The present research is to assess the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and antibacterial activities of Ormocarpum cochinchinense leaf extract using different solvents dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and chloroform. To investigation of FT-IR analysis and antibacterial activities become used agar well diffusion method. FT-IR vibrational bands confirmed that the fractions of O. cochinchinense had lots of biologically active compounds which include H–Bonded Phenols, alkanes, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid, flavonoids, polyphenols, catechins, aromatics, and aliphatic amines. Antibacterial activity showed that the strongest activities had been produced by MeOH solvent reaction with all the human pathogens. This research may be concluded that MeOH solvent extract of O. cochinchinense might be a capability for the treatment of antibacterial activities.
This is a study undertaken on nutrient compositions of and processed products development from Son Tra (Docynia indica. The in-depth study of some bioactive substances of son tra fruit and its processed product development was undertaken as part of understanding existing market value chains, and identifying the necessary interventions to improve the performance of son tra.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This is a study undertaken on nutrient compositions of and processed products development from Son Tra (Docynia indica. The in-depth study of some bioactive substances of son tra fruit and its processed product development was undertaken as part of understanding existing market value chains, and identifying the necessary interventions to improve the performance of son tra.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Studies on the Antioxidant Properties of Various extracts of Hippophae rhamnoideIJEAB
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) a spiny shrub native to Ladakh Region of Jammu and Kashmir, have been found to posses so many medicinal properties from times immoral. From this point of view the antioxidant property of the plant fruit extracts have been analysed by DPPH method. Various plant extracts viz, fruit, leaf and root have been analysed for the antioxidant power determination in which fruit extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity followed by leaf and root extracts. Among the solvents which have been used, more polar solvents showed highest antioxidant activity than the less polar solvent extracts. The IC50 value of various plant extracts as determined have been found to be 40 for DCM extract of fruit, 38 for Methanolic extract of fruit and 30 for the water extract of fruit. Similarly the leaf extracts posses IC50 value as 51, 47 and 37 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water extracts. The IC50 values of various root extracts have been found to be 53, 50 and 48 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Physiochemical Screening of Carica papaya Leaves with Specific Reference to T...BRNSS Publication Hub
Carica papaya is made to develop pharmacognostical characters of leaf with their morphological, microscopical, and physical characters including histochemical analysis. Morphological evaluation as color, odor, taste, size, shape, surface, and powder microscopy of plant shows the presence of endosperm cell which is polygonal in shape and contains aleurone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow coloring matter, and starch grains. Quantitative leaf microscopy to determine palisade ratio, stomata index, and vein-islet number is carried out. Peels are removed mechanically through epidermal peeling off and stomatal index (SI) is calculated. The vein-islet number, vein termination number, and palisade ratio of lamina are determined according to the standard method. We prepared the extracts of plant with different solvents for determining the different extractive values by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, successive extraction process, and determination of ash values, pH value, moisture content, and phytochemical screening to show the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, and lipids in the drug extract and fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Analysis of pesticide residues, aflatoxin, and heavy metals are also performed
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Arbutin from Leaves of Pyru...IJERA Editor
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pallas. ssp. elaeagnifolia is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment
of various diseases in Turkey. The leaves of Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia are a rich source of arbutin,
which is a naturally occurring derivative of hydroquinone. It is found in various plant species belonging to
diverse families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It inhibits tyrosinase and has
been employed as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a
Box Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the condition for extraction of arbutin from the leaves of
Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia. Three influencing factors; methanol concentration, period of ultrasoundassisted
extraction and extraction temperature were investigated in the ultrasonic aqueous extraction. The
Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process focused on arbutin content with
respect to the above influencing factors. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by
RSM design and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum arbutin content were established to be
methanol concentration of 48.54 %, extraction time of 39.32 min. And extraction temperature of 43.71 0C.
Under these conditions 5.37 % of arbutin content was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical
prediction of 5.30 %.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Studies on the Antioxidant Properties of Various extracts of Hippophae rhamnoideIJEAB
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) a spiny shrub native to Ladakh Region of Jammu and Kashmir, have been found to posses so many medicinal properties from times immoral. From this point of view the antioxidant property of the plant fruit extracts have been analysed by DPPH method. Various plant extracts viz, fruit, leaf and root have been analysed for the antioxidant power determination in which fruit extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity followed by leaf and root extracts. Among the solvents which have been used, more polar solvents showed highest antioxidant activity than the less polar solvent extracts. The IC50 value of various plant extracts as determined have been found to be 40 for DCM extract of fruit, 38 for Methanolic extract of fruit and 30 for the water extract of fruit. Similarly the leaf extracts posses IC50 value as 51, 47 and 37 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water extracts. The IC50 values of various root extracts have been found to be 53, 50 and 48 respectively for DCM, Methanol and Water.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
Physiochemical Screening of Carica papaya Leaves with Specific Reference to T...BRNSS Publication Hub
Carica papaya is made to develop pharmacognostical characters of leaf with their morphological, microscopical, and physical characters including histochemical analysis. Morphological evaluation as color, odor, taste, size, shape, surface, and powder microscopy of plant shows the presence of endosperm cell which is polygonal in shape and contains aleurone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow coloring matter, and starch grains. Quantitative leaf microscopy to determine palisade ratio, stomata index, and vein-islet number is carried out. Peels are removed mechanically through epidermal peeling off and stomatal index (SI) is calculated. The vein-islet number, vein termination number, and palisade ratio of lamina are determined according to the standard method. We prepared the extracts of plant with different solvents for determining the different extractive values by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, successive extraction process, and determination of ash values, pH value, moisture content, and phytochemical screening to show the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, and lipids in the drug extract and fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Analysis of pesticide residues, aflatoxin, and heavy metals are also performed
Phytochemical characterization & antimicrobial assay of some indigenous ...PRITAM AON
Phytochemical screening refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the medicinally active substances found in plants. Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and phenolic compounds.
Phytocomponents in methanolic extract of Euphorbia hirta, leaf was studied using GC MS
analysis. Ten compounds were identified from the extract. The major chemical constituents were Niacin or
Nicotinic acid [Peak area: 31.70% ; RT: 22.718;Mol formula:C6H5NO2],S-methyl-L-cysteine [Peak area:
18.88%; RT: 21.794; Mol formula:C4H9NO2S], Methyl 1,4-methylpentadecanoate [Peak area :11.22% ; RT:
19.326; Mol formula:C17H34O2], 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid [Peak area: 5.16%; RT: 21.682; Mol
formula:C3H7NO2S], 4-amino-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid [Peak area: 4.02%; RT: 23.118; Mol formula:C4H5NO3].
The bioactive compounds in the methanol leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta, exhibited phytopharmacological
significance and hence could be beneficial for therapeutic use against some health challenges.
Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of methanol and chloroform extract from...shailendradhakal
This research was carried out with the aim of phytochemical analysis and determining antioxidant activity present in methanol and chloroform leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Due to its potential in curing various ailments as well as wide spread application of antioxidant activity such as in the field of cosmetology, the plant was selected for the study. The total phenolics contained in the plant extracts were also studied which are responsible for the antioxidant activity.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Arbutin from Leaves of Pyru...IJERA Editor
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pallas. ssp. elaeagnifolia is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment
of various diseases in Turkey. The leaves of Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia are a rich source of arbutin,
which is a naturally occurring derivative of hydroquinone. It is found in various plant species belonging to
diverse families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It inhibits tyrosinase and has
been employed as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a
Box Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the condition for extraction of arbutin from the leaves of
Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia. Three influencing factors; methanol concentration, period of ultrasoundassisted
extraction and extraction temperature were investigated in the ultrasonic aqueous extraction. The
Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process focused on arbutin content with
respect to the above influencing factors. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by
RSM design and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum arbutin content were established to be
methanol concentration of 48.54 %, extraction time of 39.32 min. And extraction temperature of 43.71 0C.
Under these conditions 5.37 % of arbutin content was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical
prediction of 5.30 %.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This present survey was carried out to examine the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Pulicaria crispa (Forssk). The plant is an annual herb or a perennial, producing yellow flowers. The plant materials were collected from Khartoum state –western Omdurman area – Sudan. Four solvent (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and water) were used in the extraction. The secondary metabolize compounds were investigated. The antibacterial activity of extracts were evaluated against four standard bacteria (Gram positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and (Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results provided that, P. crispa is contain very high amount of alkaloids; phenyl and flavonoids in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts and high amount in methanol extracts and moderate amount in water extract) ; low amount of amino acid in all extracts, high amount of protein in ethanol and low in all extracts, moderate amount of carbohydrate and Saponins in all extracts, high amount of tannins, sterol in ethanol and methanol and low amount in water and ethyl acetate extract. The result of antibacterial tests indicated that the methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract were recorded high activity (21,20,19,18) against all bacteria at concentration (100), and low activity against all bacteria in water extract and most extracts showed same degree of antibacterial activity.
Isolation, Characterization and Bioactivities of Sambucus wightiana derived D...ijtsrd
The demand for naturally occurring bioactive molecules such as antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial properties is emerging globally. More and more natural products are being investigated to isolate and characterize the bioactive small molecules. Therefore, the current research work was undertaken to isolate and characterize bioactive compounds from leaf part of Sambucus wightiana. Various hyphenated spectral techniques such as Uv-Vis, NMR, FT-IR and MS were undertaken to investigate identity of isolated compound. The study results isolation of Dotriacontanoic acid, an important molecule that possesses fabulous medicinal properties like antioxidant, antibacterial and antioxidant. Mudasir A Mir | Insha Zahoor | Amrina Shafi"Isolation, Characterization and Bioactivities of Sambucus wightiana derived Dotriacontanoic acid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5812.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/5812/isolation-characterization-and-bioactivities-of-sambucus-wightiana-derived-dotriacontanoic-acid/mudasir-a-mir
Assessment of Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection and Susceptibility of Anti...BRNSS Publication Hub
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and serious health problem affecting many people each year around the world especially females. Therapy of UTI relies on the predictability of the agents causing UTI and knowledge of their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in two major hospitals of Western Nepal. Tools for data collection were a data collection form. A total of 400 patient’s file with suspected UTI were reviewed, out of which 173 (43.3%) of the suspected samples showed the presence of potential pathogens causing UTI. UTI was most prevalent in females of age group of 21–30 years. Escherichia coli was the predominant (65.1%) bacterial pathogen. Amikacin was found to be the most sensitive antimicrobial followed by nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. Ampicillin showed a higher percentage of resistant, compared to other antimicrobials. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring are necessary to provide effective treatment of UTIs.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Similar to Fourier-transform Infrared Analysis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Ormocarpum cochinchinense (Elumbotti) (20)
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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a state of growth and proliferation. The discovery
of first mitogenic lectin Nowell[13]
led to the
detection of many other such lectins, most notably
concanavalin A,[14]
wheat germ agglutinin,[15]
and
pokeweed mitogen.[16]
The crude extracts of this
plant as mentioned above showed significant
antimicrobial, antioxidant, and prominent
cytotoxic activities against few cancer cell lines.
The plant has reports of being used in traditional
medicines by the tribal people of Jammu and
Kashmir for curing various diseases. Keeping in
view global and national scenario of medicinal
plants, encouraged by these finding, we carried
out in-depth phytochemical isolation and further
investigated the antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the isolated compound from A. utile,
especially existing at high altitudes of Jammu and
Kashmir with proven folklore medicinal claim.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of plant material and processing
The A. utile plant material was collected in the
month of July from Gulmarg area of district
Budgam of Jammu and Kashmir state, India.
Voucher specimen of A. utile bearing specimen
no 27911 was identified and deposited at KASH
herbarium in center of biodiversity and plant
taxonomy, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, India. The rhizomes of
the plant were shade dried, then pulverized into
powder with the aid of grinder. The powder
obtained from the plant was then used for the
isolation of constituents using Soxhlet extraction
and column chromatography.
Extraction and purification
About 800 g of the powdered rhizome of A. utile
was subjected to sequential extraction using
Soxhlet apparatus from nonpolar to polar solvents
such as n-hexane ethyl acetate methanol. The
solvent was recovered under reduced pressure
using rotary evaporator under vacuum condition,
and the residue was stored in the refrigerator.
Methanolic extract was chromatographed on
a silica gel column and eluted with solvent
mixtures of increasing polarity, composed of
hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. All the
fractions were monitored on TLC. Fractions
collected with methanol:ethyl acetate (40:60)
were pulled together as these fractions showed
a single spot on TLC. Further, these combined
fractions were kept in the refrigerator overnight
for crystallization which resulted in the formation
of crystalline compound 3. The structure of the
isolated compound was established on the basis
of elemental analysis and spectroscopic evidence
(IR,1
HNMR, and 13
CNMR). The structure was
simulated using ACD/NMR program to obtain the
chemical shifts of both proton and carbon.
Spectroscopic characterization of compound 3
The various spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR,
DEPT,1
H-NMR,and13
C-NMRwereusedtoelucidate
the structure of isolated compounds. The Fourier
transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried
out on a PerkinElmer FT-IR fitted with Spectrum
software version 10.3.2 using a liquid sampler.1
H-
NMR (400MHz) and 13
C-NMR (400MHz) were
recorded using CDCl3
as a solvent in MeOD on
Bruker, Avance (400MHz) NMR spectrometer.
Determination of antioxidant activity of
compound 3
The in vitro antioxidant potential of the isolated
compound 3 was measured in terms of hydrogen
donating or free radical scavenging ability using
the stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) according to the standard procedure.[17]
0.1
mM solution of DPPH in methanol was prepared
and 1.0 ml of this solution was added to 1.0 ml
of the test solution in methanol at different
concentrations of isolated compounds (2, 4, 8,
10, and 12 µg/mL). The reaction mixture was
incubated at 37°C for 30 min in darkness. The
absorbance of the sample at 517 nm was measured
and then compared with that of a control solution
containing the reaction mixture amended methanol
instead of isolated compounds. Ascorbic acid (2,
4, 8, 10, and 12 µg/mL) was used as the standard
reference compound, and the percentage of DPPH
free radical scavenging activity was calculated
using the following equation:
% Scavenging activity = ((A0
−A)/A0
×100).
WhereA0
was the absorbance of the control (blank,
without compound) and A was the absorbance of
the reaction mixture. All the tests were performed
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in triplicate, and the graph was plotted with the
mean values.
Antifungal activity of compound 3
Microtiter assay
All the fungal strains of Candida used in this
study were grown for 48 h at 30°C to obtain single
colonies,whichwereresuspendedina0.9%normal
saline solution to give an optical density at 600 nm
(OD600
) of 0.1. The cells were then diluted 100-fold
in YNB (yeast nutrient broth) medium containing
2% glucose and the respective auxotrophic
supplements. The diluted cell suspensions were
added to the wells of round-bottomed 96-well
microtiter plates (100 µl/well) containing equal
volumes of medium (100 µl/well) and different
concentrations of isolated compound 3. A drug-
free control was also included. The plates were
incubated at 30°C for 48 h. The MIC test endpoint
was evaluated both by eye and by reading the
OD620
in a microplate reader and is defined as
the lowest drug concentration that gave ˃80%
inhibition of growth compared with the growth of
the drug-free controls (the MIC at which 80% of
isolates are inhibited [MIC80
]).[18]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
FTIR spectroscopy
The IR absorption spectrum of compound 3
showed absorption peaks at 3429.2 cm-1
(O-H
stretching.); 2996.8 cm-1
and 2914.8 cm-1
(aliphatic
C-H stretching); 1654.9 cm-1
and 1431.3 cm-1
(C=C absorption peak); 1312.0 cm-1
(OH def) and
1013.8 cm-1
(Ether); and 954.2 cm-1
(C-H bond)
[Figure 1]. The compound is a colorless crystalline
compound. On subjection to IR spectroscopic
analysis, absorptions bands appeared between
3570.36 and 3186.51 cm-1
that is characteristic
of O-H stretching, 2997.8 and 2914.8 cm-1
are due aliphatic or C-H stretching or (CH3
),
1654.9 and 1431.3 cm-1
due to double (C=C)
stretching, 1043.7 cm-1
due to Ethers or (C-O).
Other absorption frequencies include 1379.1cm−1
are a bending frequency for cyclic (CH2
)n
. The
absorption frequency at 864.7 cm-1
signifies (CH
deformation) cycloalkane. These absorption
frequencies resemble the absorption frequencies
observed for sucrose as resembled data published
by Mohamed et al.[19]
Figure 1: Infrared absorption spectra of Compound-3
Figure 2: 1
H-NMR absorption spectra of Compound-3
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy
1
HNMR (CDCl3
, 400MHz) of compound 3 has
given signals at δ 4.01 (1H, m, H-1), 3.62 (1H,
m, H-2), 3.98 (1H, m, H-3), 4.71 (1H, m, H-4),
5.37 (1H, m, H-5), 5.36 (d, H-6), 4.18 (1H, m,
H-9), 3.69 (2H, m, H-10), 4.16 (2H,m, H-11),
4.03 (2H, m, H-12) ppm [Figure 2].
The chemical shift of the H-l resonance of
the α-D-glucopyranosyl moieties is δ 4.01 for
Compound-3. The chemical shifts of the H-3,4
resonances of the β-D-fructofuranosyl moieties
are diagnostic, namely, 3.98 (d) and 4.71 (t) for
compound-3. Identification on the basis of these
limited “H-n.m.r.” data are realistic. The above
spectral features are in closed agreement to those
observed for sucrose according to Jung et al.[20]
and De Bruyn A and Van Loo.[21]
13
CNMRandDEPT(CDCl3
,100MHz)ofcompound
3 has given signal at 103.7(C-6), 92.2 (C-5), 81.2
(C-9), 76.52(C-7), 74.07 (C-8), 72.64 (C-3), 72.46
(C-1), 71.13 (C-4), 69.29 (C-2), 62.41 (C-12),
61.45 (C-10), 60.20 (C-11) [Figures 3 and 4].
The presence of reducing D-glucose or D-fructose
is indicated by the characteristic resonances
Figure 3: 13
C-NMR absorption spectra of Compound-3
Figure 4: DEPT absorption spectra of Compound-3
Table 1: 1
H, 13
C‑NMR chemical shift values for Compound‑3 in comparison with those reported in literature
Carbon
atom
13
C
Reported in
literature
13
C
Reported in
literature
13
CNMR
(Our report)
1
HNMR
Reported in
literature
1
HNMR
Reported in
literature
1
HNMR
Our report)
Nature of
carbon
C‑1 70.7 72.62 72.8 4.01 5.20 t 4.01 CH
C‑2 70.4 69.26 69.2 3.32 5.08 t 3.62 CH
C‑3 70.9 72.45 72.6 3.93 4.96 dd 3.98 CH
C‑4 71.9 71.13 71.1 4.75 4.59 d 4.71 CH
C‑5 90.2 92.24 92.2 5.48 4.26 dd 5.37 CH
C‑6 104.7 103.74 103.7 4.11 dd 5.36 C
C‑7 75.5 76.39 76.4 5.46 3.68 m CH
C‑8 74.0 74.02 74.07 5.45 3.2 br s CH
C‑9 78.5 81.44 81.4 4.17 2.08 s 4.18 CH
C‑10 63.6 61.35 61.45 3.55 2.05 s 3.69 CH2
C‑11 62.7 60.14 60.17 4.28, 4.54 2.02 s 4.16 CH2
C‑12 64.1 62.43 62.41 4.28, 4.39 2.00 s 4.03 CH2
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at δ 96.7 and 92.9 for C- 1 in a- and β-D-
glucopyranose, respectively, and at δ 102.3 and
98.9 for C-2 of β-D-fructopyranose and β-D-
fructofuranose, respectively. These results are in
according to the previous data of De Bruyn A, Van
Loo[21]
Table 1 shows the 1
H-NMR and 13
C-NMR
values in comparison with the previous data
available.[20,22,23]
Test for carbohydrates: Molisch’s test
To 2 ml of extract 2–3 drops of alpha naphthalene
solution in alcohol was added, shaken for 2 min
and 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid was added
slowly from the sides of the test tube. A
deep
violet color at the junction of two layers indicates
the presence of carbohydrates.
In this paper, we report the isolation of one
compound, a disaccharide-sucrose [Figure 5].
This compound has earlier been isolated from
other plant species but being reported from A. utile
for the first time. Isolation of the compound was
effected through the chromatographic technique,
and its structure was established based on NMR
spectroscopic data together comparison with other
existing data [Table 1]. The isolated compound
is soluble in methanol/DMSO and is colorless
crystalline in nature.
Based on the related data (FT-IR, DEPT,
1
H-NMR, and 13
C-NMR) also on comparison the
experimental data matched with the simulated
data, the structure of the isolated compound is
proposed as:
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Antioxidant activity
DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of the
compound-3 was measured by DPPH assay under
in vitro conditions. The ability of the examined
compound 3 and its derivatives to act as a donor
for hydrogen atoms in the transformation of DPPH
radicalintoitsreducedformDPPH2
wasinvestigated.
The examined samples were able to reduce the
stable purple colored DPPH radical into yellow
colored DPPH2
[Table 2]. Compound-3 showed
the most promising radical scavenging activity at a
concentration of 10 μg/ml. These results are plotted
inthe formof agraph[Figure 6].Antioxidantactivity
of various disaccharides has already been reported
by a number of workers. Antioxidant activity
of O-glycosides shows significant inhibition,[24]
antioxidative activity of porcine plasma protein-
sugars was reported by Benjakul et al.,[25]
and
antioxidative activities of water-soluble disaccharide
chitosan derivatives were successfully carried out
and reported by Lin and Chou.[26]
Antifungal activity
In this study, the antifungal activity of the
compound-3 isolated from methanol extract of
A. utile was tested. Antimicrobial activity was
investigatedagainstfivefungalstrains(C.albicans,
C. glabrata, C. paropsilosis, C. tropicalis, and
C. krusei), using MIC80
assay. The compound-3
displayed weak antifungal activity against these
fungal strains except for C. paropsilosis which
was found to be most susceptible among these
Table 2: Antioxidant activity of Compound‑3
Concentrations 2 µg/ml 4 µg/ml 8 µg/ml 10 µg/ml 12 µg/ml
% Age inhibition Compound 3 27.5 19.16 31.66 37.5 26.66
% Age inhibition ascorbic acid 53.3 58.3 64.16 68.33 62.5
Figure 5: Structure of sucrose
Table 3: Antifungal activity of Compound‑3
Strains drugs C. albicans C. glabrata C. paropsilosis C. tropicalis C. krusei
Compound‑3 256 256 128 256 256
FLC 4 4 4 4 64
C. albicans: Candida albicans, C. glabrata: Candida glabrata, C. paropsilosis: Candida paropsilosis, C. tropicalis: Candida tropicalis, C. krusei: Candida krusei
6. Bhat, et al.: Isolation, characterization and bioactivities of a water-soluble disaccharide
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strains. As shown in Table 3, these strains were
found to be susceptible strains but at higher
concentrations of the compound-3 as compared
to the control drug used. The most susceptible
strains were C. paropsilosis (MIC80
= 128 µg/mL)
and for C.
albicans C. glabrata, C. tropicalis,
and C. krusei the MIC80
value was recorded at
concentrations of 256 µg/mL and above.
MIC80
values (μg/ml) for each sample FLC is
the positive control fluconazole
Antimicrobial activity of various disaccharides has
already been reported by a number of researchers.
Antimicrobial activity of water-soluble quaternary
disaccharidechitosanN-betainateswasdetermined
against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus by Holappa et al.[27]
Antibacterial activity
of the water-soluble N-alkylated disaccharide
chitosan derivatives against E. coli and S. aureus
was reported by Manoharan et al.[28]
The effects
of mono- and disaccharides on the antimicrobial
activity of the lactoperoxidase (LPO) system
against Salmonella Enteritidis were investigated
by Al-Baarri et al. The results clearly reveal
that most of the sugars inhibit the antimicrobial
activity of the LPO system and sucrose was the
weakest inhibitor.[29]
CONCLUSION
In our study, a water-soluble disaccharide was
isolated for the first time from rhizomes of A. utile
and its antifungal and antioxidant potential
was evaluated. The structure of the isolated
compound was identified as sucrose on the basis
of spectroscopic methods and by comparing their
physical properties reported in literature. The
isolated compound exhibited weak free radical
scavenging activity using DPPH assay and weak
antifungal activity against tested fungal strains
except for C. paropsilosis which was found to
be most susceptible among these tested strains.
These strains were found to be susceptible
strains but at much higher concentrations of the
isolated compound – sucrose as compared to the
control drug used. Sugar is a common foodstuff
traditionally used for its sweetening properties,
which might be accompanied by antioxidant
properties arising from molecules (polyphenols,
Maillard products) other than sucrose of the cane
brown sugars. These findings provide a reason
for weak antioxidant activity of isolated sucrose
hence justifies our work on the antifungal activity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to Thank Azra N. Kamili Director,
CentreofResearchforDevelopment,andProfessor
(Dr.) Bashir Ahmad Ganai Head, Department of
Environmental Science, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar for proving Lab facilities and necessary
support.
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