The document discusses the evolution of electric power systems from the late 19th century to the present. Key developments include the shift from DC to AC systems in the late 1880s, increasing transmission voltages from the early 1900s to the 1990s, and the development of HVDC transmission in the 1950s to overcome limitations of HVAC systems. It also summarizes the present state of the Indian power system and projected scenarios by 2012 with increasing installed capacity, demand, and the need for stronger inter-regional transmission networks. Emerging transmission technologies discussed include UHVAC, gas insulated lines, HVDC-Light, and FACTS devices.
1) HVDC transmission was first developed in the late 19th century by Rene Thury. Early systems used DC series generators and mechanical converters.
2) HVDC became more viable with the development of mercury arc valves in the 1950s and thyristor valves in the 1960s, allowing more efficient conversion between AC and DC.
3) HVDC is preferable to HVAC for long distance bulk power transmission, asynchronous connections, offshore wind connections, and other applications where HVDC has technical advantages over HVAC. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, smoothing reactors, filters, and the DC transmission line.
A CASE STUDY : CHANDRAPUR-PADGHE HVDC BIPOLEMANISH CHAVAN
This document summarizes the Chandrapur-Padghe 500KV 1500 MW HVDC bipolar transmission link in Maharashtra, India. The 752km link transmits power from the Chandrapur super thermal power station to the western part of the state. It has two poles of 750MW each connected in a bipolar configuration and has been operational since 1999. Some key advantages of HVDC transmission are lower transmission losses, ability to interconnect different power systems, higher transmission capacity, and greater stability compared to AC systems. The project was financed through loans from organizations like the World Bank and received grants from Swedish agencies.
This document presents information on HVDC transmission and FACTS technology. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC transmission, including its ability to transmit power over long distances with lower losses compared to AC transmission. It also introduces various FACTS controllers and their advantages in enhancing power flow control and transmission capacity. While FACTS can improve AC system utilization, HVDC may be less expensive for long distance overhead transmission or submarine cables. Both technologies are complementary with HVDC suitable for interconnecting unsynchronized AC systems and FACTS providing added benefits within AC networks.
HVDC transmission provides several advantages over AC transmission including:
1. No reactive power losses, improved stability, and the ability to control power flow with converters.
2. DC transmission is more economical than AC for distances longer than 500-800km due to reduced infrastructure needs.
3. Technical performance is enhanced with DC such as improved transient stability and fast fault control without circuit breakers.
4. DC links allow asynchronous interconnection between AC systems with different frequencies without disturbances.
The document discusses HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission systems as an alternative to HVAC (high voltage alternating current) systems. Some key points:
- HVDC systems allow for controlled and precise power flow between asynchronous grids, have no limitations on transmission distance, and provide stability benefits.
- HVDC uses line-commutated converters to convert AC to DC at the sending end and DC back to AC at the receiving end. These converters use thyristor valves to control the DC voltage through adjustment of the firing angle.
- A 12-pulse converter configuration is commonly used, with two 6-pulse bridges connected in series with a 30 degree phase shift between them to reduce harmonics.
HVDC Transmission System Today's Upgrading TechnologyDixit Patel
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line is highly use in today's generation for long power transmission system because it has many great advantages over HVAC Transmission system. It's requires low transmission line space and more space we can use around transmission line over HVAC transmission line.
The document discusses Mohd Abdul Sohail's seminar on high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. It introduces HVDC, describes the basic principles and components of HVDC systems. The document compares the cost of HVDC to HVAC transmission and lists several advantages of HVDC, such as its ability to transmit electricity over long distances and interconnect separate power grids. It also notes some disadvantages of HVDC, such as higher costs and need for more maintenance of insulators. The objectives of HVDC control systems are to ensure efficient, stable and flexible operation during normal and abnormal conditions.
This document provides an overview of voltage source converters (VSC) for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. It discusses the components and operation of VSC-HVDC systems, including different converter configurations like two-level, three-level, and modular multi-level converters. It also compares VSC-HVDC to conventional HVDC systems using line-commutated converters, noting advantages of VSC-HVDC like eliminating the need for reactive power compensation and reducing the risk of commutation failures.
1) HVDC transmission was first developed in the late 19th century by Rene Thury. Early systems used DC series generators and mechanical converters.
2) HVDC became more viable with the development of mercury arc valves in the 1950s and thyristor valves in the 1960s, allowing more efficient conversion between AC and DC.
3) HVDC is preferable to HVAC for long distance bulk power transmission, asynchronous connections, offshore wind connections, and other applications where HVDC has technical advantages over HVAC. Key components of HVDC systems include converters, smoothing reactors, filters, and the DC transmission line.
A CASE STUDY : CHANDRAPUR-PADGHE HVDC BIPOLEMANISH CHAVAN
This document summarizes the Chandrapur-Padghe 500KV 1500 MW HVDC bipolar transmission link in Maharashtra, India. The 752km link transmits power from the Chandrapur super thermal power station to the western part of the state. It has two poles of 750MW each connected in a bipolar configuration and has been operational since 1999. Some key advantages of HVDC transmission are lower transmission losses, ability to interconnect different power systems, higher transmission capacity, and greater stability compared to AC systems. The project was financed through loans from organizations like the World Bank and received grants from Swedish agencies.
This document presents information on HVDC transmission and FACTS technology. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC transmission, including its ability to transmit power over long distances with lower losses compared to AC transmission. It also introduces various FACTS controllers and their advantages in enhancing power flow control and transmission capacity. While FACTS can improve AC system utilization, HVDC may be less expensive for long distance overhead transmission or submarine cables. Both technologies are complementary with HVDC suitable for interconnecting unsynchronized AC systems and FACTS providing added benefits within AC networks.
HVDC transmission provides several advantages over AC transmission including:
1. No reactive power losses, improved stability, and the ability to control power flow with converters.
2. DC transmission is more economical than AC for distances longer than 500-800km due to reduced infrastructure needs.
3. Technical performance is enhanced with DC such as improved transient stability and fast fault control without circuit breakers.
4. DC links allow asynchronous interconnection between AC systems with different frequencies without disturbances.
The document discusses HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission systems as an alternative to HVAC (high voltage alternating current) systems. Some key points:
- HVDC systems allow for controlled and precise power flow between asynchronous grids, have no limitations on transmission distance, and provide stability benefits.
- HVDC uses line-commutated converters to convert AC to DC at the sending end and DC back to AC at the receiving end. These converters use thyristor valves to control the DC voltage through adjustment of the firing angle.
- A 12-pulse converter configuration is commonly used, with two 6-pulse bridges connected in series with a 30 degree phase shift between them to reduce harmonics.
HVDC Transmission System Today's Upgrading TechnologyDixit Patel
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line is highly use in today's generation for long power transmission system because it has many great advantages over HVAC Transmission system. It's requires low transmission line space and more space we can use around transmission line over HVAC transmission line.
The document discusses Mohd Abdul Sohail's seminar on high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. It introduces HVDC, describes the basic principles and components of HVDC systems. The document compares the cost of HVDC to HVAC transmission and lists several advantages of HVDC, such as its ability to transmit electricity over long distances and interconnect separate power grids. It also notes some disadvantages of HVDC, such as higher costs and need for more maintenance of insulators. The objectives of HVDC control systems are to ensure efficient, stable and flexible operation during normal and abnormal conditions.
This document provides an overview of voltage source converters (VSC) for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. It discusses the components and operation of VSC-HVDC systems, including different converter configurations like two-level, three-level, and modular multi-level converters. It also compares VSC-HVDC to conventional HVDC systems using line-commutated converters, noting advantages of VSC-HVDC like eliminating the need for reactive power compensation and reducing the risk of commutation failures.
HVDC transmission involves transmitting electricity over long distances using direct current instead of alternating current. It has advantages over AC transmission such as lower line losses over long distances and only requiring two conductors. HVDC transmission uses thyristor valves and capacitor commutated converters to convert AC to DC and back. It allows for asynchronous interconnection of two AC power systems and is used for long distance bulk power transmission and underwater/underground cables.
This document provides an overview of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. It discusses the motivations and components of HVDC systems, including converter stations and DC transmission lines. Some key advantages of HVDC are its ability to transmit large amounts of power over long distances with lower losses than alternating current systems. HVDC also allows asynchronous connections between AC systems and control over power flow direction.
Conventional and emerging converter technologies in hvdc power transmission s...Naveed Shahzad
The efficiency of HVDC system is primarily associated with power electronic converters which are playing the key role in transforming AC to DC and vice versa. There have been several converter topologies known and implemented in HVDC system throughout the world, however the major converter topologies are line commutated-current source converters (CSC) and self-commutated voltage source converters (VSC). This presentation provides an overview and comparison of CSC and VSC converters including their applications, advantages, limitations and new technological advancement related to CSC, and VSC including 2 level VSC and 3 level VSC and newer modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies.
This project aims to simulate a VSC HVDC transmission system in MATLAB/Simulink and analyze various DC faults. A PWM control system was designed for the sending end and tested, showing good transient and steady-state performance. The document describes the components of a VSC HVDC system and analyzes short, medium, and long duration DC faults. Simulation results demonstrate the controller's effectiveness in regulating the system during disturbances.
This document discusses high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission and compares it to high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission. It notes that HVDC is more efficient for long distance power transmission as losses are lower. The history and evolution of HVDC are presented, including early projects in Europe and growth globally. India's adoption and expansion of HVDC are covered. Technical advantages of HVDC include better voltage regulation and controllability while economic advantages include lower costs for lines and cables. Disadvantages include costly converter stations and inability to transmit reactive power. The document concludes that HVDC is more reliable than HVAC for long distance bulk power transmission including between unsynchronized grids.
HVDC transmission involves converting AC power to DC, transmitting it through DC lines, and converting it back to AC. It has technical advantages over AC like lower transmission losses and asynchronous operation. Economically, DC lines and cables are cheaper to build than AC, and losses during transmission are lower. HVDC is used in long distance bulk power transmission and for undersea power cables due to its advantages over high voltage AC for these applications. Major HVDC projects in India transmit power between different regions of the country.
HVDC Bridge and Station Configurations
1. General HVDC – HVAC Comparisons
2. Components of a Converter Bridge
3. HVDC scheme configurations
Operation of the HVDC converter
1. General assumptions
2. Rectifier operation with uncontrolled valves and X = 0
3. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X = 0
4. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X 0
5. Inverter operation with controlled valves and X 0
6. Commutation and Commutation Failure
7. Reactive Power Requirements
8. Short-circuit capacity requirements for an HVDC terminal.
9. Harmonics and filtering on the AC and DC sides
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission. Some key points:
- HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.
- HVDC uses direct current instead of alternating current to transmit electricity over long distances. It requires only two conductors instead of three. Losses are also lower compared to HVAC.
- HVDC transmission can be classified as homopolar, monopolar or bipolar depending on the conductor configuration. Early HVDC projects in India included the Rihand-Delhi and Chandrapur-Padghe lines which helped transmit
Bulk transmission of electricity over long distances at high voltages helps transfer power from surplus to deficit regions in India. The transmission network in India has expanded significantly from 3,708 circuit km in 1950 to over 280,000 circuit km today. A national grid connecting regional grids was established in stages, achieving a single national grid with one frequency in 2013. High voltage transmission above 132kV is preferred for reduced transmission losses. The Power Grid Corporation of India manages the national transmission system and ensures integrated operation.
This document discusses fault analysis in HVDC and HVAC transmission lines. It begins with a brief history of HVDC systems and then covers the basics of HVDC transmission including components and types. The main sections compare HVAC and HVDC systems, discuss fault analysis in both, and describe various protection methods. HVDC transmission is described as advantageous for long distance bulk power transmission, underground/underwater cables, and asynchronous grid interconnection. Protection of AC and DC lines includes overcurrent, overvoltage, and DC reactor methods.
Neil Kirby: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies in DC GridsEnergyTech2015
The document discusses emerging HVDC transmission and grid technologies presented by Neil Kirby at EnergyTech2015. It summarizes HVDC converter types, control methods for HVDC grids using slack bus and droop control, protection challenges for DC grids, and future converter technologies like modular multi-level converters that enable DC circuit breakers. It presents diagrams and examples of various converter configurations including full bridge and alternate arm designs that could help realize more versatile and controllable DC grids.
HVDC transmission systems allow for long distance and submarine power transmission with lower transmission losses compared to HVAC. HVDC uses converter stations to convert AC to DC for transmission and back to AC at the receiving end. Some key advantages are long distance transmission over 500km is more economical with HVDC, lower line losses, and ability to interconnect AC grids of different frequencies. HVDC is increasingly being used to integrate renewable energy sources like offshore wind farms.
• Introduction: VSC-HVDC connections
• VSC-HVDC structure and controller
• VSC-HVDC connected OWF frequency control
- Control strategy
- Simulation results
• VSC-HVDC interconnector frequency control
- Control strategy
- Simulation results
• Conclusion and future works
Evolution of transmission sector in India, Regional and National Grid, Market structure, Transmission & Substation capacity, Distribution system in India
This document is a seminar paper on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission presented by Pankaj Chaudhary. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. HVDC uses direct current for transmission and converters are used to convert AC to DC. It allows asynchronous connections of AC networks and bulk power transmission over long distances or underwater.
1. HVDC transmission systems use direct current for electricity transmission over long distances or through underwater cables. This became practical with the development of thyristors and solid state valves.
2. DC transmission has advantages over AC transmission for long distance transmission, as power transfer in DC lines is unaffected by distance. It also allows asynchronous interconnection between grids and monopolar operation.
3. While DC transmission has higher upfront equipment costs, it has better technical performance than AC transmission for long distance or underwater cables, making it economical beyond the break-even distance.
This document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. It begins with an introduction stating that MTDC systems have more than two converter stations that can operate as either rectifiers or inverters. It then describes the two types of MTDC systems - series and parallel (including radial and mesh configurations). The document outlines some applications of MTDC systems, as well as typical problems. It notes advantages like reversible power flow and lack of commutation failures, and disadvantages such as need for large smoothing reactors. Finally, it discusses future aspects like microgrids and renewable integration, and concludes that VSC-HVDC technology may help address challenges and enable more MTDC system implementation.
ABB Limited has been selected to deliver the world's first multi-terminal 800 kV HVDC transmission system in India, worth $900 million. The system will connect four terminals across three converter stations, allowing up to 8,000 MW of power transmission. ABB will partner with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. to execute the project, including designing, supplying, and installing the converter stations. The first stage is scheduled to be operational in 2014 and the second in 2015, helping transmit hydroelectric power from northeastern India's 65,000 MW of resources to major load centers thousands of kilometers away.
Simulation and analysis of HVDC on MATLAB and PSCADVishal Bhimani
This document describes simulations of an HVDC transmission system using MATLAB and PSCAD software. It discusses simulating an HVDC transmission line on MATLAB, including the dynamic model, block diagram and simulation diagram. It also discusses simulating three-phase harmonic filters and locating faults on an HVDC light electrode line using PSCAD. The document provides details on the type of HVDC links, components, and advantages of HVDC simulation. It aims to introduce how HVDC systems work through various simulations of transmission lines, fault detection, harmonic control and more.
Power upgrading of transmission line by combining ac dc transmissionShailesh Senta
Long extra high voltage (EHV) ac lines cannot be loaded to their Thermal limits in order
to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With The scheme proposed in this
project, it is possible to load these lines very close to their thermal limits. The conductors
are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it.
The added dc power flow does not cause any transient instability. This Paper gives the
feasibility of converting a double circuit ac line into composite ac– dc power transmission
line to get the advantages of parallel ac–dc transmission to improve stability and damping
out oscillations. Simulation and experimental studies are carried out for the coordinated
control as well as independent control of ac and dc power transmissions. No alterations of
conductors, insulator strings, and towers of the original line are needed. Substantial gain in
the load ability of the line is obtained. Master current controller senses ac current and
regulates the dc current orders for converters online such that conductor current never
exceeds its thermal limit.
The document discusses various types of sensors used in power plant instrumentation including pressure, temperature, flow, level, vibration, expansion, speed, position, and weight sensors. Common sensors mentioned are gauges, transmitters, thermocouples, orifice flow meters, magnetic flow meters, differential pressure sensors, LVDT sensors, capacitance sensors, ultrasonic sensors, seismic probes, proximity probes, Hall probes, variable capacitance sensors, and load cells. These sensors monitor key parameters in power plants such as steam, water, air, gases, oil, flue gas, coal, drums, deaerator, heaters, hotwell, bunkers, hoppers, turbines, generators, fans, valves, and bear
1200 kv ultra high voltage transmission system by prannaya kumar giri & b...Prannay Kumar Giri
The document discusses India's adoption of a 1200KV ultra high voltage AC transmission system to increase power transfer capacity over long distances. Key points:
- India is building a 1200KV national test station in Bina, MP to test equipment and develop technical standards for 1200KV transmission.
- 1200KV transmission allows economical transfer of large amounts of power while reducing transmission losses, costs, and environmental impacts compared to lower voltages.
- The test station will be used to determine technical parameters for 1200KV circuit breakers, transformers, insulators and other equipment to enable indigenous development.
- Once established, the 1200KV system is expected to help meet India's growing power demand and allow integration of renewable energy sources
HVDC transmission involves transmitting electricity over long distances using direct current instead of alternating current. It has advantages over AC transmission such as lower line losses over long distances and only requiring two conductors. HVDC transmission uses thyristor valves and capacitor commutated converters to convert AC to DC and back. It allows for asynchronous interconnection of two AC power systems and is used for long distance bulk power transmission and underwater/underground cables.
This document provides an overview of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. It discusses the motivations and components of HVDC systems, including converter stations and DC transmission lines. Some key advantages of HVDC are its ability to transmit large amounts of power over long distances with lower losses than alternating current systems. HVDC also allows asynchronous connections between AC systems and control over power flow direction.
Conventional and emerging converter technologies in hvdc power transmission s...Naveed Shahzad
The efficiency of HVDC system is primarily associated with power electronic converters which are playing the key role in transforming AC to DC and vice versa. There have been several converter topologies known and implemented in HVDC system throughout the world, however the major converter topologies are line commutated-current source converters (CSC) and self-commutated voltage source converters (VSC). This presentation provides an overview and comparison of CSC and VSC converters including their applications, advantages, limitations and new technological advancement related to CSC, and VSC including 2 level VSC and 3 level VSC and newer modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies.
This project aims to simulate a VSC HVDC transmission system in MATLAB/Simulink and analyze various DC faults. A PWM control system was designed for the sending end and tested, showing good transient and steady-state performance. The document describes the components of a VSC HVDC system and analyzes short, medium, and long duration DC faults. Simulation results demonstrate the controller's effectiveness in regulating the system during disturbances.
This document discusses high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission and compares it to high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission. It notes that HVDC is more efficient for long distance power transmission as losses are lower. The history and evolution of HVDC are presented, including early projects in Europe and growth globally. India's adoption and expansion of HVDC are covered. Technical advantages of HVDC include better voltage regulation and controllability while economic advantages include lower costs for lines and cables. Disadvantages include costly converter stations and inability to transmit reactive power. The document concludes that HVDC is more reliable than HVAC for long distance bulk power transmission including between unsynchronized grids.
HVDC transmission involves converting AC power to DC, transmitting it through DC lines, and converting it back to AC. It has technical advantages over AC like lower transmission losses and asynchronous operation. Economically, DC lines and cables are cheaper to build than AC, and losses during transmission are lower. HVDC is used in long distance bulk power transmission and for undersea power cables due to its advantages over high voltage AC for these applications. Major HVDC projects in India transmit power between different regions of the country.
HVDC Bridge and Station Configurations
1. General HVDC – HVAC Comparisons
2. Components of a Converter Bridge
3. HVDC scheme configurations
Operation of the HVDC converter
1. General assumptions
2. Rectifier operation with uncontrolled valves and X = 0
3. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X = 0
4. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X 0
5. Inverter operation with controlled valves and X 0
6. Commutation and Commutation Failure
7. Reactive Power Requirements
8. Short-circuit capacity requirements for an HVDC terminal.
9. Harmonics and filtering on the AC and DC sides
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission. Some key points:
- HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.
- HVDC uses direct current instead of alternating current to transmit electricity over long distances. It requires only two conductors instead of three. Losses are also lower compared to HVAC.
- HVDC transmission can be classified as homopolar, monopolar or bipolar depending on the conductor configuration. Early HVDC projects in India included the Rihand-Delhi and Chandrapur-Padghe lines which helped transmit
Bulk transmission of electricity over long distances at high voltages helps transfer power from surplus to deficit regions in India. The transmission network in India has expanded significantly from 3,708 circuit km in 1950 to over 280,000 circuit km today. A national grid connecting regional grids was established in stages, achieving a single national grid with one frequency in 2013. High voltage transmission above 132kV is preferred for reduced transmission losses. The Power Grid Corporation of India manages the national transmission system and ensures integrated operation.
This document discusses fault analysis in HVDC and HVAC transmission lines. It begins with a brief history of HVDC systems and then covers the basics of HVDC transmission including components and types. The main sections compare HVAC and HVDC systems, discuss fault analysis in both, and describe various protection methods. HVDC transmission is described as advantageous for long distance bulk power transmission, underground/underwater cables, and asynchronous grid interconnection. Protection of AC and DC lines includes overcurrent, overvoltage, and DC reactor methods.
Neil Kirby: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies in DC GridsEnergyTech2015
The document discusses emerging HVDC transmission and grid technologies presented by Neil Kirby at EnergyTech2015. It summarizes HVDC converter types, control methods for HVDC grids using slack bus and droop control, protection challenges for DC grids, and future converter technologies like modular multi-level converters that enable DC circuit breakers. It presents diagrams and examples of various converter configurations including full bridge and alternate arm designs that could help realize more versatile and controllable DC grids.
HVDC transmission systems allow for long distance and submarine power transmission with lower transmission losses compared to HVAC. HVDC uses converter stations to convert AC to DC for transmission and back to AC at the receiving end. Some key advantages are long distance transmission over 500km is more economical with HVDC, lower line losses, and ability to interconnect AC grids of different frequencies. HVDC is increasingly being used to integrate renewable energy sources like offshore wind farms.
• Introduction: VSC-HVDC connections
• VSC-HVDC structure and controller
• VSC-HVDC connected OWF frequency control
- Control strategy
- Simulation results
• VSC-HVDC interconnector frequency control
- Control strategy
- Simulation results
• Conclusion and future works
Evolution of transmission sector in India, Regional and National Grid, Market structure, Transmission & Substation capacity, Distribution system in India
This document is a seminar paper on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission presented by Pankaj Chaudhary. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. HVDC uses direct current for transmission and converters are used to convert AC to DC. It allows asynchronous connections of AC networks and bulk power transmission over long distances or underwater.
1. HVDC transmission systems use direct current for electricity transmission over long distances or through underwater cables. This became practical with the development of thyristors and solid state valves.
2. DC transmission has advantages over AC transmission for long distance transmission, as power transfer in DC lines is unaffected by distance. It also allows asynchronous interconnection between grids and monopolar operation.
3. While DC transmission has higher upfront equipment costs, it has better technical performance than AC transmission for long distance or underwater cables, making it economical beyond the break-even distance.
This document discusses multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems. It begins with an introduction stating that MTDC systems have more than two converter stations that can operate as either rectifiers or inverters. It then describes the two types of MTDC systems - series and parallel (including radial and mesh configurations). The document outlines some applications of MTDC systems, as well as typical problems. It notes advantages like reversible power flow and lack of commutation failures, and disadvantages such as need for large smoothing reactors. Finally, it discusses future aspects like microgrids and renewable integration, and concludes that VSC-HVDC technology may help address challenges and enable more MTDC system implementation.
ABB Limited has been selected to deliver the world's first multi-terminal 800 kV HVDC transmission system in India, worth $900 million. The system will connect four terminals across three converter stations, allowing up to 8,000 MW of power transmission. ABB will partner with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. to execute the project, including designing, supplying, and installing the converter stations. The first stage is scheduled to be operational in 2014 and the second in 2015, helping transmit hydroelectric power from northeastern India's 65,000 MW of resources to major load centers thousands of kilometers away.
Simulation and analysis of HVDC on MATLAB and PSCADVishal Bhimani
This document describes simulations of an HVDC transmission system using MATLAB and PSCAD software. It discusses simulating an HVDC transmission line on MATLAB, including the dynamic model, block diagram and simulation diagram. It also discusses simulating three-phase harmonic filters and locating faults on an HVDC light electrode line using PSCAD. The document provides details on the type of HVDC links, components, and advantages of HVDC simulation. It aims to introduce how HVDC systems work through various simulations of transmission lines, fault detection, harmonic control and more.
Power upgrading of transmission line by combining ac dc transmissionShailesh Senta
Long extra high voltage (EHV) ac lines cannot be loaded to their Thermal limits in order
to keep sufficient margin against transient instability. With The scheme proposed in this
project, it is possible to load these lines very close to their thermal limits. The conductors
are allowed to carry usual ac along with dc superimposed on it.
The added dc power flow does not cause any transient instability. This Paper gives the
feasibility of converting a double circuit ac line into composite ac– dc power transmission
line to get the advantages of parallel ac–dc transmission to improve stability and damping
out oscillations. Simulation and experimental studies are carried out for the coordinated
control as well as independent control of ac and dc power transmissions. No alterations of
conductors, insulator strings, and towers of the original line are needed. Substantial gain in
the load ability of the line is obtained. Master current controller senses ac current and
regulates the dc current orders for converters online such that conductor current never
exceeds its thermal limit.
The document discusses various types of sensors used in power plant instrumentation including pressure, temperature, flow, level, vibration, expansion, speed, position, and weight sensors. Common sensors mentioned are gauges, transmitters, thermocouples, orifice flow meters, magnetic flow meters, differential pressure sensors, LVDT sensors, capacitance sensors, ultrasonic sensors, seismic probes, proximity probes, Hall probes, variable capacitance sensors, and load cells. These sensors monitor key parameters in power plants such as steam, water, air, gases, oil, flue gas, coal, drums, deaerator, heaters, hotwell, bunkers, hoppers, turbines, generators, fans, valves, and bear
1200 kv ultra high voltage transmission system by prannaya kumar giri & b...Prannay Kumar Giri
The document discusses India's adoption of a 1200KV ultra high voltage AC transmission system to increase power transfer capacity over long distances. Key points:
- India is building a 1200KV national test station in Bina, MP to test equipment and develop technical standards for 1200KV transmission.
- 1200KV transmission allows economical transfer of large amounts of power while reducing transmission losses, costs, and environmental impacts compared to lower voltages.
- The test station will be used to determine technical parameters for 1200KV circuit breakers, transformers, insulators and other equipment to enable indigenous development.
- Once established, the 1200KV system is expected to help meet India's growing power demand and allow integration of renewable energy sources
Ushering in a new era in power transmissionPavan Kumar
1) Power Grid is playing a key role in developing India's 1200 kV ultra high voltage transmission system to boost the country's transmission capacity and transmit power over long distances more efficiently.
2) A 1200 kV national test station was established at Bina in collaboration with domestic manufacturers to facilitate indigenous development of 1200KV technology and equipment through testing.
3) The initial operation of the 1200 kV test station will lay the foundation for future commercial 1200 kV projects in India like the Wardha-Aurangabad transmission line, which is the country's first 1200 kV line.
The document provides an overview of availability based tariff (ABT) in India. Some key points:
- ABT was introduced to address issues with the previous single and two-part tariff systems and encourage grid discipline.
- Under ABT, generators declare their expected output capacity daily and regional load dispatch centers schedule generation and issue dispatch instructions. Beneficiaries pay capacity charges based on entitlements and energy charges based on scheduled generation.
- Deviations from schedules are settled at 15-minute intervals using frequency-linked UI charges, with penalties for overdrawals at lower frequencies.
- Fixed costs recovered through capacity charges include return on equity, interest, depreciation and O&M. Variable
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid and its key components. It notes that power disturbances currently cost $25-188 billion per year and the 2003 Northeast blackout alone resulted in $6 billion in losses. A smart grid would have advanced sensing and measurement technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units, and distributed weather sensors to improve reliability. It would also feature integrated communications, advanced energy storage, and control methods that allow for more decentralized energy generation and fault isolation. The smart grid aims to create a more intelligent, interactive electricity infrastructure.
1. The document discusses protective schemes for electrical power systems. It describes how protective relays and circuit breakers are used to isolate faulty elements of a power system to prevent damage and failure.
2. Faults can occur due to insulation failures or conductor failures and cause issues like equipment damage, fire hazards, voltage reductions, and loss of stability if not cleared quickly.
3. Protective relays monitor current, voltage, phase angle and frequency to detect faults. When a fault is detected, the relays signal circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section within seconds to prevent cascading issues.
This document describes a proposed nano mercury power generation system. It would use mercury's properties and a system of pipes, electrodes, and a motor/alternator to generate electricity through a steam process without the need for fuel. A prototype 100W system is presented with components like a DC motor, mercury storage chambers, and tungsten electrodes. Mercury would be cycled through the system to produce steam that drives the alternator, generating pollution-free power. The document outlines the working principles and potential applications of small to large-scale mercury power plants.
This document discusses the process of surveying and tower spotting for transmission lines. It explains that survey is the most important first step to identify the best possible route. Detailed surveys are then conducted using tools like theodolites to precisely map the alignment, measure distances, and note important features. Tower locations are then spotted by matching the tower footing curve to the terrain based on span limitations. Modern techniques like GPS, total stations, and CAD software can also be used to efficiently conduct the surveys and produce maps, models, and schedules needed for transmission line planning and construction.
ABT (Availability Based Tariff) - UI (Unscheduled Interchange)shyamies11
The document summarizes the introduction and implementation of Availability Based Tariff (ABT) in India's electricity sector. Some key points:
- ABT was introduced to address issues like grid instability and lack of incentives under the previous two-part tariff system. It establishes a three-part tariff with incentives for availability and penalties for deviations from schedules.
- Implementation began regionally in 2002-2003. ABT introduced the concept of unscheduled interchange (UI) charges for deviations above a certain band around 50Hz frequency. UI rates were gradually increased over time.
- The role of regional and national load dispatch centers is to administer scheduling, metering, and accounting for deviations and UI charges between
The document discusses India's power generation sources and capacity. It notes that thermal power makes up the largest share at 86,003 MW, followed by hydro at 36,953 MW. It provides a breakdown of installed capacity by source and highlights the emphasis on developing non-conventional energy sources like solar and wind. The document also discusses India's electricity act, tariff structures, scheduling guidelines, benefits of intra-state ABT, trends in grid disturbances and voltage profiles.
Inductorless DC-AC Cascaded H-bridge MultilevelBoost Inverter for Electric/...mkanth
This document describes an inductorless DC-AC cascaded H-bridge multilevel boost inverter for electric vehicle applications. It works by using an H-bridge in series with each inverter leg to boost the output voltage beyond what is possible with a traditional inverter. The inverter uses capacitor voltage regulation and fundamental switching control to output a 5-level phase voltage. Experimental results validated that it can achieve a much wider modulation index range compared to traditional inverters, allowing it to boost the output voltage.
The United Arab Emirates has a power production capacity of 18.74 GW but lacks capacity during peak seasonal times due to increasing demand. It also lacks natural gas resources. The Gulf Cooperation Council began developing a regional power grid to help meet demand. Phase 3 of this grid will connect the southern system of the UAE. The UAE also plans to build 4 nuclear reactors to generate additional power. Electric power is transmitted through overhead transmission lines suspended by steel lattice towers for long distances. The document discusses the anatomy of transmission towers and the different types, configurations, and design considerations for efficient power transmission.
SMART GRID DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA - by Mr. S.R. Sethi, Senior Advisor UPES UPES Dehradun
This document provides an overview of power generation and distribution in India. It discusses the various modes of power generation including thermal (~65%), hydro (~22%), and renewable (~10%) sources. Power is transmitted through central and state transmission utilities and distributed to end users through distribution agencies. The key end user segments are industries (38%), domestic (22%), agriculture (22%), and commercial (8%). The document also discusses India's goals for renewable energy capacity addition and integration through its 12th and 13th five year plans.
Barauni Thermal Power Station is a 320 megawatt coal-fired power station in Begusarai district, Bihar, India. It was established in 1962 through Russian collaboration. The power station currently has two operational units producing 220 MW total, while two new 500 MW units are under construction. Coal is supplied from nearby mines and the generated electricity is supplied to North Bihar. The power station aims to increase total capacity to 500 MW in the next five years through renovations.
This document discusses smart grids and was presented by Norrazman Zaiha Zainol. It outlines that smart grids use digital technologies to create two-way communication between electricity suppliers, distributors, and consumers. This allows demand to be optimized and renewable energy to be integrated. The key components of smart grids include centralized generation facilities, transmission infrastructure, end-user technologies, and physical and software networks to connect all parts of the system. Smart grids provide benefits like enabling consumer participation, optimizing asset usage, and integrating intermittent renewable sources, but also face challenges regarding data privacy, fair distribution of demand, and ensuring system security.
The document discusses the implementation of the Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Program (R-APDRP) in Rajasthan, India. Key points:
- R-APDRP aims to establish reliable baseline data and adopt IT in energy accounting to reduce losses before distribution strengthening projects.
- It has two parts - Part A focuses on IT applications for energy auditing and consumer services. Part B covers network renovation.
- The Discoms of Rajasthan have taken steps like forming implementation committees and appointing an IT consultant to timely execute the scheme and avail grants.
- Benefits of R-APDRP include increased consumer satisfaction, transparency, reduced out
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
Chaper 4 Unit 1 Basics of HVDC Transmission.pptonlystu007
Introduction in High voltage dc you are
HVDC stands for High Voltage Direct Current. It's a technology used for transmitting electricity over long distances with lower energy losses compared to traditional AC (Alternating Current) transmission systems. HVDC systems are often used for interconnecting power grids, transmitting power from remote renewable energy sources, and improving grid stability. They involve converting AC to DC at the sending end, transmitting the power via cables or overhead lines, and then converting it back to AC at the receiving end. HVDC stands for High Voltage Direct Current. It's a technology used for transmitting electricity over long distances with lower energy losses compared to traditional AC (Alternating Current) transmission systems. HVDC systems are often used for interconnecting power grids, transmitting power from remote renewable energy sources, and improving grid stability. They involve converting AC to DC at the sending end, transmitting the power via cables or overhead lines, and then converting it back to AC at the receiving end.
1. The document discusses the status of HVDC links in India and abroad. It provides a history of HVDC technology and describes several existing and upcoming HVDC projects in India such as the 800kV multi-terminal system and India-Bangladesh interconnector project.
2. Major HVDC projects discussed overseas include the Itaipu project in Brazil, which holds the world record voltage of ±600kV, and underwater HVDC links like the Gotland wind power project in Sweden and the Leyte-Luzon link in the Philippines.
3. HVDC transmission is concluded to be an economical and environmentally-friendly technology that is becoming viable for lower power levels and shorter distances due to new
The document provides information about transmission and distribution of electric power. It discusses key topics like:
- The historical development of AC and DC transmission systems.
- The basic structure of an electric power system including generation, transmission, and distribution.
- Different types of transmission lines like overhead lines and underground cables, and their characteristics.
- Components of transmission and distribution systems like towers, conductors, transformers and substations.
- High voltage direct current transmission including different technologies and applications.
- Mechanical design aspects of transmission lines including line supports, sag and tension calculations, and effects of wind and ice loading.
This document provides an overview of electrical power transmission in India. It discusses the components of transmission lines including conductors, spacers, and supports. It also covers transmission line design considerations such as voltage levels, ground clearances, conductor spacing, and tower heights. The document outlines India's existing transmission system and some issues in further developing the system such as right of way, regulation of power flows, and integration of new technologies like HVDC transmission and gas insulated substations.
introduction to high voltage engineering.pdfHASNAINNAZIR1
This document provides an introduction to high voltage engineering. It discusses key topics including:
- The importance of high voltage insulation design and testing for electric power systems.
- How higher transmission voltages are needed to reduce line losses and increase efficiency.
- Common voltage levels used in power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption.
- The advantages of interconnected high voltage power grids and why higher voltages are needed on power systems.
- Key factors in electrical insulation and the various dielectric materials that are used.
Introduction, equipment required for HVDC systems, Comparison of AC and DC Transmission, Limitations of HVDC transmission lines, reliability of HVDC systems, comparison of HVDC link with EHVAC link, HVDC system configuration and components, fundamental equations in HVDC system, HVDC links, converter theory and performance equation, valve characteristic, converter circuits, converter transformer testing, multi bridge converters, abnormal operation of HVDC system, control of HVDC system, harmonics and filters. Influence of AC system strength on AC/DC system interaction, response to AC and DC system faults, Concept of reactive power compensation- reactive Power balance in HVDC substations-Effect of angle of advance and extinction angle on reactive power requirement of converters.
HVDC transmission systems were developed as an alternative to AC transmission for long distance or underwater power transmission. HVDC uses voltage source converters to convert AC to DC for transmission and back to AC at the receiving end. Some key advantages of HVDC include being able to transmit power over longer distances than AC systems and enabling asynchronous connections between separate AC networks. The first commercial HVDC system was installed in 1954 between Sweden and Gotland island. Important applications of HVDC systems include bulk power transmission over long distances, underwater cables longer than 30 km, and asynchronous links between AC systems.
HVDC transmission systems allow for bulk power transmission over long distances with lower costs and losses compared to AC systems. They use direct current rather than alternating current and include converter stations to change between DC and AC. HVDC is used to interconnect asynchronous grids, connect remote generation sources, and transmit power over long undersea or underground cables where AC transmission would experience higher losses. Emerging applications include connecting offshore wind farms and developing DC-based transmission grids of the future.
The document provides an overview of a training experience at the 220kV Howrah substation in West Bengal, India. It discusses the layout and purpose of the substation, including its panel, control room, and switchyard sections. It also summarizes the key equipment used at the substation, such as transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, lightning arrestors, and instrument transformers. The substation receives power from various 220kV, 132kV and 33kV transmission lines and transforms voltages for distribution.
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission LinesRajaram Meena
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC and FACTS technologies for improving power transmission through long lines. It introduces HVDC and its applications for long distance transmission. FACTS devices are discussed as providing advantages over HVDC, including flexible control of voltage, current and power flow. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is examined as a combined series-shunt FACTS device. The Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) is introduced for modeling and simulating HVDC and FACTS devices on transmission lines, allowing analysis of faults and power flow control.
POWER SYSTEMS – II chapter 1 transmission line modelling.pptxMaipaliJyoshnaDevi
- Power systems involve the generation, transmission, and distribution of electric power. Most transmission lines are high-voltage alternating current (AC).
- Electricity is transmitted at high voltages like 115kV or above to reduce energy losses over long distances.
- Transmission systems can be AC or DC. AC is more common and can generate power at high voltages easily using transformers, while DC is used for longer distances.
- Key components of transmission lines include conductors, insulators, and supports to carry the lines overhead or underground. The document discusses different types of conductors, insulators, and overhead line configurations.
The document traces the evolution of electric power systems from Thomas Edison's first system in 1882 to modern systems. Key developments include the introduction of AC power which allowed transmission over longer distances, standardization of frequencies and voltages, increasing use of higher voltages for transmission, and integration of different energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables. Modern power systems have generation, transmission, sub-transmission and distribution components to supply, transfer and deliver electricity reliably.
This document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics-based devices to improve control of the electric grid and increase power transfer capacity. It covers the history and types of FACTS controllers including series, shunt, and combined configurations. Series controllers inject voltage in series with transmission lines while shunt controllers inject current. FACTS provide benefits like improved power flow control, voltage regulation and transient stability while also involving high costs. Their applications include power flow control, reactive power compensation and improving transmission capability.
This document discusses transmission lines and HVDC transmission. It defines a transmission line as consisting of two or more parallel conductors used to connect a source to a load. The key parameters of transmission lines are resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. Transmission lines are used to transfer energy, signals, or power from a transmitter to a receiver. Common types include parallel wires, twisted pair wires, ribbon cables, coaxial cables, and waveguides. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like improved controllability of power flow and ability to transmit power over long distances. HVDC systems convert AC to DC using rectifiers, transmit DC power, and then convert it back to AC using in
HVDC transmission systems use direct current for the transmission of electrical power over long distances or undersea. They have advantages over AC transmission such as lower transmission losses over long distances and the ability to interconnect unsynchronized AC power systems. HVDC technology has evolved from early electromechanical systems using motor-generator sets to modern thyristor-based systems. HVDC is used for long distance bulk power transmission projects in India such as Rihand-Delhi and Chandrapur-Padghe.
HVDC transmission has advantages over long distance HVAC transmission. The first HVDC link was set up between Sweden and Gotland in 1954 using mercury arc valves. Since then HVDC technology has advanced with the development of thyristors. HVDC systems use converter stations with transformers at each end to convert between AC and DC and allow bidirectional power flow by changing the firing angle of the thyristors. They have benefits like reduced transmission losses, improved voltage profile and increased transmission capacity.
Industrial Training at Howrah 220 kV Substation.Avirup Ghosh
The document describes a presentation by four electrical engineering students on their vocational training at the Howrah 220 kV substation. It provides an overview of the substation, including its main components such as transformers, transmission lines, and protective equipment. It also discusses the roles and specifications of key elements within the substation, such as circuit breakers, insulators, and instrument transformers.
The document discusses androids and humanoids. It defines an android as a robot designed to look and act human. Androids aim to imitate humans through facial expressions and emotions. Examples discussed include KISMET, an android with facial expressions built at MIT, and a child android. The technology to recreate humans as androids has progressed but still needs improvements in skin flexibility and eye wetness replication. Androids allow studying human-robot interaction and testing hypotheses about human cognition.
An apple is highly nutritious fruit that provides powerful antioxidants equivalent to 1500mg of Vitamin C, helping to protect against heart attacks. While an apple only contains 6mg of Vitamin C, its antioxidants and fiber content help control cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Apples are one of the best fruits for promoting heart health through their antioxidant and fiber content.
This document provides several health tips from Ayurveda, including using tamarind, lemon, pomegranate, orange, and leafy vegetables to prevent premature graying; consuming calcium-rich foods like curd and ghee to support bone and muscle strength as well as blood pressure; eating a diet rich in green, orange, yellow, and red fruits and vegetables to help prohibit cancer growth; and applying a mixture of neem leaf juice and coconut oil to areas of knee pain for relief. It also recommends drinking water stored overnight in a copper vessel to reduce coughs, fevers, and other ailments, and consuming honey, lemon, and lukewarm water in the morning for weight loss or a
Bitter gourd, also known as Memordik, is a vegetable that grows in tropical regions around the world. It tastes bitter when unripe due to flavonoids. In South America and Africa, bitter gourd is used to treat diabetes, cancer, knee pain, and digestive issues. All parts of the bitter gourd have reported health benefits, such as eliminating bacteria and viruses, preventing cancer and leukemia, controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and hormones.
There are millions of cone and rod cells in the eyes that help with vision. The brain contains over 100 billion nerve cells, making it the largest telephone exchange in micro form. The 43 centimeter long backbone is the most important agent for the brain and there are over 600 types of muscles and various organs that perform important biological functions throughout the human body.
There are millions of cone and rod cells in the eyes that help with vision. The brain contains over 100 billion nerve cells, making it the largest telephone exchange in micro form. The 43 centimeter long backbone is the most important agent for the brain and there are over 600 types of muscles and various organs that perform important biological functions throughout the human body.
This document provides short quotes and sayings about goals, teamwork, patience, problem solving, independence, and self-improvement. It encourages the reader to stand out from the crowd, turn dreams into reality, stay focused during challenges, work as a united team, finish tasks today instead of procrastinating, think independently, view obstacles as opportunities, take control of your own life, strive for excellence over mere success, and continuously challenge yourself to improve.
paper on Wireless power transmission using magnetic resonancemkanth
The document summarizes research into wireless power transmission using magnetic resonance. It discusses the history of wireless power including Tesla's unsuccessful radiative designs. A MIT team achieved more efficient power transfer using evanescent wave coupling of magnetic fields between a transmitter and receiver coil that resonate at the same frequency. The document outlines the goals of replicating this approach, including designing tunable oscillators, power amplifiers, receiving coils, and rectifiers to transfer AC power wirelessly and output DC power for loads. Circuit designs including a relaxation oscillator and switch-mode power amplifier are described.
The document discusses the concept of solar panel roads. It describes how the roads would be constructed with three layers - a surface layer for traction, an electronics layer containing solar panels and microprocessors, and a base layer for distributing power. It outlines benefits like producing renewable energy, enabling electric vehicles by allowing charging anywhere, and providing self-heating to eliminate snow and ice buildup. Implementing solar panel roads nationwide could significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels and carbon emissions.
This document discusses magnetic levitation (maglev) transportation systems. It describes two main types of maglev systems - electrodynamic suspension (EDS) and electromagnetic suspension (EMS). EDS uses superconducting magnets and repulsive forces, while EMS uses attractive forces between electromagnets and ferromagnetic rails. Both require levitation and propulsion systems, which are typically provided by linear induction motors or linear synchronous motors. Maglev trains can travel at very high speeds of up to 650 km/h with little friction or pollution. The document discusses the technology and considerations for maglev systems as an efficient and high-capacity mode of transportation.
This document discusses using wavelet transform to locate faults on overhead transmission lines. It begins with background on transmission lines and the importance of fault location. Wavelet transform is introduced as a suitable method as it can analyze non-stationary signals with both high and low frequency components like fault transients. The document then outlines the steps to simulate a fault on a transmission line model, record the signals, perform wavelet transform, and calculate the fault location based on the time delay between peaks in the wavelet coefficients. Simulation results demonstrating the wavelet analysis outputs are presented, validating the method. The proposed method is concluded to accurately locate faults while being independent of fault parameters.
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to locate faults on overhead transmission lines. It begins by introducing transmission systems and the importance of fault detection. It then provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be applied to analyze power system signals. The key steps are simulating a fault, recording the signals, applying a wavelet transform to extract time-frequency information, measuring the time delay between peaks to determine distance to the fault, and calculating other fault indicators. Wavelet transforms are well-suited for this application because they can analyze transients and high-frequency components in power system signals. The document concludes by outlining an implementation in MATLAB to demonstrate the wavelet-based fault location method.
The document proposes a new 3D virtual environment authentication method that combines existing authentication approaches like passwords, graphics, biometrics, and tokens. Users navigate a 3D space and interact with virtual objects in a specific sequence and manner to create their unique 3D password. This large password space provides stronger security than traditional methods. The document discusses designing the 3D environment, potential applications, security analysis, and benefits like reflecting user preferences.
Wireless power transmission using magnetronsmkanth
The document summarizes a student project to implement wireless power transmission using magnetic resonance. The project involved designing an oscillator, power amplifier, and transmitter/receiver coils to demonstrate wireless power transfer. Key results were transmitting enough power to light a 40W bulb up to 2 meters away. Measurements showed an exponential relationship between transmitted voltage and distance, validating the theory of power transfer through evanescent waves. Future work proposed improving the design and testing power delivery to a DC load.
Floating Power Inc. plans to commercialize and manufacture a floating power plant technology developed by Floating Power Plant Inc. that generates electricity from both waves and wind using a platform called Poseidon. The Poseidon uses wave-interacting floats to produce hydraulic power from waves and mounts wind turbines atop the mostly submerged platform to also capture energy from wind. A prototype called Poseidon 37 has demonstrated the ability to produce enough electricity to power 15,000 homes from a single platform. Floating Power Inc. intends to have an initial test module working with Oregon State University and plans to construct a larger 110-meter prototype in Oregon between 2014-2015.
Power demand has increased but generation cannot keep up, so new technologies are needed. One approach is to place filters in factory chimneys to capture electrons from ionic gases released, generating electricity as the electrons flow in an organized manner. The filters must be electron acceptors, conductive, heat resistant, and able to systematically align and collect remaining electrons to produce power without damage from heat. This process generates power continuously using industrial waste gases, but on a small scale and dependent on factory emissions.
Robotics is the branch of technology dealing with the design, construction, and use of robots. The word "robotics" originated from the word "robot", which was introduced in a 1921 play depicting artificial humans. One of the earliest accounts of a human-shaped automaton comes from ancient China in the 3rd century BC. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, designs emerged for human-like automatons and early mechanical calculators were developed. The Industrial Revolution saw inventions that automated various industrial processes, such as spinning machines.
An Integrated PFC Rectifier In CCM By Using DSP Controller With Reduced Harmo...mkanth
This document discusses a power factor correction bridge rectifier circuit that uses two paired sawtooth waves instead of analog-to-digital converters to obtain information about the desired signal, reducing costs. It introduces power factor and issues with traditional AC-DC conversion interfaces. The document outlines the key components used - a step-down transformer, 16 character x 2 line LCD for display, and voltage regulator. It concludes that using a DSP controller instead of multiple ADCs and an FPGA can reduce costs for a power factor correction rectifier operating in continuous conduction mode.
This document provides an overview of irobotics, including a brief history of robots and descriptions of different types of robots such as mobile robots, snake bots, robonsauts, exoskeletons, and surgical robots. It discusses how robots have basic components like movable structures, motors, sensors, and computer brains. The document also explores the future of robotics and artificial intelligence, how robots may develop independent thinking abilities like humans through advances in AI. It concludes that robots are now commonplace and may coexist with humans by 2035.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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2. Evolution of Power Systems
Late 1870s Commercial use of electricity
1882First Electric power system ( Gen., cable, fuse,
load) by Thomas Edison at Pearl Street Station in
NY.
- DC system, 59 customers, 1.5 km in radius
- 110 V load, underground cable, incandescent
Lamps
1884
1886
1889
Motors were developed by Frank Sprague
Limitation of DC become apparent
- High losses and voltage drop.
- Transformation of voltage required.
Transformers and AC distribution (150 lamps)
developed by William Stanley of Westinghouse
First ac transmission system in USA between
Willamette Falls and Portland, Oregon.
- 1- phase, 4000 V, over 21 km
3. Evolution of Power Systems (Contd.)
1888N. Tesla developed poly-phase systems and
had patents of gen., motors, transformers, trans.
Lines.
Westinghouse bought it.
1890s Controversy on whether industry should
standardize AC or DC. Edison advocated DC
and Westinghouse AC.
- Voltage increase, simpler & cheaper gen. and
motors
1893First 3-phase line, 2300 V, 12 km in California.
ac was chosen at Niagara Falls ( 30 km)
4. 1922
1923
1935
1953
1965
1966
1969
1990s
Early Voltage (Highest)
165 kV
220 kV
287 kV
330 kV
500 kV
735 kV
765 kV
1100 kV
Standards are 115, 138, 161, 230 kV – HV
345, 400, 500 kV - EHV
765, 1100 kV - UHV
Earlier Frequencies were
25, 50, 60, 125 and 133 Hz; USA - 60 Hz and
some countries - 50 Hz
5. 1950s
1954
HVDC Transmission System
Mercury arc valve
First HVDC transmission between Sweden and
Got land island by cable
Limitations of HVAC Transmission
1. Reactive Power Loss
2. Stability
3. Current Carrying Capacity
4. Ferranti Effect
5. No smooth control of power flow
6. Indian Power System - Present
I.C-37500
PD- 36500
Deficit- 9000
I.C-34580
PD- 26000
Deficit-3800
I.C-18750
PD- 10400
Surplus- 5000
(incl Talcher)
I.C-2570
PD- 1470
Deficit- 300
I.C-36500
PD- 31500
Deficit- 5000
All figs. in MW
• Installed Capacity: 157GW
• Peak Demand – 110 GW
• Peak Deficit – 13.9%
• Energy Deficit – 9.6%
7. Indian Power System - Present
• Transmission Grid Comprises:
–765kV/400kV Lines - 77,500 ckt. km
–220/132kV Lines - 114,600 ckt. km
–HVDC bipoles - 3 nos.
–HVDC back-to-back - 7 nos.
–FSC – 18 nos.; TCSC – 6 nos.
• NER, ER, NR & WR operating as single grid of
90,000MW
• Inter-regional capacity : 14,600 MW
9. Scenario by 2012
• Peak Demand : 157,000
MW (1.5 times of 2007)
• Installed Capacity :
212,000 MW (1.5 times of
2007)
• Hydro potential in NER
and upper part of NR
• Coal reserves mainly in
ER
• For optimal utilisation of
resources – strong
National Grid
12. Line Parameters
• Line parameters of 1200kV/765kV/400kV
Transmission System
1200 kV 765kV 400kV
Nominal Voltage (kV) 1150 765 400
Highest voltage(kV) 1200 800 420
Resistance (pu/km) 4.338 x10-7
1.951x10-6
1.862x10-5
Reactance (pu/km) 1.772 x10-5
4.475x10-5
2.075x10-4
Susceptance (pu/km) 6.447 x10-2
2.4x10-2
5.55x10-3
Surge Impedance
Loading (MW)
6030 2315 515
Base kV :1200kV/765kV/400kV; Base MVA :100 MVA
13. Adoption of Generating unit size
500MW
200/
210MW
Less than
200MW
1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s
660/800/
1000MW
14. Likely power transfer requirement between
various regions by 2022 & beyond
North-eastern Region
Northern Region
27 GW
15 GW
15 GW
10,000MW
18 GW
23 GW
IC = 145 GW
Despatch = 110 GW
Demand = 140 GW
Deficit = 30 GW
Western Region
IC = 135 GW
Despatch = 100 GW
Demand = 130 GW
Deficit = 30 GW
Southern Region
Eastern Region
IC = 106 GW
Despatch = 80 GW
Demand = 40 GW
Surplus = 40 GW
IC = 135 GW
Despatch = 100 GW
Demand = 130 GW
Deficit = 30,GW
IC = 80 GW
Despatch = 60 GW
Demand = 10 GW
Surplus = 50 GW
20 GW
ALL INDIA
IC = 600 GW
Demand = 450 GW
15. Transmission System through Narrow Area
• Requirement of Power Flow between NER & ER/WR/NR: 50 GW
• Required Transmission Capacity : 57.5 GW (15% redundancy)
• Existing & planned Capacity : 9.5 GW
• Additional Trans. Capacity to be planned : 48 GW
Options : 1. +800kV HVDC : 8nos.
2. +800kV HVDC : 5nos.; 765kV EHVAC : 6nos.
3. +800kV HVDC : 4nos.; 1200kV UHVAC : 2nos.
• Selection of Next Level Transmission Voltage i.e. 1200kV UHVAC in
view of :
– Loading lines upto Thermal Capacity(10000 MW) compared to SIL(6000 MW)
– Saving Right of Way
Eastern Region/
Western Region/
Southern
Region
North-eastern
Region
50 GW
16. New Transmission Technologies
• High Voltage Overhead Transmission
– Voltage up to 1100 kV
– High EM radiation and noise
– High corona loss
– More ROW clearance
• Gas Insulated Cables/Transmission lines
• HVDC-Light
• Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
17.
18. Gas insulated Transmission Lines
• Benefits of GITL
– Low resistive losses (reduced by factor 4)
– Low capacitive losses and less charging current
– No external electromagnetic fields
– No correction of phase angle is necessary even
for long distance transmission
– No cooling needed
– No danger of fire
– Short repair time
– No aging
– Lower total life cycle costs.
19. HVDC-Light
• Classical HVDC technology
– Mostly used for long distance point-to-point
transmission
– Requires fast communication channels between two
stations
– Large reactive power support at both stations
– Thyristor valves are used.
– Line or phase commutated converters are used.
• HVDC-Light
– Power transmission through HVDC utilizing voltage
source converters with insulated gate bipolar
transistors (IGBT) which extinguishes the current
more faster and with less energy loss than GTOs.
20. HVDC-Light
– It is economical even in low power range.
– Real and reactive power is controlled independently in
two HVDC light converters.
– Controls AC voltage rapidly.
– There is possibility to connect passive loads.
– No contribution to short circuit current.
– No need to have fast communication between two
converter stations.
– Operates in all four quadrants.
– PWM scheme is used.
– Opportunity to transmit any amount of current of
power over long distance via cables.
21. HVDC-Light
– Low complexity-thanks to fewer components
– Small and compact
– Useful in windmills
– Offers asynchronous operation.
• First HVDC-Light pilot transmission for 3 MW, ±10kV
in March, 1997 (Sweden)
• First commercial project 50 MW, 70 kV, 72 km, in
1999.
22. • Transmission system limitations:
– System Stability
• Transient stability
• Voltage stability
• Dynamic Stability
• Steady state stability
• Frequency collapse
• Sub-synchronous resonance
– Loop flows
– Voltage limits
– Thermal limits of lines
– High short-circuit limits
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS)
23. • Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) are
the name given to the application of power
electronics devices to control the power flows
and other quantities in power systems.
24. • Benefits of FACTS Technology
– To increase the power transfer capability of
transmission networks and
– To provide direct control of power flow over
designated transmission routes.
• However it offers following opportunities
– Control of power flow as ordered so that it follows on
the prescribed transmission corridors.
– The use of control of the power flow may be to follow
a contract, meet the utilities’ own needs, ensure
optimum power flow, ride through emergency
conditions, or a combination thereof.
– Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal
capabilities, including short-term and seasonal.
– Increase the system security through raising the
transient stability limit, limiting short-circuit currents
and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and
damping electromechanical oscillations of power
systems and machines.
25. – Provide secure tie line connections to neighboring
utilities and regions thereby decreasing overall
generation reserve requirements on both sides.
– Allow secure loading of transmission line to a level
closer to the thermal limits, while avoiding overloading
and reduce the generation margin by having the
ability to transfer more power between the controlled
areas.
– Damping of power oscillation,
– Preventing cascading outages by limiting the impacts
of faults and equipment failures.
– Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation.
– Upgrade of lines.
– Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines
to carry more active power.
– Reduce loop flows.
– Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.
26. • Whether HVDC or FACTS ?
– Both are complementary technologies.
– The role of HVDC is to interconnect ac systems where
a reliable ac interconnection would be too expensive.
• Independent frequency and control
• Lower line cost
• Power control, voltage control and stability control
possible.
– The large market potential for FACTS is within AC
system on a value added basis where
• The existing steady-state phase angle between bus nodes
is reasonable.
• The cost of FACTS solution is lower than the HVDC cost
and
• The required FACTS controller capacity is lesser than the
transmission rating.
27. • FACTS technology is concerned with
development of following two areas
– High rating Power electronic switching devices and
Pulse Width Modulated converters.
– Control methods using digital signal processing and
Microprocessors.
– Devices: IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistors,
GTO gate turn off thyristor, MCT Metal oxide
thyristor (MOS) controlled transistor
Throughput HVDC 2 terminal FACTS
200 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M
500 MW 75-100 M 10-20 M
1000 MW 120-170 M 20-30 M
2000 MW 200-300 M 30-50 M
28. Table: Comparison of power semiconductor devices
Thyris-
tor
GTO IGBT SI *
thyristor
MCT MOSFET
Max. voltage rating (V) 8000 6000 1700 2500 3000 1000
Max. current rating (A) 4000 6000 800 800 400 100
Voltage blocking Sym./
Asym.
Sym./
Asym.
Asym. Asym. Sym./
Asym
Asym.
Gating Pulse Current Voltage Current Voltage Voltage
Conduction drop (V) 1.2 2.5 3 4 1.2 Resistive
Switching frequency
(kHz)
1 5 20 20 20 100
Development target
max. voltage rating (kV)
10 10 3.5 5 5 2
Development target
max. current rating (kA)
8 8 2 2 2 0.2
* SI: Static induction thyristor, MOSFET: MOS field effect transistor
29. • Developments in Generation side
– Powerformer Energy System
–Distributed Generations
•Wind Power
• Fuel Cells
•Biomass etc.
–Combined Cycle Power Plants
35. DG includes the application of small generations in
the range of 15 to 10,000 kW, scattered
throughout a power system
DG includes all use of small electric power
generators whether located on the utility system at
the site of a utility customer, or at an isolated
site not connected to the power grid.
By contrast, dispersed generation (capacity
ranges from 10 to 250 kW), a subset of distributed
generation, refers to generation that is located at
customer facilities or off the utility system.
Distributed Generation/Dispersed Generation
36. DG includes traditional -- diesel, combustion
turbine, combined cycle turbine, low-head hydro,
or other rotating machinery and renewable -- wind,
solar, or low-head hydro generation.
The plant efficiency of most existing large central
generation units is in the range of 28 to 35%,
converting between 28 to 35% of the energy in their
fuel into useful electric power.
By contrast, efficiencies of 40 to 55% are attributed
to small fuel cells and to various hi-tech gas turbine
and combined cycle units suitable for DG
application.
Part of this comparison is unfair. Modern DG utilize
prefect hi-tech materials and incorporating advanced
designs that minimize wear and required maintenance
and include extensive computerized control that
reduces operating labor.
37. DG “Wins” Not Because It is Efficient, But
Because It Avoids T&D Costs
Proximity is often more important than efficiency
Why use DG units, if they are not most efficient or the
lowest cost?
The reason is that they are closer to the customer. They
only have to be more economical than the central station
generation and its associated T&D system. A T&D system
represents a significant cost in initial capital and
continuing O&M.
By avoiding T&D costs and those reliability problems, DG
can provide better service at lower cost, at least in some
cases. For example, in situations where an existing
distribution system is near capacity, so that it must be
reinforced in order to serve new or additional electrical
demand, the capital cost/kW for T&D expansion alone can
exceed that for DG units.
40. • Power System Restructuring
(Privatization or Deregulation)
– But not only Privatization
• Deregulation is also known as
– Competitive power market
– Re-regulated market
– Open Power Market
– Vertically unbundled power system
– Open access
42. • Why Restructuring of Electric Supply
Industries?
– Better experience of other restructured market
such as communication, banking, oil and gas,
airlines, etc.
– Competition among energy suppliers and
wide choice for electric customers.
• Why was the electric utility industry
regulated?
– Regulation originally reduced risk, as it was
perceived by both business and government.
– Several important benefits:
• It legitimized the electric utility business.
43. • It gave utilities recognition and limited support
from the local Govt. in approving ROW and
easements.
• It assured a return on the investment, regulated as
that might be.
• It established a local monopoly in building the
system and quality of supply without competitors.
• Simplified buying process for consumers.
• Electricity of new and confusing to deal with the
conflicting claims, standards and offerings of
different power companies.
• Least cost operation.
• Meeting social obligations
• Hugh investments with high risk
44. • Forces behind the Restructuring are
– High tariffs and over staffing
– Global economic crisis
– Regulatory failure
– Political and ideological changes
– Managerial inefficiency
– Lack of public resources for the future
development
– Technological advancement
– Rise of environmentalism
– Pressure of Financial institutions
– Rise in public awareness
– Some more …….
45. •
Reasons why deregulation is appealing
No longer necessary The primary reason for regulation,
to foster the development of ESI
infrastructure, had been achieved.
Electricity Price may drop Expected to drop due to innovation
and competition.
Customer focus will improve Expected to result in wider
customer choice and more attention
to improve service
Encourage innovation Rewards to risk takers and
encourage new technology and
business approaches,
Augments privatization In the countries where Govt. wishes
to sell state -owned utilities,
deregulation may provide potential
buyers and new producers.
46. • What will be the transformation ?
– Vertically integrated => vertically unbundled
– Regulated cost-based ==> Unregulated price-
based
– Monopoly ==> Competition
– service ==> commodity
– consumer ==> customer
– privilege ==> choice
– Engineers Lawyer/Manager
47. • A number of questions to be answered
– Is a Restructuring good for our society?
– What are the key issues in moving towards the
restructuring ?
– What are the implications for current industry
participants?
– What type of new participants will be seen and
why ?
– What should be structure of market and
operation?
– What might an electricity transaction of future
look like?
48. • What will be the Potential Problems ?
– Congestion and Market power
– Obligation to serve
– Some suppliers at disadvantages
– Price volatility
– Non-performance obligation
– Loss operating flexibility
– Pricing of energy and transmission services
– ATC calculations
– Ancillary services Management
• Reserves
• Black start capability
• Voltage and frequency control
• System security and stability
• Transmission reserves
– Market Settlements and disputes
49. Milestones of Restructuring
- 1982 Chile
- 1990 UK
- 1992 Argentina, Sweden & Norway
- 1993 Bolivia & Colombia
- 1994 Australia
- 1996 New Zeeland
- 1997 Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Honduras
- 1998 California, USA and several others.
- 2000 Several EU and American States
50. • Markets are defined by the commodity traded
– Energy
– Transmission system
– Ancillary services
• Markets defined by the time-frame of trade
– Day-ahead
– Hour-ahead
– Real-time
• Based on auction - single-sided or double sided
• Based on type of bids --> block or linear bid
• Based on generation settlement - uniform price
(MCP) or pay-as-bid
52. • Electricity Market is very risky
– Electricity is not storable in bulk quantity
– End user demand is typically constant
– Trading is directly related to the reliability of the grid
– Demand and supply should be exact
– Electricity prices are directly related with other
volatile market participants.
– Cost of continuity is more than cost of electric.