Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Citrus (Production Technology and diseases)Zohaib Hassan
Citrus is major fruit crop all over the world. it faces many cultural as well as disease problems. This presentation give you the knowledge about basic requirement for citrus .
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
Citrus (Production Technology and diseases)Zohaib Hassan
Citrus is major fruit crop all over the world. it faces many cultural as well as disease problems. This presentation give you the knowledge about basic requirement for citrus .
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL Arvind Yadav
BRINJAL CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRINJAL .BRINJAL
Botanical name : Solanum melongena
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 24
Origin : India
Common name : Eggplant, Aubergine.
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
Economic importance and uses :-
It is an annual crop cultivated all over India.
The fruits are available practically throughout the year.
Brinjal fruits are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins particularly ‘B’ group.
Analysis of 100 g of edible fruit contains 91.5g of water, 6.4 g of Carbohydrates, 1.3g of Protein, 0.3g of fat and 0.5g of mineral matters.
Its green leaves are the main source of vitamin C (38-104.7mg/100g).
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Describes Outside-In development and Behvaiour Driven Development. Illustrates basic Cucumber usage within a Rails app and then goes over more advanced topics such as JS as web services.
The plants get sick too and the reasons behind this may be biotic or abiotic. There is a list of non-living factors making plants infected/diseased including A. Soil i- pH and ii-struce, B. Temperature i- extreme, ii-low, C. Moisture i-higher water content, ii- lower water content, D. Fertility i- nutrient excess, ii-nutrient deficiency.
Similar to Cucumber physiological disorders By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM KPK MINFAL Islamabad (20)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. Air Pollution
symptoms
• Another example of chemical
toxicity is damage from air
pollutants. Several gaseous air
pollutants can cause injury to
plants, including ozone and sulfur
dioxide. Ozone is produced when
components of
combustion/vehicle emissions
such as hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides react with oxygen
and sunlight to form ground level
ozone in the atmosphere. Its
effects on plants can be mistaken
for infectious diseases
4. Ozone Laayer
• Ozone can cause flecking
which could be mistaken for
mite injury. Ozone can also
cause bronzing, chlorosis , and
necrosis. Necrosis could be
mistaken for a leaf spot caused
by an infectious agent. In
conifers, injury can include
needle-banding and tip-burn
Air pollution levels are often
available from local
5. Soil Structure
• Soil structure determines the soil's ability to hold water,
nutrients, and oxygen and make them available to plants.
The most common issue related to soil structure is
compaction, which results in inadequate pore space for
root growth. Clay soils, with their smaller particle size, have
naturally smaller pore space and are at high risk for
becoming severely compacted. Compaction can occur from
a variety of sources including traffic (particularly heavy
farming or construction equipment) (Figure 1), raindrop
impact, tilling operations (plow layer), and minimal crop
rotation. Reduced water availability is an obvious
consequence of compaction as runoff occurs more
frequently in a compacted soil and available pore space to
hold water is limited
• symptoms
6. SoilpH
• Soil pH below 5.5 generally results in low
availability of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and
phosphorus (P), and increased solubility of
aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and boron (B). High
levels of these three nutrients in low soil pH are
common, and can induce toxicity symptoms in
plants. Soils with pH levels above 7.8 have a high
availability of Ca and Mg at the expense of P, B,
Fe, manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu).
Plants grown in these alkaline soils often have
deficiency symptoms to these nutrients
• symptoms
8. • NitrogenDeficiency SymptomsBoth
vegetative growth and fruit
production are severely restricted
plants appear pale and
spindly. New leaves are small but
remain green, whereas the oldest
leaves turn yellow and die. The
yellowing spreads up the shoot to
younger leaves. Yield is reduced
and fruit are pale, short and thick.
• Correction MeasureSide-dress
deficient in-ground crops with 20-
50 kg N/ha, or apply fortnightly
foliar sprays of 2% urea at high
volume.
9. • PotassiumDeficiency SymptomsPotassium
deficiency causes yellowing and scorching or
older leaves. These symptoms begin at the
margins of the leaf and spread between the
veins towards its centre. Large areas of
tissue around the major veins remain green
until the disorder is well advanced. A brown
scorch develops in the yellow areas and
spreads until the leaf is dry and
papery. Potassium from a fertilizer side-
dressing will move from the soil surface to
the roots only if the soil is very
sandy. Potassium fertilizers are therefore
best incorporated in the soil before
planting. Fertigation or drip feeding can also
be used to treat a deficient crop.
• Correction MeasureFoliar spray of Kcl 1% at
weekly interval.
10. • CalciumDeficiency SymptomsEmerging
leaves appear scorched and distorted
and may cup downwards because the
leaf margins have failed to expand
fully. Mature and older leaves are
generally unaffected. With a severe
deficiency, flowers can abort, and the
growing point may die. Fruits from
calcium-deficient plants are smaller and
tasteless, and may fail to develop
normally at the blossom end. Injury
from calcium deficiency can be reduced
by regular foliar sprays of calcium
nitrate (800 g/100 L).
• Correction MeasureApplication of
gypsum / foliar spray of CaSo4 2%.
11. • MagnesiumDeficiency
SymptomsMagnesium deficiency
causes yellowing of older
leaves. The symptom begins
between the major veins, which
retain a narrow green border. A
light tan burn will develop in the
yellow regions if the deficiency is
severe. Fruit yields are reduced.
• Correction MeasureIncorporate
magnetite (300 kg/ha) or dolomite
(800 kg/ha) into deficient soils
before planting. Fortnightly foliar
sprays of MgSO4 (2 kg/100 L) at
high volume (500-1000 L/ha).
12. • oronDeficiency
SymptomsDistortion of newer
leaves (in severe cases the growing
point dies) and the appearance of a
broad yellow border at the margins
of the oldest leaves. Young fruit
can die or abort; abortion rates are
high. Stunted development and
mottled yellow longitudinal streaks,
which develop into corky marking
(scurfing) along the skin.
• Correction MeasureFoliar spray of
0.2% Borax at forthrightly interval.
Application of 10 kg borax per
hectare to deficient soil before will
prevent boron deficiency.
13. • Calcium and BoronDeficiency SymptomsEmerging
leaves appear scorched and distorted and may cup
downwards because the leaf margins have failed to
expand fully. Mature and older leaves are generally
unaffected. With a severe deficiency, flowers can
abort, and the growing point may die. Fruits from
calcium-deficient plants are smaller and tasteless,
and may fail to develop normally at the blossom
end. Injury from calcium deficiency can be reduced
by regular foliar sprays of calcium nitrate (800
g/100 L).
• Distortion of newer leaves (in severe cases the
growing point dies) and the appearance of a broad
yellow border at the margins of the oldest
leaves. Young fruit can die or abort; abortion rates
are high. Stunted development and mottled yellow
longitudinal streaks, which develop into corky
marking (scurfing) along the skin.
• Correction MeasureApplication of gypsum / foliar
spray of CaSo4 2%.
• Foliar spray of 0.2% Borax at forthrightly interval.
Application of 10 kg borax per hectare to deficient
soil before will prevent boron deficiency.
14. • IronDeficiency SymptomsIron
deficiency causes a uniform pale green
chlorosis of the newest leaves; all other
leaves remain dark green. Initially, the
veins remain green, which gives a net-
like pattern. If the deficiency is severe,
the minor veins also fade, and the
leaves may eventually burn, especially if
exposed to strong sunlight. Good
drainage and soil aeration favour iron
availability. Foliar sprays of iron
sulphate (150 g/100 L) can be used to
treat symptoms
• Correction MeasureFoliar spray of 0.5%
FeSO4
15. • ManganeseDeficiency
SymptomsThe veins of
middle to upper leaves of
manganese-deficient plants
appear green against the
mottled pale green to
yellow of the blade.
• Correction MeasureSpray
the foliage with MnSO4
(100 g/100 L).
16. • ZincDeficiency
SymptomsReduction in leaf
size, shorting of
internodes. Leaves pale
green in colour and with
green veins.
• Correction MeasureFoliar
application of 0.5% ZnSo4 a
soil application of 5-10 kg
ZnSo4 / ha.
17. Calcium Deficiency
symptoms
• Calcium is important for the functioning
of cell membranes and the strength of
cell walls. Most calcium-related
disorders of crops are caused by
unfavourable growing conditions and
not by inadequate supply of calcium to
the roots. Rapidly growing crops in hot
windy conditions are most at risk.
Deficiencies can also develop when
cucumbers grow quickly under
continuously humid conditions, as in a
polyhouse. Other contributing factors
are waterlogging, soil salinity, high
potassium or ammonium supply, and
root disease
18. Boron Deficiency
symptoms
• Boron deficiency causes both leaf and fruit
symptoms. The main leaf symptoms are a
distortion of newer leaves (in severe cases
the growing point dies) and the appearance
of a broad yellow border at the margins of
the oldest leaves. Young fruit can die or
abort; abortion rates are high. The symptoms
of boron deficiency on mature fruit are
distinctive and include stunted development
and mottled yellow longitudinal streaks,
which develop into corky markings (scurfing)
along the skin. These symptoms are often
most severe near the blossom end of the
fruit. Similar symptoms can occur on fruit
grown in polyhouses with inadequate winter
heating. Developing and mature fruit can
taper and curve at the blossom end. The
proportion of pith to seed is often higher in
boron-deficient fruit.
Older leaves on boron deficient plants
develop a yellow border (top and left).
New leaves are distorted and appear
mottled
21. The phosphorous deficient plant (on the left) is stunted and has small, dark green, dull
leaves.
A healthy plant is on the right.
22. The oldest leaf of this stunted plant is bright yellow, but the leaf above it remains dark
green.
23. Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency
• Iron is needed to produce
chlorophyll and to activate
several enzymes, especially those
involved in photosynthesis and
respiration. Deficiencies of iron
are more likely in alkaline or
calcareous soils, and can be
induced by over-liming, poor
drainage, or high concentrations
of metallic ions in the soil or
nutrient solution. Iron availability
decreases at pHs above 7.
Manganese toxicity can induce an
iron deficiency
24. Magnesium deficiency
• Magnesium deficiency
causes yellowing of older
leaves. The symptom begins
between the major veins,
which retain a narrow green
border. A light tan burn will
develop in the yellow
regions if the deficiency is
severe. Fruit yields are
reduced.
Yellowing and light tan burn on older leaves
of magnesium deficient plant (left) compared with
a healthy plant (right).
25. Manganese Deficiency
symptoms
• The function of manganese in the
plant is closely associated with
the function of iron, copper and
zinc as enzyme catalysts.
Manganese is needed for
photosynthesis, respiration and
nitrate assimilation. Deficiencies
are more likely in calcareous or
alkaline soils, or over-limed soils;
availability is high in acidic soils.
• The veins of middle to upper
leaves of manganese-deficient
plants appear green against the
mottled pale green to yellow of
the blade.
27. Nitrogen Deficiency
Symptoms
• Most plants need nitrogen in
large amounts. It is generally
considered to drive plant
growth, probably because its
supply is often limiting. A
shortage of nitrogen reduces
the plant's capacity to trap
energy through
photosynthesis. Nitrogen is
required in the production of
chlorophyll (the green pigment
in leaves), which is responsible
for converting sunlight to
usable plant energy
28. Phosphorus Deficiency
symptoms
• Phosphorus-deficient plants have
weak roots, are stunted, and
produce small, dark, dull, grey-
green leaves. The oldest leaf, at
the base of the shoot, turns
bright yellow. However, unlike
nitrogen deficiency, the leaf
directly above this leaf remains
dark green. Brown patches
appear between the veins on
mature leaves. These become
scorched and spread until the leaf
dies prematurely. Fruit set is
reduced and so production is
impaired.
The phosphorous deficient plant
(on the left) is stunted and has
small, dark green, dull leaves.
A healthy plant is on the right.
30. Zinc Toxicity
symptoms
• Zinc toxicity causes a pale
green chlorosis of newer
leaves. If toxicity is severe,
pinhead-sized light-brown
spots may appear between
the veins. Older leaves may
wilt and appear dull. All
leaves are a lighter green
than is normal
Where there is excess zinc, the older leaf (on
the left) appears dull. The younger leaf is pale
green with pinhole-sized light brown spots
between the veins
31. Potassium Deficiency
symptoms
• Potassium deficiency causes yellowing
and scorching of older leaves. These
symptoms begin at the margins of the
leaf and spread between the veins
towards its centre. Large areas of tissue
around the major veins remain green
until the disorder is well advanced. A
brown scorch develops in the yellow
areas and spreads until the leaf is dry
and papery. As each leaf dies, others
further up the shoot develop the same
symptoms. These symptoms can
develop rapidly in hot weather. Fruit
may not expand fully at the stem end,
although they look swollen at the tip
end, a symptom that is also caused by
water stress.
32. Salt Injury
symptoms
• Plants grown under saline conditions,
where the soil or growing medium has
high electrical conductivity (EC), are
stunted and produce dark green, dull,
leathery leaves that are prone to
wilting. A narrow band of yellow
necrotic tissue is often present on leaf
edges. This can affect leaf expansion,
causing a slight downward cupping of
the leaf. After a serious water stress,
the oldest leaves may develop a
uniform pale green chlorosis and small
necrotic areas within the leaf. If water
supply is maintained, leaves may only
develop a band of pale green tissue
around their edges. Plants are likely to
wilt in warm weather
34. Chloride Toxicity
symptoms
• Cucumbers are moderately
sensitive to chloride. Chloride
salts are common in the soil or
groundwater in areas on
Wianamatta Shale (for example,
around Glenorie and Blacktown in
NSW). Chloride is also present in
fertilisers, such as muriate of
potash (potassium chloride). Do
not use these fertilisers if salt is a
problem. Chloride toxicity
reduces plant vigour and causes
yellowing and scorching of leaf
margins, and premature leaf fall
Band of pale green tissue around the leaf
margin with some edge scorching associated
with 3% chloride in tissue