Water logging occurs when excess water saturates soils, preventing proper drainage. It impacts agriculture in Pakistan, where approximately 50% of agricultural land is affected. Water logging reduces crop yields and quality by limiting oxygen to plant roots. It can also lead to soil salinization. Drainage systems that remove excess surface and subsurface water through ditches, pipes, and raised beds are key to controlling water logging. Maintaining healthy soil structure also helps by improving drainage and water retention. Without measures to control water logging, affected agricultural areas become uncultivated.
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Waterlogging refers to soil saturation from high water tables, preventing air and oxygen flow needed by crops. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, flooding, and high water tables during monsoons. Waterlogging can be permanent, periodic, or temporary, and often leads to soil salinization in irrigated areas due to prevented leaching of salts. Major waterlogged areas in Bangladesh include wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and areas with artificial irrigation. Waterlogging hampers soil microbial activity, reduces nutrient availability, increases soil pH, and favors weed growth. Reducing measures include dams, embankments, and bridges/culverts to restrict water flow.
Waterlogging Types & Causes of Waterlogging Effects & its control Salinity Ef...Denish Jangid
Waterlogging refers to saturation of soil with water which can occur when the water table rises too high. Approximately 4% of irrigated land in India is affected by waterlogging, causing issues for crop growth. Key causes of waterlogging include seepage from canals, poor drainage, interruptions to natural water flows, and excessive or poorly managed irrigation. Prevention strategies center around reducing water infiltration and increasing outflow, through actions like canal lining, interceptor drains, and improved drainage systems.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
In this presentation a brief description is given about salinity, types of salinity. What is water salinity and soil salinity. And also a small brief note on source of salts.
Conjunctive use of water and water budgetingDelince Samuel
Conjunctive use of water involves using multiple water sources like groundwater and surface water together to provide sustained irrigation that meets crop demands. It allows for greater water supply security and yield by taking advantage of natural groundwater storage and the ability to rapidly deploy groundwater when other sources are limited. This helps ensure better timing of irrigation, reduces environmental impacts, prevents water scarcity in remote regions, creates equal water distribution, and meets crop demands in a reliable way.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Waterlogging refers to soil saturation from high water tables, preventing air and oxygen flow needed by crops. It is caused by over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, flooding, and high water tables during monsoons. Waterlogging can be permanent, periodic, or temporary, and often leads to soil salinization in irrigated areas due to prevented leaching of salts. Major waterlogged areas in Bangladesh include wetlands, floodplains, coastal areas, and areas with artificial irrigation. Waterlogging hampers soil microbial activity, reduces nutrient availability, increases soil pH, and favors weed growth. Reducing measures include dams, embankments, and bridges/culverts to restrict water flow.
Waterlogging Types & Causes of Waterlogging Effects & its control Salinity Ef...Denish Jangid
Waterlogging refers to saturation of soil with water which can occur when the water table rises too high. Approximately 4% of irrigated land in India is affected by waterlogging, causing issues for crop growth. Key causes of waterlogging include seepage from canals, poor drainage, interruptions to natural water flows, and excessive or poorly managed irrigation. Prevention strategies center around reducing water infiltration and increasing outflow, through actions like canal lining, interceptor drains, and improved drainage systems.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
In this presentation a brief description is given about salinity, types of salinity. What is water salinity and soil salinity. And also a small brief note on source of salts.
Conjunctive use of water and water budgetingDelince Samuel
Conjunctive use of water involves using multiple water sources like groundwater and surface water together to provide sustained irrigation that meets crop demands. It allows for greater water supply security and yield by taking advantage of natural groundwater storage and the ability to rapidly deploy groundwater when other sources are limited. This helps ensure better timing of irrigation, reduces environmental impacts, prevents water scarcity in remote regions, creates equal water distribution, and meets crop demands in a reliable way.
The Formation of a particular type of soil depends upon the physico-chemical properties of the parent rock, intensity and duration of weathering, climatic and other parameters. This module highlights these aspects for a basic understanding.
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
water logging and salinity in pakistan by Musadiq Rehmanimusadiqrehmani
The document discusses water logging and salinity issues affecting agriculture in Pakistan. It states that 50% of irrigated lands in Pakistan are affected by water logging and salinity, reducing crop yields and farmer incomes. Drainage systems are needed to control water logging by allowing excess irrigation water to drain away and leach out salts. Biological controls and choosing tolerant crop species can also help reduce the impact of water logging on agricultural production.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Drought is defined as a period with less than average water supply, whether surface or underground. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. There are four types of drought: meteorological based on dryness compared to normal; agricultural linking dryness to farm impacts; hydrological associated with low streamflow and reservoirs; and socioeconomic when people are affected by water shortages. Drought damages include direct losses like income and indirect losses like reduced revenues. Causes are natural like less rain or human-made like overuse of water.
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and flooding. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. The document also defines soil salinity and describes processes of formation. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation water. Management includes leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
Water logging occurs when excess water at underground levels rises to the surface due to natural flooding, over-irrigation, or inadequate drainage. This displaces air in the soil and changes soil processes, accumulating toxic substances that inhibit plant growth. Water logging can be caused by permanent or periodic submersion of land, heavy rainfall, or artificial irrigation in low-lying areas. It leads to inhibited soil bacteria activity, reduced available water and temperature, and impaired air circulation and increased salt levels in the soil. This delays cultivation, promotes unwanted plant growth, and negatively impacts health. Solutions include improving drainage, reducing water percolation from canals, restricting excess irrigation, and removing obstructions to natural drainage.
This document discusses different types of salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes the properties of each soil type and methods for reclamation. Sodic soils have a high sodium content which reduces water intake, while saline soils contain water-soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts from the root zone through irrigation and drainage. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding calcium amendments like gypsum to replace sodium on clay surfaces and improve soil structure and permeability. Proper drainage is also needed to manage salt levels in both soil types.
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
The detail information about types of soil degradation and factors affecting soil degradation.
SSAC-242 Problematic soil and their management.
Lecture No. 1 Soil Degradation- definition, types, factors, processes.
The document discusses infiltration, percolation, and factors that influence infiltration rates in soils. It describes how infiltration rates are measured and defines key terms like infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and percolation. Soil texture, structure, and the presence of vegetation can greatly impact infiltration. Higher infiltration is associated with larger soil pores, continuous pore networks, and protective vegetative covers on the soil surface.
Waterlogging and soil salinity are problems caused by excess irrigation water accumulating below the root zone. This restricts plant growth and productivity. Drainage systems are needed to draw down the water table and leach salts from the soil profile. However, drainage canals are expensive to implement. Adopting more efficient irrigation technologies and incentivizing their use can help slow waterlogging. Waterlogging and salinity affect over 20% of irrigated land worldwide, costing $11 billion annually and removing 1.5 million hectares from production each year due to high salt levels. Different crops have varying tolerances to waterlogging and soil salinity. Maintaining an appropriate depth to the water table and managing salt levels in the soil
Field capacity refers to the amount of water in soil after excess water has drained away by gravity. It typically occurs 2-3 days after rainfall or irrigation. There are three types of water in soil: gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. Factors like soil texture, structure, organic matter, temperature and depth of wetting influence field capacity. Field capacity is important for plant growth as it provides soluble nutrients and regulates soil temperature and microbial activity. It can be measured using pressure-based methods that determine water content at -33 kPa tension or flux-based methods using hydraulic conductivity functions.
Soil and water conservation engineering, water erosion, types of water erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, coastal erosion
The document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. Some key measures mentioned include contour cultivation, strip cropping, use of cover crops, mulching, addition of manure and fertilizers, construction of bench terraces, use of vegetative barriers, and maintaining soil pH and salinity levels. Soil conservation is important to prevent erosion and destruction of soil. Various farming practices can be employed to effectively conserve soil on agricultural lands.
Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality from its original fertile state due to improper land use. It is caused by both natural processes and human activities. Key causes of human-induced soil degradation include water and wind erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, mining, urbanization, improper agricultural practices, and industrialization. This leads to issues like soil infertility, loss of arable land, reduced water quality, and negative impacts on biodiversity. Globally, soil degradation affects 1.5 billion people and is responsible for an estimated 84% of land degradation. It threatens food security and livelihoods around the world.
This document discusses soil salinity, including its causes, effects, and management strategies. It begins by defining salinity as the presence of excess salts in the soil. The major causes of salinity include natural rock weathering, fluctuating water tables, lack of rainfall, and irrigation with saline water. Saline soils are then categorized based on electrical conductivity, pH, and exchangeable sodium percentage. The document outlines various effects of salinity such as reduced water availability, ion toxicity, and nutritional imbalances. Evaluation methods and management approaches are then presented, such as water and soil management practices, leaching salts from the root zone, and using salt-tolerant crops.
Drought is a period of below-average precipitation that results in prolonged water shortages. There are four main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic. Causes of drought include low amounts of atmospheric water vapor, shifting air masses, human activities like deforestation and overfarming, and global warming. India has a drought management system that involves reporting from local gram panchayats up through state and national authorities. Over the past 200 years India has experienced many reported drought events.
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Water logging occurs when excess rainfall or high water tables prevent soils from adequately draining water, reducing oxygen levels in the soil. In Pakistan, 38% of irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% also affected by salinity. Water logging primarily impacts agriculture, with an estimated 50% of land in Pakistan affected and 30 million acres rendered uncultivated. It can prevent plant germination and growth, cause nutrient deficiencies, and even kill plants. Solutions include planting trees and bushes to control water tables, installing drainage systems, and choosing appropriate crops, seedlings, fertilization, and weed control.
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
water logging and salinity in pakistan by Musadiq Rehmanimusadiqrehmani
The document discusses water logging and salinity issues affecting agriculture in Pakistan. It states that 50% of irrigated lands in Pakistan are affected by water logging and salinity, reducing crop yields and farmer incomes. Drainage systems are needed to control water logging by allowing excess irrigation water to drain away and leach out salts. Biological controls and choosing tolerant crop species can also help reduce the impact of water logging on agricultural production.
Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.
Drought is defined as a period with less than average water supply, whether surface or underground. It can last months or years and is caused by consistently low precipitation. There are four types of drought: meteorological based on dryness compared to normal; agricultural linking dryness to farm impacts; hydrological associated with low streamflow and reservoirs; and socioeconomic when people are affected by water shortages. Drought damages include direct losses like income and indirect losses like reduced revenues. Causes are natural like less rain or human-made like overuse of water.
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
This document discusses waterlogging and salinity issues in soils. It defines waterlogging as soils saturated with water and describes various causes of waterlogging including seepage from canals, poor drainage, and flooding. It outlines effects on plant growth like reduced oxygen and gas exchange. Reclamation methods include interceptor drains and pumping groundwater. The document also defines soil salinity and describes processes of formation. Causes in Pakistan include poor leaching and irrigation water. Management includes leaching, crop selection, and adding organic matter or chemicals.
Water logging occurs when excess water at underground levels rises to the surface due to natural flooding, over-irrigation, or inadequate drainage. This displaces air in the soil and changes soil processes, accumulating toxic substances that inhibit plant growth. Water logging can be caused by permanent or periodic submersion of land, heavy rainfall, or artificial irrigation in low-lying areas. It leads to inhibited soil bacteria activity, reduced available water and temperature, and impaired air circulation and increased salt levels in the soil. This delays cultivation, promotes unwanted plant growth, and negatively impacts health. Solutions include improving drainage, reducing water percolation from canals, restricting excess irrigation, and removing obstructions to natural drainage.
This document discusses different types of salt-affected soils, including saline soils, sodic soils, and saline-sodic soils. It describes the properties of each soil type and methods for reclamation. Sodic soils have a high sodium content which reduces water intake, while saline soils contain water-soluble salts like chlorides and sulfates. Reclamation of saline soils involves leaching salts from the root zone through irrigation and drainage. Reclamation of sodic soils requires adding calcium amendments like gypsum to replace sodium on clay surfaces and improve soil structure and permeability. Proper drainage is also needed to manage salt levels in both soil types.
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
The detail information about types of soil degradation and factors affecting soil degradation.
SSAC-242 Problematic soil and their management.
Lecture No. 1 Soil Degradation- definition, types, factors, processes.
The document discusses infiltration, percolation, and factors that influence infiltration rates in soils. It describes how infiltration rates are measured and defines key terms like infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity, and percolation. Soil texture, structure, and the presence of vegetation can greatly impact infiltration. Higher infiltration is associated with larger soil pores, continuous pore networks, and protective vegetative covers on the soil surface.
Waterlogging and soil salinity are problems caused by excess irrigation water accumulating below the root zone. This restricts plant growth and productivity. Drainage systems are needed to draw down the water table and leach salts from the soil profile. However, drainage canals are expensive to implement. Adopting more efficient irrigation technologies and incentivizing their use can help slow waterlogging. Waterlogging and salinity affect over 20% of irrigated land worldwide, costing $11 billion annually and removing 1.5 million hectares from production each year due to high salt levels. Different crops have varying tolerances to waterlogging and soil salinity. Maintaining an appropriate depth to the water table and managing salt levels in the soil
Field capacity refers to the amount of water in soil after excess water has drained away by gravity. It typically occurs 2-3 days after rainfall or irrigation. There are three types of water in soil: gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. Factors like soil texture, structure, organic matter, temperature and depth of wetting influence field capacity. Field capacity is important for plant growth as it provides soluble nutrients and regulates soil temperature and microbial activity. It can be measured using pressure-based methods that determine water content at -33 kPa tension or flux-based methods using hydraulic conductivity functions.
Soil and water conservation engineering, water erosion, types of water erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, coastal erosion
The document discusses various agronomic measures for soil conservation. Some key measures mentioned include contour cultivation, strip cropping, use of cover crops, mulching, addition of manure and fertilizers, construction of bench terraces, use of vegetative barriers, and maintaining soil pH and salinity levels. Soil conservation is important to prevent erosion and destruction of soil. Various farming practices can be employed to effectively conserve soil on agricultural lands.
Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality from its original fertile state due to improper land use. It is caused by both natural processes and human activities. Key causes of human-induced soil degradation include water and wind erosion, deforestation, overgrazing, mining, urbanization, improper agricultural practices, and industrialization. This leads to issues like soil infertility, loss of arable land, reduced water quality, and negative impacts on biodiversity. Globally, soil degradation affects 1.5 billion people and is responsible for an estimated 84% of land degradation. It threatens food security and livelihoods around the world.
This document discusses soil salinity, including its causes, effects, and management strategies. It begins by defining salinity as the presence of excess salts in the soil. The major causes of salinity include natural rock weathering, fluctuating water tables, lack of rainfall, and irrigation with saline water. Saline soils are then categorized based on electrical conductivity, pH, and exchangeable sodium percentage. The document outlines various effects of salinity such as reduced water availability, ion toxicity, and nutritional imbalances. Evaluation methods and management approaches are then presented, such as water and soil management practices, leaching salts from the root zone, and using salt-tolerant crops.
Drought is a period of below-average precipitation that results in prolonged water shortages. There are four main types of drought: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic. Causes of drought include low amounts of atmospheric water vapor, shifting air masses, human activities like deforestation and overfarming, and global warming. India has a drought management system that involves reporting from local gram panchayats up through state and national authorities. Over the past 200 years India has experienced many reported drought events.
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Water logging occurs when excess rainfall or high water tables prevent soils from adequately draining water, reducing oxygen levels in the soil. In Pakistan, 38% of irrigated land is damaged by water logging, with 14% also affected by salinity. Water logging primarily impacts agriculture, with an estimated 50% of land in Pakistan affected and 30 million acres rendered uncultivated. It can prevent plant germination and growth, cause nutrient deficiencies, and even kill plants. Solutions include planting trees and bushes to control water tables, installing drainage systems, and choosing appropriate crops, seedlings, fertilization, and weed control.
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen around plant roots. This can lower crop yields. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, making the soil unsuitable for most crops. Proposed solutions include reducing irrigation, growing salt-tolerant crops, flushing soils, leaving fields fallow, and installing underground drainage systems.
Two major impacts of irrigation are water logging and salinity. Water logging occurs when excessive irrigation causes the water table to rise, saturating the soil and displacing oxygen that plant roots need. This can damage crops and infrastructure by reducing soil strength. Salinity develops when high water tables and capillary action cause dissolved salts in irrigation water to be deposited in upper soil layers, harming plants and potentially ruining soil fertility if not addressed. Remedies include surface and subsurface drainage systems to lower water tables, as well as switching to salt-tolerant crops or letting fields lie fallow periodically to leach out salts.
Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The main natural causes are heavy rainfall, wind, and steep slopes. Key human factors include deforestation, overgrazing, and improper agricultural techniques such as lack of crop rotation. Soil erosion occurs through processes such as sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and wind erosion. It leads to negative environmental and economic impacts like loss of fertile topsoil and siltation of waterways. Efforts are needed to prevent erosion through terracing, contour ploughing, afforestation, and other conservation methods.
Soil erosion is a major problem in India caused by various natural and human factors. The key causes are heavy rainfall, deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices. This strips away topsoil, especially on steep slopes. Regions highly impacted include Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Himalayan foothills. To control erosion, methods such as terracing, contour plowing, afforestation, and constructing dams have been used. Preventing further environmental degradation and switching to sustainable farming techniques are important to reduce soil loss.
This document discusses water logging and its causes and effects. It defines water logging as when the productivity of agricultural land is affected by a high water table. Key points include:
- Water logging occurs when there is too much water in the root zone of plants, killing bacteria that produce nutrients and reducing crop yields.
- The depth of the water table affects different crops, such as wheat being affected at 0.9-1.2m and sugarcane at 0.3m.
- Causes of water logging include over irrigation, seepage from canals and reservoirs, inadequate drainage, obstruction of water flows, soil type, and excessive rainfall.
- Effects are difficult cultivation, growth of
The document discusses various aspects of going green including its meaning, benefits, ways to go green, and consequences of not going green. Specifically, going green means conserving energy and resources to reduce pollution and save money. It helps reduce resource depletion, recycling, and prevents various forms of pollution and environmental degradation that harm wildlife. The document provides tips like saving energy and water, reducing waste, and suggests considering environmental impacts before consuming to live more sustainably.
Hello Dear,
I'm an Engineer Aamir Khasru Mohammad Chowdhury. Nick name Aryan Khasru. I'm a Civil Engineer (B.Sc In Civil Engineering). But I am also working or interested as like as Architecture, Interior Design, Exterior Design, Event Management and made Model Making Idea, Handicraft & Handmade Design Idea for Home Decorate & Life Style etc. I come from Chittagong, Bangladesh. That's all about myself.
Methods to control soil erosion and water run offRajat Sharma
This document discusses soil erosion and methods for controlling it to maintain soil health. It defines soil erosion as the detachment, transport, and deposition of soil particles. Soil erosion reduces soil quality and agricultural productivity on-site, and causes siltation of waterways off-site. Factors that influence erosion include climate, soil type, topography, and human activities. The document then outlines various agronomic and engineering measures that can be taken to control erosion, such as using vegetation, contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, terracing, and building structures like check dams and ponds. The overall goal is to implement practices that protect the soil surface and slow runoff to prevent erosion.
1. The document provides information on a course titled "Drainage Engineering" presented by Er. G. G. Kadam at Dr. Budhajirao Mulik College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology.
2. It discusses various concepts related to drainage including definitions of irrigation, drainage, waterlogged lands, excess water, and surface drainage. It also covers causes of waterlogging such as over irrigation, seepage, impervious layers, inadequate drainage, and more.
3. Methods to control waterlogging are described like lining canals, reducing irrigation intensity, crop rotation, optimum water use, interceptor drains, and an efficient drainage system. The effects of poor drainage on soils and plants and benefits
This presentation deals with Watershed Management In India and areas where there is scope of development. It also talks about a solution and our urges that our approach should be based on sustainability.
Waterlogging occurs when soil becomes saturated with water either temporarily or permanently, preventing plant growth. There are different types of waterlogging including riverine floods, seasonal flooding, and perennial or subsoil waterlogging caused by rising water tables. Waterlogging stresses plants by reducing oxygen, altering soil pH, lowering temperatures, and accumulating harmful salts. Preventive methods include improving drainage, quickly removing rainwater, conserving water use, and avoiding alkaline irrigation water.
This document discusses irrigation water management and drainage systems. It covers the causes of waterlogging including over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, and obstruction of natural drainage. The effects of waterlogging like reduced plant growth and increased soil salinity are also outlined. Various measures to prevent waterlogging are then described such as controlling irrigation intensity, providing drainage systems, lining canals, and adopting better irrigation practices. Finally, the importance of properly-designed drainage systems to prevent and remedy waterlogging is highlighted.
Characteristics of Soil Eroded due to water,Characteristics of Soil Eroded due to wind,Causes- Rain and rainwater runoff,Recreational Activities, Mining,farming ,Management:-
Crop rotation,Terraces,No-till planting
soil erosion is the one of the severe problem now a days. we should know about types of soil erosion , its effect on environment and how it to be prevented by various method..in these slides gives brief idea about types and erosion of soil erosion.
There are two main types of erosion: geological erosion, which occurs naturally over long periods of time, and accelerated erosion, which is caused by human activities like deforestation and lack of conservation practices. Accelerated erosion can occur via several processes, including wind erosion, rain drop erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and bank erosion along waterways. Erosion can negatively impact agriculture, increase flooding risks, accelerate desertification, and degrade the land.
Land is a critical resource that makes up 1/5 of the Earth's surface and is used for agriculture, mining, water storage, and habitat. Land degradation through soil erosion, desertification, and other processes threatens these uses. Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil by forces like wind and water, and is caused by deforestation, overgrazing, heavy rainfall, and improper cultivation techniques. Desertification is land degradation specific to arid regions caused by issues like deforestation, overexploitation, climate change, and poor agricultural practices. Conservation strategies to address these problems include agroforestry, wind breaks, conservation tillage, crop rotation, terracing, reforestation, and controlled grazing.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
2. Page no 1 Water logging?
Page no 4 When and why it
cause
Page no 5 Water logging and
salinity
Page no 6 Water logging in
Pakistan
3. Page no 7 Affected areas of
Pakistan
Page no 12 Impact on
agriculture
Page no 14 Impact on land
Page no 18 Control on water
logging
4. WATER LOGGING
Water logging is presents the situation
whereby the underground water comes
on the surface of land and in certain
cases it gathers on the ground level of
lands it may assume the shape of
streams
5. When and why it cause?
Waterlogging may be a natural condition of
the soil, but can worsen with deterioration in
soil structure
It occurs when rainfall exceeds the ability of
some soils to drain surplus water away
It is often perceived that waterlogging is a
surface water problem that surface drains
will overcome. However, in many situations
waterlogging is due to the soil profile (soil
below the ground surface) being saturated
and some type of subsurface drainage may
be necessary to overcome this problem
Unfortunately, some soils and areas, due to
their location, cannot be economically or
feasibly drained by any means
Susceptibility maps indicate that
waterlogging is high to very high over more
than 50% of the Corangamite region and is:
o usually a seasonal problem
o caused by a relatively impermeable
layer through which water moves only
very slowly
6. o due to soil compaction, sodic soils, high
rainfall
Water logging and salinity
As a result, the lands become
uncultivated. In same case underground
water does not reached the upper
surface it remains slightly low on land so
different salts accumulated near the
roots of plants this situation is called
salinity. So water is not sufficient water
available for plant growth (irrigation).
These salts are not absorbed in land.
These salt is gather in the form of layers
on land, they leads decrease in the
productivity of land and finely it become
uncultivated
7. Water logging in Pakistan
38% of Pakistan irrigated land was
damaged by water logged
14% saline
Only 45% are cultivated at present
time
Accumulation on Indus basin
8. Affected areas of Pakistan
Water logging mainly affect
agricultural sector it is estimated
that 50% land was affected by water
logging in Pakistan
While 30 lace of acres became
uncultivated
In case of Punjab 70,000 acres of land
affected by water logging every year
10. Impact of water logging on
agriculture
Effect of water logging on framer
Waterlogging is currently a significant land
degradation threat across much of south-
west Victoria
Vast areas including the Heytesbury Soldier
Settlement and the Victorian Volcanic Plains
represent landscapes significantly affected
by waterlogging
Is a significant problem for dairy farmers
during winter and early spring where soils
can remain waterlogged for considerable
periods
Causes poorer pastures, both in growth and
quality
Water logging and Stalinization are major
impediment to the sustainability of irrigated
11. lands and livelihoods of the farmers, especially
the smallholders, in the affected areas of the
Indus Basin. These problems are the result of a
multitude of factors, including seepage from
unlined earthen canals system, inadequate
provision of surface and subsurface drainage,
poor water management practices, insufficient
water supplies and use of poor quality
groundwater for irrigation. About 6.3 million ha
are affected by different levels and types of
salinity, out of which nearly half are under
irrigated agriculture. Since the early 1960s,
several efforts have been made to improve the
management of salt-affected and waterlogged
12. soils. These include lowering groundwater
levels through deep tu
bewells, leaching of salts by excess irrigation,
application of chemical amendments (e.g.
gypsum, acids, organic matter), and the use of
biological and physical methods. However, in
spite of huge investments, the results have in
general been disappointing and the problems of
13. water logging and salinity persist. Water
logging force farmer to sell him land.
Effect on plants
Waterlogging occurs when there is too much
water in the plant’s root zone, which results in
the roots not being able to access enough
oxygen for respiration. Waterlogging, when it
occurs, is a major constraint to production.
Plant growth is affected, and under certain
conditions will even lead to premature plant
death
Seeding rates
Increase sowing rates in areas susceptible to
waterlogging to give some insurance against
uneven germination, and to reduce the
dependence of cereal crops on tillering to
produce grain. Waterlogging depresses tillering.
High sowing rates will also increase the
competitiveness of the crop against weeds,
which take advantage of stressed crops
14. . Waterlogged seedlings can die before
emergence or show symptoms similar to
nitrogen deficiency.
Lower leaves turn purple-red to yellow, then
die.
Prolonged waterlogging causes root death and
eventually death of the whole plant. Plants are
more susceptible to root disease.
Waterlogging of adult plants causes yellowing
of lower leaves.
Salinity magnifies waterlogging effects, with
more marked stunting and oldest leaf marginal
necrosis and death
Signs of waterlogging include:
yellowing of crops and pastures;
the presence of weeds such as toad rush,
copula, dock and Yorkshire n fog grass;
dark, wet, slimy, usually with algae on the
topsoil
grey or greenish colored subsoil (permanent
waterlogging creating reducing conditions);
15. The presence of orange mottles in soil
profiles (although some mottles may
have been caused by waterlogging in previous
climates).
Effect of water logging on land
Areas affected by water logging
Germination and early growth can be much
worse on saline areas after waterlogging
events
Water accumulating or poorly drained areas
such as valleys, at the change of slope or
below rocks Duplex soils, particularly sandy
duplexes with less than 30 cm sand over
clay
Low nitrogen status crops
In very warm conditions when oxygen is
more rapidly depleted in the soil
Deeper sown crops
16. Figure 1 Hole in the ground filling with water
observe where soils are boggy and crops are
yellow;
mark out the areas that are affected, either
with posts laid on the ground or on an
accurate map;
17. at harvest time observe where the crops are
poor and check this against earlier
observations;
survey seepage interceptor drains, placing
them immediately above affected sites or
consider raised beds;
install drains when the soils are moist (for
example, after summer or autumn rains);
Effects of water logging
18. Cause of water looging
Control of water logging
Biological control
Water logging is contrl by planting trees bushes
plants on water table and control water logging
Drainage
19. Proper drainage system also help to control water
logging and choice of crop,seedling ,fertilization and
weed control aslo control the water logging
Best way to control water logging
Remove excess water (drainage options)
o Surface drainage – start with the
perimeter
o Subsurface drainage
o Raised beds (cropping areas) - to
reduce soil compaction and improve soil
structure
Minimize compaction (non-drainage
options)
o Controlled traffic flat beds (cropping
areas) - to reduce soil compaction and
improve soil structure
o Stock management - graze and spell
(rotation) based on understanding of
plant and soil needs
o Land class fencing
o
20. Improve water storage in profile
Removal of excess water through drainage
options
Surface and sub-surface drainage is
commonly used to rehabilitate waterlogged
land and improve soil structure
Currently, over 80% of dairy land has some
form of surface drainage and up to 20% has
sub-surface drainage (MacEwan 1998)
- Surface drains
- Subsurface drains
Surface drainage - Is very useful in
removing excess water from land in a
controlled manner and as quickly as
possible, to an artificial drainage system or
a natural watercourse. This should be done
with no damage to the environment.
Types of surface drainage include:
21. Ditches or open
drains:
o These vary in size and length and can
be formed by spinner cuts or excavators
o Must be very wary of constructing open
drains in dispersive soil as they are
highly prone to erosion
Grassed Waterways:
22. o These are usually shallow, varying in
width from narrow to meters wide, but
are constructed such that they are often
grazed as part of the paddock
o They are sometimes used to bring drain
outflows down slopes to prevent erosion
without considerable expense
Humps and hollows (bedding):
o Hump and hollowing is the practice of
forming (usually while renovating
pastures) the ground surface into
parallel convex (humps) surfaces
separated by hollows. The humped
shape sheds excess moisture relatively
quickly while the hollows act as shallow
surface drains
o Humps and hollows are useful in areas
or on soil types that are not suitable for
tile or mole drainage
o