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Potassium deficiency is common in sandy soils and soils with low clay content as potassium ions easily leech out of these soils. Symptoms of potassium deficiency include browning and curling of leaf tips, chlorosis between veins, and purple spots on undersides of leaves. It reduces plant growth, root development, and fruit development. To prevent potassium deficiency, add composted wood ash or manure to increase potassium levels in the soil, improve soil structure to reduce leeching, and use lime to increase potassium retention in acidic soils. Sources of potassium for plants include KCl, K2SO4, KNO3, sulfur coated potassium, and rock potash.
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Pictures and images are a great way to tell visual stories and share experiences. The internet provides many options for hosting and sharing pictures online through free websites and platforms. Popular picture websites make it easy to upload photos, organize albums, and grant access and permissions to share images with others.
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Potassium is essential for many plant and biological functions. It makes up 2.6% of the Earth's crust and 0.2% of the human body. Potassium was first isolated in 1807 and comes from minerals like feldspar and mica in the soil. Plants accumulate potassium, making fresh fruits and vegetables a good dietary source. Potassium is lost from soil through erosion, runoff, leaching, and harvesting of plants, so fertilizers are needed to replenish potassium in agricultural production.
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Potassium is an essential mineral that regulates important bodily functions in humans and plays a key role in plant growth and photosynthesis. It is obtained through foods like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and meat or through fertilizers and soil. In plants, potassium is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activation, osmotic regulation, and protein synthesis. It is also essential for photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in legumes. The potassium cycle involves potassium moving between soil, plants, animals and decomposing matter through processes like leaching, runoff, erosion and existing in soil solution.
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1. Potassium cycles through soil, plants, and organic matter. Plants take up potassium which is then returned to soil through crop residues, manures, and fertilizers to replenish soil potassium levels.
2. Soil testing measures exchangeable potassium, the form readily available to plants. Factors like wetting/drying, freeze/thaw, and iron oxidation states can impact exchangeable potassium levels.
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1) The document discusses evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia. It highlights recent insights showing that feedforward control mechanisms sense decreases in potassium intake and activate conservation responses even before plasma potassium levels fall or hypokalemia occurs. 2) Feedback control mechanisms, such as increased aldosterone secretion in response to rising potassium levels, help regulate potassium excretion and balance. 3) Both feedback and feedforward controls are important in maintaining potassium homeostasis and preventing hypokalemia. The interplay between these controls is more complex than previously understood.
Potassium disorders , comprehensive & practical approach .
Potassium is the principal cation of the intracellular fl uid
(ICF) where its concentration is between 120 and 150 mEq/L.
The extracellular fl uid (ECF) and plasma potassium concentration [K] is much lower––in the 3.5–5.0 mEq/L range.
The very large transcellular gradient is maintained by active
K transport via the Na-K-ATPase pumps present in all cell
membranes and the ionic permeability characteristics of
these membranes. The resulting greater than 40-fold transmembrane [K] gradient is the principal determinant of the
transcellular resting potential gradient, about 90 mV with
the cell interior negative . Normal cell function
requires maintenance of the ECF [K] within a relatively narrow
range. This is particularly important for excitable cells
such as myocytes and neurons. The pathophysiologic effects
of dyskalemia on these cells result in most of the clinical
manifestations.
Potassium
Potassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid that can be easily cut with a knife and has a slow melting point. Potassium turns from silvery to grey when exposed to air and must be stored in brown glass bottles under paraffin oil to prevent reaction with water and maintain its color. Before being recognized as an element, potassium carbonate was used to make soap by mixing it with animal fat, extracting it from wood ash through boiling water concentration.
potassium homeostasis and its renal handling
This presentation discusses potassium homeostasis and its renal handling. It begins with objectives and an introduction on potassium physiology. It then covers the roles of potassium, mechanisms maintaining potassium levels, and hormonal and other factors involved. A major section discusses renal handling of potassium by different regions of the nephron and how secretion is regulated. The presentation concludes by reviewing clinical implications of disorders like hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.
POTASSIUM METABOLISM
Potassium is an important intracellular cation found mainly in muscles. It is absorbed from food sources like vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and the kidneys excrete any excess. Potassium aids many functions like muscle activity, acid-base balance, and cardiac and nerve activity. Disorders can occur when potassium levels are too high (hyperkalemia) or too low (hypokalemia), and are usually caused by issues with the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, or mineralocorticoid levels. Symptoms range from muscle cramps to cardiac arrest.
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calcium importance in vegetables
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Maize crop disorders A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses various nutrient deficiencies and physiological disorders that can occur in maize plants, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, sulfur, zinc, and boron deficiencies. It also discusses drought damage and nitrogen fertilizer burn that can affect corn plants. Each deficiency or disorder is described in terms of its symptoms on the plant. Maintaining proper soil nutrition and water levels can help minimize losses from these deficiencies and disorders.
saline and alkaline properties ppt.pptx
Alkaline Soils
Clay soils with a pH of more than 8.5 are classified as alkaline soils. The higher pH is caused by high quantities of salt, magnesium, and calcium. Furthermore, hard water can cause the pH of soils to rise to alkaline proportions. On the other hand, sodium carbonate is the dominant component in alkaline soil. Therefore, alkaline soils inflate when exposed to sodium carbonate.
Saline Soils
When there is an overabundance of sodium ions in the clay and soil complex that still includes exchangeable calcium, the soil is referred to as saline soil, brown alkali soil, or white alkali soil. This soil continues to be flocculated or granulated. As a result, it has air and water permeability.
Agriculture on Saline and Alkaline Soils
Coconut trees may be found in abundance in coastal settings. In addition, as previously stated, farming salt-tolerant crops such as dhaincha, berseem, and other grain legume crops may aid in the reclamation of these soils. Moreover, some of the suitable agriculture on saline-alkaline soil is mentioned below:
Suitable Crops: Barley, Cotton, Sugar beet, Sugarcane, Rice, Mustard, Maize, Green Gram, Red Gram, Sunflower, Sesame, Linseed, Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
Suitable Vegetables: Tomato, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Cucumber, Bitter guard, Pumpkin, Spinach, etc.
Suitable Fruits: Guava, Beetroot, Asparagus, Coconut, Banana, Grape, Pomegranate, Date palm, etc.
Features of Saline and Alkaline Soils
The topsoil of Saline and Alkaline Soil is permeated (saturated or soaked with a material) with alkaline and saline efflorescences.
Weathering produces calcium salts, magnesium, sodium, and sulfurous acid from inert rock pieces.
In areas with a lower water table, salts permeate the subsurface, but in areas with high drainage, salts are washed away by running water.
Certain salts are delivered in suspension by rivers.
In places with a higher subsoil surface water, harmful salts are carried below by capillary forces during the summer months due to evaporation.
Water with a high salt content becomes stationary in places with inadequate drainage and accumulates all of the salt contents in the soil layer as it dissipates.
Alkaline and Saline Soil Areas in India
Saline and Alkaline Soil covers an area of 68,000 square kilometers. These soils are formed in canal rinsed lands and locations with a higher subsurface water table. This type of soil may be found in parts of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Maharashtra. However, the build-up of the salts leaves the soil unproductive and unsuited for cultivation.
The sea tides transporting salt-laden sediments damage the lands near the Khambhat Gulf of Gujarat. As a result, vast portions of the Mahi, Tapi, Narmada, and Sabarmati rivers are unproductive. When severe storms, salty sea waves invade coastal locations, rendering the soil unsuitable for farming.
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Pottasium
- 1. Pottasium, K Deena Roslee AGR 251 Prepared by : DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Potassium (Potash) deficiency, is a plant disorder that is most common on sandy soils, because potassium ions (K+) are highly soluble and will easily leach from soils without colloids. • Potassium deficiency is also common in chalky or peaty soils with a low clay content. It is also found on heavy clays with a poor structure. :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_deficiency_(plants) DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 3. SYMPTOMS OF K DEFFICIENCY • First appear on older (lower) leaves because potassium is a mobile nutrient, meaning that a plant can allocate potassium to younger leaves when it is K deficient. Deficient plants may lead to disease, and their symptoms can often be confused with wind scorch or drought. • Brown scorching and curling of leaf tips as well as chlorosis between leaf veins. • Purple spots may also appear on the leaf undersides. • Plant growth, root development, and seed and fruit development are usually reduced in potassium-deficient plants. • The deficiency is most common in several important fruit and vegetable crops; potatoes, tomatoes, apples, berries, also cereals. DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 4. Potassium deficiency symptoms : -The margins of the leaflets turn light green to yellow. DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 5. DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 6. DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 7. - chlorosis (loss of green colour) or yellowing along the leaf. - the leaves appear dry and scorched at the edges and the surfaces are irregularly chlorotic. - wilted appearance and may not stand up straight - plant develops fruit, it develops smaller and fewer fruits DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 8. PREVENTION & CURE • Wood ash has high potassium content, but should be composted first as it is highly soluble form. • Adequate moisture is necessary for effective potassium uptake; low soil water reduces K uptake by plant roots. • Liming acidic soils will also increase K retention in the soil by reducing leaching. • In the longer term the soil structure should be improved by adding plenty of well rotted compost or manure. • Improving soil structure will help reduce leaching. DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI
- 9. SOURCES K KCl, muriate of potash - 0-0-60 K2SO4, potassium sulfate - 0-0-50 KNO3, potassium nitrate - 13-0-44 Sulfur coated potassium Polymer coated potassium Rock Potash DEENA ROSLEE & SUHANAH JAABI