapologetically technical conference, DMUG remains the key annual event for experts in this field. Unmissable speakers will be examining topical issues in emissions, exposure and dispersion modelling.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A case study on Air Pollution in Cement IndustrySakib Shahriar
Air pollution is a major problem in Bangladesh. Cement industries are one of the most top contributors to GDP. They produce a lot of pollution in the environment. Local manufacturers do not maintain the requirement of the Department of Environment (DOE). This paper aims to study the pollution sources, emission inventory, emission monitoring, air pollution modeling, and pollution control equipment in the cement industry. Sample air pollution modeling is shown in AERMOD software. Finally, some recommendation was done in the paper.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Dr Kevin Turpin, TRLIES / IAQM
Talk title - Development of remote sensors for vehicle emissions detection
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
OBD-II and Oxygen Sensor: Review the I.C Engine - Emissions related PerformanceIJCERT
Increased awareness regarding the adverse effects of pollutants from automobile exhaust gases has been the main driving force for implementation of more and more stringent legislation on automobile exhaust emissions in many Countries. On Board Diagnostic (OBD), regulations in the USA for light and medium duty vehicles (I. C. Engines) are introducing to implement the air quality standard. California and the Federal Government used a driving cycle to certify 1966 and newer models which referred to as either California Cycle or the Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The California Air Resource Board (CARB) and the objective to reduce hydrocarbon (HC) emission caused by malfunction of the vehicles emission control systems adopted the California code of Regulations (CCR) known as OBD – II. The diagnosis is based on the oxygen sensor response time that is the amount of time to complete a switch from rich to lean or lean to rich transition that gives the ability to control the engine at stochiometric Air Fuel ratio. Typical values of lean mean voltage and rich mean voltage are 300 to 600 mill volts respectively. For post-cat O2 sensor, in particular, voltage level checks and heater systems checked and done and the failure thresholds for the post O2 sensor, diagnostic must not be set at a point beyond the failure limit where the catalyst diagnostic is affected.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
2. 1. Baseline (Ambient Air Quality) Study of Major Six Cities of Pakistan- ENERCON/UNDP 2. Feasibility Study & Development of Transportation Control Plan - City District Government Karachi
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9. Map of Karachi Showing Sampling Locations ARI QUALITY IN KARACHI
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11. Parameters monitored at each site in Six Major Cities Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants Meteorological parameters Traffic count TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) Non-Methane hydrocarbons Ambient air temperature Diesel vehicles Coaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks PM10 (Particulate Matter <10u) Methane hydrocarbons Wind speed Petrol vehicles M/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis NO x CO 2 Wind direction SO 2 Noise Level Humidity O 3 CO Lead
12. METHODOLOGY Pollutants Methods Instruments/ Analyzer NOx as NO 2 40 CFR Method in Appendix F of Part 50 NOx Analyzer, Chemiluminescence) SO 2 40 CFR Method in Appendix A Part50 SO 2 Analyzer (Fluorescence) O 3 40 CFR Method in Appendix D of Part 50 Ozone Analyzer CO Method in Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO Analyzer CO 2 40 CFR Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO 2 Analyzer TSP 40 CFR Method in Appendix B of Part 50 High Volume Sampler PM10 40 CFR Appendix J of Part 50 PM 10 High Volume Sampler Lead 40 CFR Appendix G of Part 50 Using Graphite Furnace of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Hydrocarbons (Methane & Non-methane) Method 18 Part 53 of 40 CFR ?? FID Hydrocarbon Analyzer Noise Level 40 CFR Part 201 Sound Level Meter
13. Calibration of Equipment Analyzer Calibration Method Frequency CO (IR Gas Filter Correlation) CO Concentration Standard Use of SRM (Zero & SPAN) Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site NOx (Chemiluminescence) Dilution Gas Method -do- High volume Sampler, PM 10 Fix Orifice Calibrator Before Monitoring at a Site SO 2 (UV Fluorescence) Gas Dilution Method (Permeation Device) Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site O 3 (UV Photometry) Using Zero Air and Ozone Generator -do- CO 2 (IR Gas Filter Correlation) CO 2 Concentration Standard Use of SRM (Zero & SPAN) -do- Hydrocarbons (HC 500-2E) (FID) Gas Dilution Method (Methane) -do- Lead Reference SRM From USEPA Every Batch
17. Automatic high-speed computer controlled digital camera for recording the traffic count is available onboard the mobile labs. Traffic Counting with classification of vehicles
18. Air Quality Study MONITORING SITES PARAMETERS MONITORED AT EACH SITE Collected ambient air quality data in six (6) cities of the country through appropriate monitoring techniques. Number of sites monitored in each city are shown below. Monitoring was carried out continuously for 48 hrs at a site & repeated during the 4 cycles (1-year). Data so collected has been statistically analyzed Cities No. of Points/Sites Karachi 10 Lahore 7 Islamabad 3 Rawalpindi 5 Peshawar 5 Quetta 3 Total 33 Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants Meteorological parameters Traffic count TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) Non-Methane hydrocarbons Ambient air temperature Diesel vehicles Coaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks PM10 (Particulate Matter <10u) Methane hydrocarbons Wind speed Petrol vehicles M/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis NO x CO 2 Wind direction SO 2 Noise Level Humidity O 3 CO Lead
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20. Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutants USEPA WHO (2005) Averaging Time Standard Averaging Time Guideline Values SO 2 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN 365µg/m3 (140 ppb) 80µg/m3 (30 ppb) 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN 10 MIN 125 µg/m3 (48 ppb) 50µg/m3 (20 ppb) 500µg/m3 (190 ppb) CO 8 HRS 1 HR 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) 40 mg/m3 (35 ppm) 8 HRS 1 HR 10mg/m3 (9 ppm) 30 mg/m3 (25 ppm) NOx ANNUAL MEAN 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) ANNUAL MEAN 1 HR 40 µg/m3 (20 ppb) 200 µg/m3 (105 ppb) O 3 1 HR 8 HRs 235µg/m3 (120 ppb) 160µg/m3 (80 ppb) 8 HRS 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) PM 10 24 HRS Annual Mean 150µg/m3 50µg/m3 ANNUAL MEAN 24 HRs 20 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 TSP 24-HRS 260 g/m 3 24-HRS 150-230 g/m 3
21. AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR TSP LEVELS US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs) US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs) TSP level In Ambient air (2003-2004) TSP level on Vehicular Corridor( 2005 CDGK Study)
22. AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR PM10 LEVELS US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis) PM10 level In Ambient air (2003-2004) TSP level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)
23. US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm CO LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR
24. SO 2 LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO 2 is 140 ppb (365 g/m 3 )
25. NOx LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR & ON VEHICULAR CORRIDORS USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean) NOx level In Ambient air (2003-04) NOx level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)
44. Vehicular Air Pollution in Karachi, high pollutants levels affect the human health, deteriorate the physical environment. Transport Mismanagement verse the existing situation. Efficient Mass Transport system may be the good solution for better environment. Efficient mass transit system