Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
THE QURAN, a book which brings glad tidings to mankind along with divine admonition, stresses the importance of man’s discovery of truth on both spiritual and intellectual planes. Every book has its objective and the objective of the Quran is to make man aware of the Creation plan of God. That is, to tell man why God created this world; what the purpose is of settling man on earth; what is required from man in his pre-death life span, and what he is going to confront after death. The purpose of the Quran is to make man aware of this reality, thus serving to guide man on his entire journey through life into the after-life. The main themes of the Quran are enlightenment, closeness to God, peace and spirituality. The Quran uses several terms, tawassum, tadabbur, and tafakkur, which indicate the learning of lessons through reflection, thinking and contemplation on the signs of God scattered across the world. The present translation of the Quran has been done keeping in mind these very themes.
Forecasting Model for leaf Spot of Banana by Md. Kamaruzzaman Md. Kamaruzzaman
A model is nothing but a sequential hypothesis of what to do before epidemic .It is the simple and easy expression of forecasting information. It can be expressed by graphically or diagrammatically.
The plants get sick too and the reasons behind this may be biotic or abiotic. There is a list of non-living factors making plants infected/diseased including A. Soil i- pH and ii-struce, B. Temperature i- extreme, ii-low, C. Moisture i-higher water content, ii- lower water content, D. Fertility i- nutrient excess, ii-nutrient deficiency.
This powerpoint presentation helps you to fully understand nutrient deficiency symptoms in wheat. It also provides a brief information about functions of different nutrients in wheat crop.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
3. Air Pollution
symptoms
• Another example of chemical
toxicity is damage from air
pollutants. Several gaseous air
pollutants can cause injury to
plants, including ozone and sulfur
dioxide. Ozone is produced when
components of
combustion/vehicle emissions
such as hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides react with oxygen
and sunlight to form ground level
ozone in the atmosphere. Its
effects on plants can be mistaken
for infectious diseases
4. Ozone Laayer
• Ozone can cause flecking
which could be mistaken for
mite injury. Ozone can also
cause bronzing, chlorosis , and
necrosis. Necrosis could be
mistaken for a leaf spot caused
by an infectious agent. In
conifers, injury can include
needle-banding and tip-burn
Air pollution levels are often
available from local
5. Soil Structure
• Soil structure determines the soil's ability to hold water,
nutrients, and oxygen and make them available to plants.
The most common issue related to soil structure is
compaction, which results in inadequate pore space for
root growth. Clay soils, with their smaller particle size, have
naturally smaller pore space and are at high risk for
becoming severely compacted. Compaction can occur from
a variety of sources including traffic (particularly heavy
farming or construction equipment) (Figure 1), raindrop
impact, tilling operations (plow layer), and minimal crop
rotation. Reduced water availability is an obvious
consequence of compaction as runoff occurs more
frequently in a compacted soil and available pore space to
hold water is limited
• symptoms
6. SoilpH
• Soil pH below 5.5 generally results in low
availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and
phosphorus (P), and increased solubility of
aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and boron (B). High
levels of these three nutrients in low soil pH are
common, and can induce toxicity symptoms in
plants. Soils with pH levels above 7.8 have a high
availability of Ca and Mg at the expense of P, B,
Fe, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu).
Plants grown in these alkaline soils often have
deficiency symptoms to these nutrients
• symptoms
8. Calcium Deficiency
symptoms
• Calcium is important for the functioning
of cell membranes and the strength of
cell walls. Most calcium-related
disorders of crops are caused by
unfavourable growing conditions and
not by inadequate supply of calcium to
the roots. Rapidly growing crops in hot
windy conditions are most at risk.
Deficiencies can also develop when
cucumbers grow quickly under
continuously humid conditions, as in a
polyhouse. Other contributing factors
are waterlogging, soil salinity, high
potassium or ammonium supply, and
root disease
9. Boron Deficiency
symptoms
• Boron deficiency causes both leaf and fruit
symptoms. The main leaf symptoms are a
distortion of newer leaves (in severe cases
the growing point dies) and the appearance
of a broad yellow border at the margins of
the oldest leaves. Young fruit can die or
abort; abortion rates are high. The symptoms
of boron deficiency on mature fruit are
distinctive and include stunted development
and mottled yellow longitudinal streaks,
which develop into corky markings (scurfing)
along the skin. These symptoms are often
most severe near the blossom end of the
fruit. Similar symptoms can occur on fruit
grown in polyhouses with inadequate winter
heating. Developing and mature fruit can
taper and curve at the blossom end. The
proportion of pith to seed is often higher in
boron-deficient fruit.
Older leaves on boron deficient plants
develop a yellow border (top and left).
New leaves are distorted and appear
mottled
12. The phosphorous deficient plant (on the left) is stunted and has small, dark green, dull
leaves.
A healthy plant is on the right.
13. The oldest leaf of this stunted plant is bright yellow, but the leaf above it remains dark
green.
14.
15.
16.
17. Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency
• Iron is needed to produce
chlorophyll and to activate
several enzymes, especially those
involved in photosynthesis and
respiration. Deficiencies of iron
are more likely in alkaline or
calcareous soils, and can be
induced by over-liming, poor
drainage, or high concentrations
of metallic ions in the soil or
nutrient solution. Iron availability
decreases at pHs above 7.
Manganese toxicity can induce an
iron deficiency
18. Magnesium deficiency
• Magnesium deficiency
causes yellowing of older
leaves. The symptom begins
between the major veins,
which retain a narrow green
border. A light tan burn will
develop in the yellow
regions if the deficiency is
severe. Fruit yields are
reduced.
Yellowing and light tan burn on older leaves
of magnesium deficient plant (left) compared with
a healthy plant (right).
19. Manganese Deficiency
symptoms
• The function of manganese in the
plant is closely associated with
the function of iron, copper and
zinc as enzyme catalysts.
Manganese is needed for
photosynthesis, respiration and
nitrate assimilation. Deficiencies
are more likely in calcareous or
alkaline soils, or over-limed soils;
availability is high in acidic soils.
• The veins of middle to upper
leaves of manganese-deficient
plants appear green against the
mottled pale green to yellow of
the blade.
21. Nitrogen Deficiency
Symptoms
• Most plants need nitrogen in
large amounts. It is generally
considered to drive plant
growth, probably because its
supply is often limiting. A
shortage of nitrogen reduces
the plant's capacity to trap
energy through
photosynthesis. Nitrogen is
required in the production of
chlorophyll (the green pigment
in leaves), which is responsible
for converting sunlight to
usable plant energy
22. Phosphorus Deficiency
symptoms
• Phosphorus-deficient plants have
weak roots, are stunted, and
produce small, dark, dull, grey-
green leaves. The oldest leaf, at
the base of the shoot, turns
bright yellow. However, unlike
nitrogen deficiency, the leaf
directly above this leaf remains
dark green. Brown patches
appear between the veins on
mature leaves. These become
scorched and spread until the leaf
dies prematurely. Fruit set is
reduced and so production is
impaired.
The phosphorous deficient plant
(on the left) is stunted and has
small, dark green, dull leaves.
A healthy plant is on the right.
24. Zinc Toxicity
symptoms
• Zinc toxicity causes a pale
green chlorosis of newer
leaves. If toxicity is severe,
pinhead-sized light-brown
spots may appear between
the veins. Older leaves may
wilt and appear dull. All
leaves are a lighter green
than is normal
Where there is excess zinc, the older leaf (on
the left) appears dull. The younger leaf is pale
green with pinhole-sized light brown spots
between the veins
25. Potassium Deficiency
symptoms
• Potassium deficiency causes yellowing
and scorching of older leaves. These
symptoms begin at the margins of the
leaf and spread between the veins
towards its centre. Large areas of tissue
around the major veins remain green
until the disorder is well advanced. A
brown scorch develops in the yellow
areas and spreads until the leaf is dry
and papery. As each leaf dies, others
further up the shoot develop the same
symptoms. These symptoms can
develop rapidly in hot weather. Fruit
may not expand fully at the stem end,
although they look swollen at the tip
end, a symptom that is also caused by
water stress.
26. Salt Injury
symptoms
• Plants grown under saline conditions,
where the soil or growing medium has
high electrical conductivity (EC), are
stunted and produce dark green, dull,
leathery leaves that are prone to
wilting. A narrow band of yellow
necrotic tissue is often present on leaf
edges. This can affect leaf expansion,
causing a slight downward cupping of
the leaf. After a serious water stress,
the oldest leaves may develop a
uniform pale green chlorosis and small
necrotic areas within the leaf. If water
supply is maintained, leaves may only
develop a band of pale green tissue
around their edges. Plants are likely to
wilt in warm weather
28. Chloride Toxicity
symptoms
• Cucumbers are moderately
sensitive to chloride. Chloride
salts are common in the soil or
groundwater in areas on
Wianamatta Shale (for example,
around Glenorie and Blacktown in
NSW). Chloride is also present in
fertilisers, such as muriate of
potash (potassium chloride). Do
not use these fertilisers if salt is a
problem. Chloride toxicity
reduces plant vigour and causes
yellowing and scorching of leaf
margins, and premature leaf fall
Band of pale green tissue around the leaf
margin with some edge scorching associated
with 3% chloride in tissue