Potential Health Benefits of Soursop (Annona Muricata L.))

16 April 2023 Department of PSM&AC
UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BENGALURU-65
Speaker: Shivanand D Ainapur,
UHS21PGD422, II Ph. D.
Department of PSMAC
Major Advisor: Dr. Maruthi Prasad B. N.
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of PSMAC

Progress of member countries regarding established national policies on T&CM and national
regulations on herbal medicine
25
39
45 48
69
65
82
92
110
119
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1991 2003 2005 2007 2012
Number of member countries with TM policy Number of member countries with herbal medicines
WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023

Background of soursop
Botany
Traditional and non-traditional uses
Bioactive constituents and pharmacological effects
Case studies
Products & derivatives
Conclusion
CONTENTS
16 April 2023 3
Department of PSM&AC 3/56

Soursop
• Name “Soursop”…, unique sweet-sour taste of pulp
16 April 2023 4
Department of PSM&AC Singh and Saxena, 2018
• Botanical Name : Annona muricata L.
• Family : Annonaceae
• Chromosome No : 2n=2X=14
• Origin : Central and south America
4/56

Annona squamosa
Sithaphal, sweetsop,
sharifa, sugar apple and
custard apple
Annona atemoya
A. cherimola × A. squamosa
Hanumanphal or atemoya
Annona reticulata
Ramphal, bullock’s heart &
bull heart
Annona glabra
Pond apple, alligator
apple, cork wood
Potential rootstock
Annona cherimola
Lakshmanphal,
Cherimoya and cherimoyar
Annona diversifolia
Illama and mountain
sopapilla
16 April 2023 Department of PSM&AC 5
Other important species of Annona genus
Singh and Saxena, 2018 5/56

Figure 1. Distribution of Annona muricata
Zubaidi et al., 2023
16 April 2023 6

Botany
Fruit
Annona muricata
Cross-sectional view of fruit
Leaves & seeds
16 April 2023 7

Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy – 53.1-61.3 kcal Vitamins
Carbohydrates 14.63 g Thiamine (B1) 0.07 mg
Crude fiber 0.79 g Riboflavin (B2) 0.12 mg
Fat 0.97 g Niacin (B3) 1.52 mg
Protein 1 g Vitamin C 16.4 mg
Ash 0.6 g
Minerals
Calcium 10.3 mg
Iron 0.64 mg
Magnesium 21 mg
Phosphorus 27.7 mg
Potassium 278 mg
Table 1. Nutritional composition of Annona muricata fruits
67%
20%
9%
4%
Fruit composition
Pulp
Skin
Seeds
Columella
Iombor et al.,2014 8/56

Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy – 73.43 kcal Zinc 0.67 mg
Carbohydrates 16.47 g Copper 0.26 mg
Crude fiber 2.34 g Manganese 0.23 mg
Fat 0.32 g Ascorbic acid 39 mg
Protein 1.16 g
Ash 1.69 g
Minerals
Calcium 56.26 mg
Iron 0.58 mg
Magnesium 29.61 mg
Phosphorus 87.97 mg
Potassium 931 mg
Table 1. Nutritional composition of Annona muricata fruits
67%
20%
9%
4%
Fruit composition
Pulp
Skin
Seeds
Columella
Shetty, 2020 8/56

16 April 2023 10
Seeds
• Cancer
• Asthma
• Cold
Dried and powdered
parts are boiled to get
extract. The solution is
strained before it is
consumed.
• Diabetes
• Hypotensive
• Flu and insomnia
• Analgesic
• Malaria
• Anti-inflammatory
• Hypoglycemic
• Sedative
• Hypotensive
• Anti-parasitic
• Diarrhea
• Intestinal parasite
infection
• Heart disease
• Liver disease
• Biopesticide
• Topical
insect
repellents
. Bioinsecticide
• Emetic
• Laxative
• Anti-
parasitic
• Diabetes
• Anti-parasitic
• Cancer
• Insect repellent
• Biopesticide
• Bioinsecticides
• Stomachache
• Malaria
Shade-dried and
ground to powder to be
reconstituted with water.
Mixture is filtered to make
debris-free solution.
Roasted before
crushing into
powder. Used
orally or topically.
Consumed when
they are ripe or
mashed to create
juice.
Dried and powdered
bark is boiled to get
consumed.
Dried and powdered
bark is boiled to get
consumed.
AM
Traditional uses of
soursop
Department of PSM&AC
9/56

No Traditional uses Country Reference
1.
Leaves are used in bath to treat skin
ailments
Indonesia, Caribbean Islands
and South Pacific countries
Longuefosse and
Nossin, 1996
2. Topical application of leaves on pain site
Mauritius, New Guenia and
Equador
Coria-Tellez et al.,
2018
3. Ingestion of leaves decoction as analgesics
Brazil, Martinique, Mexico
and Nicaragua
Ross, 2010
4.
Ingestion of leaves decoction against
discomfort associated with colds, flu and
asthma
The Caribbean, Cuba, Benin
and Mexico
Coria-Tellez et al.,
2018
5.
Leaves are used to treat cutaneous and
internal parasite
Malaysia
Badrie and
Schauss, 2009
6. Leaves are used to treat malaria Cameroon, Togo and Vietnam
Boyom et al., 2011;
Ross, 2010
Table 2. Traditional uses of Annona muricata
16 April 2023 11
16 April 2023 11

No Traditional uses Country Reference
7.
Fruit juice is used as galactagogue and to treat
diarrhea, heart and liver diseases
South America
Hajdu and Hohmann, 2012;
Badrie and Schauss, 2009
8. Leaves are used for hypertension, diabetes
and cancer
Monigatti et al., 2013
9.
Decoction or capsules for cancer and
pharmacological treatments
- Tisott et al., 2013
10.
Unripe fruit, seeds, leaves and roots used as
biopesticides and topical insect repellents
- Isman and Akthar, 2007
11.
Use of aqueous extraction to control
lepidopteran larvae, aphids and thrips
Latin America Brechelt, 2004
Continued...,
16 April 2023 12

Bio-active phytoconstituents
• ACGs - A unique group of
derivatives of long-chain
fatty acids generated from
the polyketide pathway
• More than 120 ACGs…. AM
• Annonacin… most abundant
• Leaves-3.38 to 15.05mg/g,
seeds- 13.01 mg/g
• Bioactivity depends on its
structure
• ACGs … more cytotoxic
than alkaloids and rotenone
Acetogenins
• Reticuline and coreximine…
most abundant ALKs
• Leaves …… maximum
alkaloids
• Isoquinolines, aporphine,
protoberberine type
• ALKs of Am… tend to
participate in dopamine
biosynthesis (in vitro)
• Induce antidepressant-like
and cytotoxic effects
• Neuronal death by apoptosis
Alkaloids
• 37 phenolics …. in AM
• Quercetin and gallic acid…..
Leaves
• Flavonoids and lipophilic
anti-oxidant compounds
such as tocopherols and
tocotrienols … Pulp
• Quantity of phenols is
different in organic or
aqueous infusions and
majority of them are soluble
in water
Phenolics
212
13
16 April 2023
12/56

No Plant parts Method and solvent used for extraction Total Acetogenins (mg/g)
1. Seeds
Maceration using chloroform
Detection - Spectrophotometer at 505 nm using kedde’s reagent
1.31
2. Peel 0.26
3. Pulp 0.41
4. Columella 0.56
5. Leaves Decoction and infusion ND
6. Seeds
Ultrasonic assisted extraction using chloroform
Detection -Spectrophotometer at 505 nm using kedde’s reagent
13.01
7. Peel 1.69
8. Pulp 1.67
9. Columella 1.52
10. Leaves Ultrasonic assisted extraction using acetone & water (80:20) 14.62
11. Leaves Leaves extracts, NMR detection 3.38-15.05
12. Leaves Leaves extracts with HPLC-MALDI 0.299
13. Seeds SCFE and HPLC for 10 compounds 2.09
Table 3. Acetogenins content in various parts
Gonzalez et al., 2022
16 April 2023 Department of PSM&AC 13/56

Non-traditional uses of soursop
In-silico studies- phytochemicals especially acetogenins have shown antiviral against
SARS-CoV-2 virus (cis-annonacin), chemo-preventive (anonine)
In-vitro studies- extracts and phytochemicals have been characterized as an anti-
microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, anti-oxidant, insecticide, larvicide
and cytotoxic to tumor cells
In-vivo studies- crude extracts were shown to posses anti-stress, anti-inflammatory,
contraceptive, anti-tumoral, anti-ulceric, wound healing, hepato-protective and
hypoglycemic activities
Clinical studies suports hypoglycaemic activity of AM leaves ethanolic extract
Coria-Tellez et al., 2018 & Zubaidi et al., 2023
16 April 2023 15

16 April 2023 16

Food Science & Nutrition, Impact Factor: 3.64
Case study-1
Agu and Okolie, 2017
Objective: To assess the proximate composition, phytochemical constituents and in
vitro anti-oxidant properties of soursop using standard biochemical
procedures
16 April 2023 17
Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medical Sciences, University of
Benin, Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria

Material and methods
• Plant Parts… Fruit-pulp, leaf, stem-bark and root-bark
• Dried at room temperature for 4 weeks…. Maceration
using methanol for 3 days
• Phytochemical screening….. Tannins, flavonoids,
alkaloids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates
and monosaccharides, ketoses, starch, proteins and
amino acids
• Solvent-solvent partitioning of crude extract…...
petroleum-ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol
and methanol-water
• In vitro anti-oxidant….. DPPH and FRAP assays
• Data presented in Mean ± SEM
Plant parts of AM Ground parts of AM
Methanolic extracts of AM
Proximate composition & phytochemical screening Solvent-solvent partitioning
Anti-oxidant activity
1.
2.
16 April 2023 18
DPPH- α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical & FRAP- Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power
17/56

Figure 2a. Proximate composition of the various parts of Annona muricata analyzed and b. Gross energy values
and caloric values of the various parts
Proximate analysis of various parts of Annona muricata
a. b.
16 April 2023 19
FP>L>RB>SB
RB>SB> FP>L
RB>SB>L > FP
L > FP>SB>RB
FP>L>SB>RB
SB>L>RB > FP
L-2.6, SB-2.3,
RB-2.2 & FP-2.1

Table 4. Phytochemical screening of various parts of Annona muricata
Phytochemical F L RB SB Phytochemical F L RB SB
Phenolics + + + + Protein + + + +
Flavonoids + + + + Arginine + + + +
Tannins + + + + Cysteine + + + +
Phlobatannins - - - - Aromatic amino acids + + + +
Terpenoids + + + + Phenolic amino acids + + + +
Carbohydrates + + + + Steroids + + + +
starch + + + + Saponins + + + +
Reducing sugar + + + + Alkaloids + + + +
Monosaccharides + + + + Anthraquinones - - - -
Pentoses + + + + Nitrogen and halides + + + +
Ketoses + + + + Sulfur and sulfate ion + + + +
C-glycosides - + + - Nitrate ion + + + +
16 April 2023 20
F- fruit pulp, L- leaves, RB- root bark and SB- stem bark
19/56

Figure 3. DPPH radical scavenging ability Annona muricata fractions and ascorbic acid (%)
(LC>RBMW>FMW>LEA)
Leaf fractions
Stem-bark fractions
Root-bark fractions
Fruit fractions
16 April 2023 21

Figure 4. Levels of ferric reducing power of Annona muricata fractions
(RBMW>LM>FPC>LPE)
16 April 2023 22

Figure 5. Percentage hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of Annona muricata fractions and ascorbic acid
(LPE>SBPE>RBEA>LMW)
Leaf fractions
Stem-bark fractions
Root-bark fractions
Fruit fractions
16 April 2023 23

Figure 6. IC50 of the various fractions of Annona muricata based a. DPPH (µg mL-1) [Ascorbic
acid-32.6, LC-10.7, RBMW-15.4, FMW-15.4 and LEA-21.1] and b. hydroxyl radical scavenging
activity (ng mL-1) [LPE-21.9, SBPE-23.8, RBEA-28.1and LMW-33.6]
16 April 2023 24
Inference
b.
a.
IC50- 50 percent inhibition concentration
23/56

Figure 7. Altered mitochondrial functions in cancer cells and the effect after ACGs treatment
16 April 2023 25

Vegetos, Impact Factor: 1.34
Case study-2
Naik and Sellappan, 2021
Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Panaji, Goa 403206, India
Objective: To assess the potential anti-oxidant and cytotoxic efficacy through
synergistic interaction possessed by phytoconstituents in crude methanol
extracts of different plant parts
16 April 2023 26

Materials and methods
• Plant parts….. Rind, pulp, seed, leaf, bark and roots
• Soxhlet extraction…. 95% methanol for 12 h at 45℃
• HPTLC-DPPH analysis…. HPTL fingerprinting
HPTLC-DPPH assay  visualization
• In-vitro cytotoxicity …. MTT assay to determine cell
proliferation and viability using MCF-7 and SCC-40
cell lines
• Data presented in Mean ± SEM (Descriptive
statestics)
16 April 2023 27
MTT- 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
MCF-7- Human breast cancer cell & SCC-40- Tongue squamous cancer cell lines
26/56

Figure 8. HPTLC chromatogram profile of different parts of Annona muricata before and after derivatization with DPPH
reagent. a. Chromatogram before derivatization at 366 nm. b. After post-chromatographic derivatization with DPPH
antioxidant detection reagent at 540 nm. Tracks 1–6 and tracks 7–12 represent 2 µL and 5 µL volume of extract
respectively
Rf
value
Plant organs of Annona muricata No. of
bands
Rind Pulp Seed Leaf Bark Root
0.11 + + + + 4
0.18 + + + 3
0.21 + 1
0.32 + 1
0.44 + + 2
0.56 + + 2
0.62 + 1
0.76 + 1
0.79 + 1
0.82 + 1
Table 5. HPTLC-DPPH based anti-oxidant profile of
aerial and underground plant organs of A. muricata L
16 April 2023 28

Figure 9. Representative morphology images of untreated MCF-7 and SCC-40 cells in 0.1% DMSO and upon
Camptothecin treatment after 48 hours (magnification × 100)
16 April 2023 29
28/56

Figure 10. Representative images showing dose dependent effect of Annona muricata plant parts extracts (rind, pulp,
seed, leaf, bark, and root) on the morphology of a. MCF-7 and b. SCC-40 cell lines (magnification × 100)
b.
a.
Untreated cells
Cells treated with 25µg/mL
bark extract
Untreated cells
Cells treated with 25µg/mL
leaf extract
16 April 2023 30
29/56

Figure 11. Comparative cytotoxic assessments using MTT assay in a MCF-7 and b SCC-40 cells following 48
hours exposure to various concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 µg/mL) of different parts extracts
16 April 2023 31
Seed<Bark<Leaf<Rind<Root<Pulp
30/56

Figure 12. In-vitro cytotoxic activity. The histogram plot represents the IC50 value of Camptothecin and plant parts carried out in MCF-7 and
SCC-40 cell lines. All values are represented as mean ± SD and the experiments were carried out in triplicate. Statistically significant with
respect to the control according to One Way ANOVA; Post hoc test: Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.001,
****p < 0.0001 versus control
15.18
8.76
20.99
52.95
21.17
13.99
9.15
23.52
13.04
35.76
17.74
18.09
15.07
97.51
Selective cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity: camptothecin > leaf > seed > pulp > rind > root > bark Cytotoxicity: camptothecin > seed > Bark> Leaf> rind > root > Pulp
16 April 2023 32
Inference

Figure 13. Mechanism of anti-bacterial action of Annona muricata
Pinto et al., 2017
32/56

International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology
Impact Factor: 0.88
Case study-3
Gowsalya and Sathya, 2021
Objective: To extract the plant bioactive compounds and study their anti-bacterial and
anti-cancer propertiesby in vitro methods
16 April 2023 34
Department of Biochemistry, Navarasam Arts and Science College for
Women, Arachalur, Erode-638101, Tamil Nadu, India

• Leaves … shade dried (10-15 days) …
powdered and extracted using ethanol through
Soxhlet apparatus
• Phytochemical screening… alkaloids,
flavonoids, reducing sugar, phyto steroids,
saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides
• In vitro antioxidant activity…. DPPH and
FRAP assays
• In vitro anti-bacterial activity… Agar well
diffusion method
• In vitro anticancer activity … MTT assay
using Hep-G2 lines
Gowsalya and Sathya,
2021
Leaf ethanolic extract
Phytochemical screening
Anti-cancer activity (cytotoxic) Anti-oxidant activity
Anti-bacterial activity
16 April 2023 35
Hep-G2 – Human liver cancer cell lines
34/56

Table 6. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of Annona muricata
Sl No. Phytoconstituents Leaf extract
1 Alkaloids ++
2 Phenols +++
3 Reducing sugar ++
4 Saponins +
5 Flavonoids +++
6 Phytosterols ++
7 Amino acid and
Protein
-
8 Steroids ++
9 Tannins +++
10 Cardiac glycosides +++
+’ present,
‘++’ moderately present ,
‘+++ ’ highly present
‘-’Absence
16 April 2023 36
35/56

Concentration (µL) Ascorbic acid (%) Leaf extract (%)
0.5 15 16
1.0 38 30
1.5 56 74
2.0 73 80
2.5 86 92
Table 7. The anti-oxidant activity of Am leaf extract using
DPPH assay
Figure 14. The anti-oxidant activity of Am leaf extract
using DPPH assay
Concentration (µL) Ascorbic acid (%) Leaf extract (%)
0.5 33 53
1.0 44 56
1.5 52 63
2.0 71 73
2.5 83 82
Table 8. The anti-oxidant activity of Am leaf extract using
FRAP assay
Figure 15. The anti-oxidant activity of Am leaf extract
using FRAP assay
33
44
52
71
83
53
56
63
73
82
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Percent
inhibition
(%)
Concentration (µL)
Ascorbic acid Leaf extract
15
38
56
73
86
16
30
74
80
92
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Percent
inhibition
(%)
Concentration (µL)
Ascorbic acid Leaf extract
36/56

Concentration
(µl)
Diameter of inhibition zone (cm)
Bacillus
subtilis
Staphylococcus
aureus
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Escherichia
coli
25 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.5
50 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.8
75 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.0
100 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5
Chloramphenicol 1.2 1.5 1.3 0.5
Table 9. The anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extract Annona muricata
Representative pictures of inhibition zone
16 April 2023 38
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Figure 16. Anticancer property of Anonna muricata by MTT assay using Hep-G2
(Human liver cancer cell) lines
60
50
40
30
20
10
18.75 37.50 75.00 150 300
Concentration (µg/mL)
%
Cell
inhibition
R2 = 0.9907
16 April 2023 39
Inference

American Journal of Plant Sciences, Impact Factor: 1.19
Case study-4
Arnaud et al., 2020
Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of
Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Objective: To investigate phytochemical composition, anti-oxidant and anti-
inflammatory activities of leaves extracts
16 April 2023 40

Arnaud et al., 2020
• AM leaves… dried at room temperature for 2 weeks,
grinded... Macerated with 70% ethanol for 72 hours
• Phytochemical screening… nitrogenous compounds,
poly-phenolic compounds, Terpenic compounds and
Heterosides
• HPLC analysis… phenolic compounds
• Anti-oxidant activity… DPPH and FRAP assays
• Anti-inflammatory activity… inhibition of albumin
denaturation method (Diclofenac sodium injection- std)
• Cytotoxic activity…Brine shrimp lethality test using
Artemia salina
Materials and methods
16 April 2023
41
Phytochemical screening
& HPLC analysis
Anti-oxidant activity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Cytotoxic activity
40/56

Table 10: Phytochemical constituents of Annona muricata extracts
Group of
compound
Class
AM extract Group of
compound
Class
AM extract
EtOH EtOH/H2O EtOH EtOH/H2O
Nitrogenous
compounds
Alkaloids + +
Terpenic
compounds
Terpenoids - -
Poly-
phenolic
compounds
Tannins - + Steroids - -
Catechic taninns - + Reducing compounds + +
Gallic tannins - + Free anthracenics - -
Flavonoids + +
Heterosides
O-heterosides - +
Anthocyans + + O-heterosides at GR - -
Leuco-anthocyanes + + C-heterosides - -
Coumarins - -
Mucilage - +
Quinonics
derivative
- +
Arnaud et al., 2020
(+): Presence of secondary metabolite, (-): Absence of secondary metabolite
41/56

Table 11. Major phenolic compounds identified in ethanolic and hemi-ethanolic
extractsof A. muricata by HPLC
No Compounds Rt (min)
Relative area (%) Amount (g/mL)
EtOH EtOH/H2O EtOH EtOH/H2O
1 Gallic acid 3.30 0.75 0.12 0.013 0.005
2 Chlorogenic acid 6.92 2.59 2.97 0.130 0.358
3 Cafeic acid 8.32 0.12 0.42 0.002 0.021
4 Tannic acid 10.71 0.55 0.29 3.586 4.534
5 Ferulic acid 11.95 0.02 0.10 0.001 0.010
6 Rutin 17.61 4.76 2.42 0.086 0.106
7 Ellagic acid 18.18 7.27 5.77 0.085 0.163
EtOH: Ethanolic extract; EtOH/H2O: Hemi-ethanolic extract
Arnaud et al., 2020
16 April 2023 43

Figure 17. DPPH inhibition percentage of A. muricata leaves extracts (a) and reference molecules (b). Values are
expressed in mean ± S.E.M. of triplicate measurement (n = 3).
Arnaud et al., 2020
16 April 2023 44

Figure 18 a. Antioxidant activity index (AAI) of A. muricata extracts and reference molecules and b. Ferric ion
reducing power of A. muricata ethanolic and hemi-ethanolic extracts. Values are expressed in mean ± S.E.M. of
triplicate measurement (n = 3).
a. b.
Arnaud et al., 2020
44/56

Concentration (µg/mL) Inhibition percentage
Extracts Diclofenac EtOH EtOH/H2O Diclofenac
1000 25000 87.12 96.66 94.55
500 12500 82.12 95.00 89.10
250 6250 50.00 92.50 87.23
125 - 48.75 87.50 -
62.5 - 16.25 83.54 -
31.25 - 11.25 10.83 -
IC50 (µg/mL) 187.95 44.30 -
Table 12. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Annona muricata leaves
Arnaud et al., 2020
16 April 2023 46

Figure 19. Variation of Artemia salina larval mortality according to Annona muricata
ethanol and water-ethanol extracts
Arnaud et al., 2020
Inference

Figure 20. Mechanism of action of Annona muricata on anti-diabetic effect
16 April 2023 48

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Impact Factor: 0.68
Case study-5
Mohammed et al., 2021
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy,
University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Objective: To investigate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, renal protective, and antioxidant effects of aqueous
extracts of Annona muricata as used alone or combined with metformin in streptozotocin (STZ)-
induced diabetic rats
16 April 2023 49

• In-vivo study, 20 healthy adult Wister albino rats… 4 group of 5 rats
• Diabetes induction .. 60mg/Kg intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection
• Blood samples… glucose levels tested on 0, 3, 14, 21, 28th day after treatment
Sl.no Group Description of treatment
1 Group 1: Non-diabetic rats (control) Distilled water- 1ml/kg only
2 Group 2: STZ-induced diabetic rats (diabetic control) Distilled water – 1ml/Kg only (control)
3 Group 3: STZ induced rats Aqueous extract of AM – 100mg/Kg
4 Group 4: STZ induced rats Combination of aqueous extract of AM (100mg/Kg) and
metformin (50mg/Kg)
AM leaves aqueous extract
Streptozotocin 60mg/Kg
Blood glucose
Total cholesterol (TC),
Triglyceride (TG),
Serum creatinine (S Cr),
Blood urea and
MDA
16 April 2023 50
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106.2 104.2 105.2 105 103.8
231.4 231.8
219.6
225.8 225.6
234.2
230.6
142.2
135.6
121.8
234.8
225.4
127.4
109.2 105.7
0
50
100
150
200
250
Day 0 Day 3 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
Blood
glucose
levels
in
mg/dl
Normal control Diabetic control AM AM + metformin
Figure 21. Effect of aqueous extract of Annona muricata on levels of blood glucose in
STZ induced diabetic rats
16 April 2023 51
50/56

105.4
139.2
111.3
119.7
75.1
110.3
94.5
102.4
15.1
22.04 18.8 20.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Control Diabetic control AM AM + metformin
Content
(mg/dL)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Triglycerides (mg/dL) VLDL- cholesterol (mg/dL)
Figure 22: Effect of aqueous extract of Annona muricata on serum lipid profile after four
weeks of treatment
16 April 2023 52

1.1 1.85 1.07 0.92
23.4
52
24.4
21.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control Diabetic control AM AM + metformin
Renal
function
parameter
(mg/dL)
Creatinine (mg/dL) Urea (mg/dL)
Figure 23: Effect of aqueous extract of Annona muricata on renal function and
a. .
52/56
Inference

Products of soursop
• Sweet treats…,
juice, jelly, ice-
cream, yogurt and
syrup
• Wine and
alcoholic beverage
As food
• Soursop leaf &
pulp powder
• Herbal
supplements
As
medicine
16 April 2023
54
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Organic soursop leaves
• Anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory
sedative and analgesic effects
• Dosage – 1 to 2 leaves/ day as
infusion for 30-60 min
• Price - $ 5 -13
Graviola liquid extract (120 mL)
• Natural herbal supplement, anti-
oxidant, anti-cancerous, sedative and
tranqulizer
• Price - ₹ 3801
Soursop fruit paste (500 g)
• For fever, parasitic infections,
• Hypertension, pains and arthritis
• Used as sedative and induce sleep
• Price - ₹ 1000
Soursop juice (300 mL)
• Has anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and
anti-aging properties
• Dosage – 10 mL per cup before food (2)
• Price - ₹ 325
Anona – Graviola fruit powder (15 sachet)
• Anti-oxidant, pro-immunity, anti-aging
hypertension & anti-cancer
• Clinical study - downregulation of EGFR
gene expression & inhibition growth of BCC
• Price - ₹ 1845
Graviola capsules (60 capsules)
• For healthy functioning of body
• Dosage – 1 to 2 capsules a day
• Price – ₹ 1215
Products and derivatives of soursop available in the market
(https://www.ebay.com/itm/364019997649) 54/56

Conclusion

Questions & Answers
“Questions are the heart of learning”
16 April 2023 Department of PSM&AC 57 56

Potential Health Benefits of Soursop (Annona Muricata L.))

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