This document provides an overview of integrated approaches for managing saline and sodic soils. It discusses various management practices including hydraulic, physical, cultural, agronomic, chemical, and biological methods. Hydraulic methods for saline soils include leaching excess salts through ponding or sprinkler irrigation. For sodic soils, methods focus on improving drainage and reducing the sodium adsorption ratio of irrigation water. The document also discusses choosing appropriate crops and amendments like gypsum to reclaim salt-affected soils.

1. WELCOME

2. Submitted To ;
Dr. Channakeshava .S.
Dr. Y.P. Shilpashree
Department of soil science
Submitted By ;
Supriya M.E.
ALH5075

3. NTEGRATED APPROACHES FOR MANAGEMENT OF SALINE AND SODI
C SOILS.

4. CONTENTS
1) Review of literature
2) Salt affected soils explanations
3) Integrated management practices
4)
5) Amendments used in reclamation of salt affe
cted soils
6) References

5. Review of literature
 Abrol. I.P.,Yadav and F.I.Massoud. 1998. Salt affected soils
and their Management. FAO Landand Water Development
Division, 39:pp131-139.
 Ameketa, E, A., R . Aragues and R. Gazol. 2005. Effeciency of
sulphuric acid, mined gypsum and two gypsum by-products
in soil crust prevention and sodic soils reclamation. Argon ,.J.,
97:983-989
 Francois , L.E. 1994. Growth, seeds yield oil content of Canola
grown under Saline conditions. Agron. J.,86:233-237

6. SALT AFFECTED SOILS
① Saline soils
② Alkali soils
③ Saline alkali soils

7. Saline /White alkali / Solonchak.
 Soils having conductivity of saturation extract
>4dS/m.
Exchangeable sodium percentage < 15.
The pH usually < 8.5.

9. Alkali/Sodic/Non saline alkali/ Black alkali soils / SO
LONETZ
• Soils having a conductivity of the saturation
extract <4DS/m.
• Exchangeable sodium percentage >15%.
• The pH is usually > 8.5.

10. Saline- alkali soils
 Soils having conductivity of the saturation
extract >4dS/m.
 Exchangeable sodium percentage >15.
 The pH is variable and usually above 8.5.

11. Salt Affected Soils

13. Hydraulic Methods/Water Management for Salt affecte
d soils
Saline Soil
1. Leaching of excess salts: It involves removing
excess salts to reduce root-zone salinity to a desire
level. Intermittent ponding or sprinkler irrigation
saves 30-70% of water required in continuous
ponding.
Leaching Requirement =Ddw/Diw*100
2. Flushing :Washing away the surface accumulated
salts by flushing water over the surface is some time
used to the desalinize soil having surface salt crust.

14. .
3. Economizing of Water
4. Irrigation scheduling : A heavy pre sowing
irrigation to leach the accumulated salts from
root zone is very useful.
5. Improvement of Drainage : It can be impro
ved by breaking of hard pans and providing
adequate drainage.
Subsurface drainage prevents secondary
salinization.

15. Leaching by Ponding
Leaching by Sprinkler

17. Sodic Soil
1. Assured source of irrigation water : Install
a tube well(Cavity/Strainer type tube) of
capacity 10lit/sec is sufficient to cover 4ha
area.
2. Impeded Drainage
3. Surface and Subsurface Drainage
4. Sodium Adsorption Ratio of water : SAR
can be reduced by putting bags of Gypsum
in drainage.
5. Increase water holding capacity and
buffering capacity of soil.

18. Physical / Cultural Practices Saline soil
1. Scraping of top surface soil affected with salts : It is
temporary cure and salinity develops again
2. Land development activities : construction of the
small bunds and land levelling is require to implemen
t a uniform leaching.
3. Planting seeds on the sides of ridges or in furrows.
4. Alternate Ditch irrigation.
5. Construction of Wind breaks to restrict wind blown
salts.
6. Construction of bunds to prevent tidal water.
7. Maintenance of higher plant population.
8. Seed treatments for seeds and seedlings.

19. Sodic Soils
1. Puddling : In low land rice it is carried out
mainly to maintain the infiltration rate to sav
e the water and to control the weeds.
2. Age of seedlings : Tolerance of the crops
increases with age.
3. Higher plant population and closer spacing
is essential.

21. Growing the crops on sides of the ridges

22. Scraping of top soil
Alternate furrow irrigation

24. Agronomic Practices for Salt affected soils
Saline soil
1. Choice of crops and cropping system.
Relative tolerance of crops to salinity
Tolerant Semi-tolerant Sensitive
Date Palm Pomegranate Citrus
Barley Wheat Cowpeas
Sugar beet Oats Gram
Spinach Rice Peas
Rape Seed Sorghum Groundnut
Cotton Maize Lentil
Sunflower Green gram

25. Singh and Sharma reported that Pearl millet and cotton
can be grown up to EC value 6.5 and 7.5 respectively
without significant reduction in yield.
2. Vegetables : High tolerant vegetable crops like Asparagus
and Spinach. Medium salt tolerant crops like Tomato,
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Lettuce, Carrot are grown.
3. Fruit Crops : Few exceptions all fruit crops are relatively
sensitive to salinity.
4. Grasses : All grasses are more salt tolerance than arable
crops. Bermuda, Karnal grass quite tolerant to salinity.
5. Afforestation : Fuel wood plants are more suitable than
timber species. Ex- Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Accacia.

26. Sodic soil
1. Choice of crop and cropping system : Rice-
wheat/Barley-Sesbania and Rice-Berseem
crop, system fallowed.
2. Forest crops : Prosopis , Acacia ,Casuarina.
3. Fruit crops : Aonla , Guava .
4. Fuel wood–cum Forage production system:
Prosopis and karnal grass grown together
reclaim alkali soils to some extent.

27. Relative tolerance of crops and grasses to
exchangeable sodium percentage
Tolerant(ESP,35-50) M tolerant(ESP,15-35) Sensitive(ESP,<15)
Bermuda grass Wheat Cowpeas
Para grass Barley Groundnut
Rice Oats Lentil
Sugar beet Berseem Mash
Millets Gree ngram
Cotton Peas

28. Chemical methods for Salt affected soils
Saline soils.
Nutrient management :
• Nitrogen : Symbiotic N-fixation and Nitrification
are inhibited. Use of Nitrate fertilizer rather than
Ammonical nitrogen in split application is better for
saline soils.
• Phosphorus : Higher application of P fertilizers
helps increase the yields.
• Potassium and Micro nutrients : Higher
application of these fertilizers helps increases the
yield.

29. Alkali soils
Nutrient management :
 Nitrogen : Application of Ammonium sulphate
is better than urea and CAN.
 Phosphorus : At high pH availability of
Phosphorus is more and hence no response to
applied fertilizers in early phase reclamation but
gradually phosphorus availability decreases.
 Potassium : Potassium uptake decreases due to
high Na and deficiency of Calcium in alkali soils.

30. Biological Methods For Salt affected soils
Saline soils
Organic matter application : It helps to
increase a water holding capacity of a soil and
decreases the conductivity of the soil saturation.
Fallowing : Keep the land fallow during the
monsoon season so that salt accumulated during
the winter season are leached out making the
soil fit to grow next crop.
Mulching : It controls evaporation and salinity
build up .

31. Alkali soils
 Application of FYM increases solubility of
applied gypsum and hastens the reclanation
process.
 Using Green manure crops like sesbania for
reclamation of alkali soils.
 Kernal grass ,rhods grass have been found
tolerant to alkali soils.

32. Amendments used in reclamation of salt affectedsoils
• Gypsum (CaSO4.2H20) reacts with sodium
carbonate and the adsorbed sodium as follow
.

33. • Sulphur : When sulphur is applied to salt aff
ected soils the fallowing reaction takes places,

34. • Iron pyrite : When Iron pyrite is applied to
alkaline soils the following reactions takes
places.

35. • Lime sulphur : When lime sulphur applied to
soils the fallowing reactions takes places,

37. References
 Introductory soil science – D.K.Das
 Salt Affected Soils :Reclamation and Management –
S.K. Gupta I.C. Gupta
 Management Of Problem Soils,Principles And Practices –
V. C. Srivastava

38. THANK YOU