Guggul is a resin extracted from the Commiphora wightii tree through incisions made on the stem. It has a bitter taste and balsamic odor. The resin contains ketonic steroids, gum, volatile oils, and diterpenoids. Guggul has many health benefits and is used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat high cholesterol, obesity, arthritis, and other conditions. The tree is cultivated for its medicinal properties, with commercial cultivation increasing in response to demand for herbal medicines. Proper soil, climate, propagation methods, tapping, and protection from termites are required to successfully cultivate the guggul tree.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
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Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
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other pharma competative exams...
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Also follow us on...
Facebook @ Pharma Helpers
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Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Bottle gourd plants are great houseplants with good yielding character. This plant is categorized under vegetable, outdoor & home garden plant
COMMON NAME: Bottle gourd plant
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Lagenaria siceraria
FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae
SOIL: Grows well in sandy loamy soil rich in organic content
SUNLIGHT: Requires plenty of sunlight of about 6 to 8 hours per day.
PLANT HEIGHT: 5 to 8 inches
Bottle gourd, also known as Lauki in Hindi and by its scientific name, Lagenaria Siceraria, is a vine harvested early and used as a vegetable. The plant belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is also harvested mature, dried, and utilised as a container, or musicals intrument.
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Influence of inorganic nutrient, organic nutrient and bio-fertilizer on growt...Dr. Aradhana Sen
Abstract
The cumin black (var. Rajendra Shyama) was cultivated on field under treatments including three nutrient sources i.e., inorganic fertilizer, farmyard manure and bio-fertilizer Azophos. Inorganic fertilizers were applied in three levels viz., no fertilizer (C0), 75% of recommended dose (C1) and 100% of recommended dose (C2); farm yard manure (FYM) and Azophos was applied in two levels viz., with (F1) and without (F0) FYM; with (B1) and without (B0) bio-fertilizer. The results showed that C2 recorded maximum plant height (52.37 cm), leaf chlorophyll (12.37 SPAD), seed per capsule (89.62) and yield per plant (2.06 g). F1 showed positive influence resulting higher values for plant height (49.38 cm), yield per plant (1.95 g) and seed oil content (32.07 mg/g). B1 showed higher leaf chlorophyll (12.56 SPAD), seed per capsule (88.72), yield per plant (1.67g), and oil content (32.27 mg/g) over control treatments. The highest seed oil content was recorded when F1 was used in combination with C2, which was 15.22% higher over C2 alone.
Keywords: cumin black, bio-fertilizer, nutrient source, yield
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Guggul
1. Guggul
Aradhana Sen
Department of Vegetables and Spice Crops
Faculty of Horticulture, uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyaalaya, Pundibaari,
Coochbehar, WB- 736165
e-mail: nini.sen20@gmail.com
Botanical Name:- Commiphora wightii (Arn.) (2n= 26)
Family: Burseraceae
Common Names:- Indian bdellium-tree, gugal, guggul, gugul, or Mukul myrrh tree.
Parts Used:- Resin exuded by plant.
Introduction: Guggulu is obtained from Indian Bdellium or Gum Guggul tree. It is an oleo
gum ‘resin’ exuded by plant during summer months (April to May in India). To obtain resin,
circular incisions should be made on the main stem. Through these incisions, aromatic fluid
exudes that quickly solidifies to form golden brown or reddish brown agglomerate. The dried
resin will have a bitter taste and a balsamic odour. This is being termed as “guggulu: and is
used for medicinal purpose. Guggul is a shrub (small tree) which can reach height of 12 feet
with thin paper bark. Basically, it is grown for its medicinal properties. The Guggul tree
branches are thorny and individual flowers are red to pink with 4 small petals. This plant may
be found from USA to Asia, but is mostly found in north Indian regions especially Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. This plant is also found in Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Guggul is cultivated in larger areas of Ajmer district of Rajasthan. The Guggul shrub
defoliates in winter and a reserve for Guggul gum extraction is high during months of April
to May. Guggul gum-resin is used in Ayurvedic medicines as a remedy to reduce cholesterol
in blood. This plant is also very useful of treating arthritis and obesity. Commercial
cultivation of Guggul may increase every year as demand of herbal medicine is increasing
day by day.
Constituents: Guggul is the mixture of ketonic steroids from the gummy yellowish oleoresin
of the plant extract from India. Mainly resin, volatile oils, and gum E & Z Guggulusterones 2
to 5 % , Guggul sterols, Diterpenoids , Terpene, Cambrene, Myrcene, Dimyrcene and Poly-
myrcene
Health Benefits:
Guggulu has excellent medicinal properties and used to treat many disorders.
1. It improves digestion and appetite.
2. It is useful in activating thyroid function.
3. It is useful drug to treat high cholesterol.
4. It also helps eliminate and expel dead tissues, wastes, and toxins from the body.
5. It breaks down clot and prevents platelet aggregation.
6. It fights obesity and stimulates weight loss. Due to this property it is used in
preparation of many weight
7. loss herbals such as Himalaya Ayur slim capsules.
8. It boosts immune system by stimulating the activity of white blood cells.
9. It stimulates regeneration of nerve tissues, bones and joints.
10. It uterine stimulant and helps in regulating menstruation.
11. Other medicinal uses include skin diseases, anaemia, liver disease and respiratory
illness.
2. Varieties (Cultivars) of Guggul:- There are no commercial varieties available. However,
Marusudha, germplasm are high yielding varieties available in Rajasthan.
Climate and Soil:
It usually occurs in and regions, hills and piedomonts, but it can be grown in warm and semi
and regions on hill tops, preferring hard, rockey soils off North west India. It is also
considered as a drought aria salinity resistant plant. It prefers loams to sandy loam soils with
pH ranging between 7.5 to. 9.0. Soils are coarse textured, well drained and calcarious soils
are generally poor in organic carbon, nitrogen, high in potash ion, magnesium, zinc and
copper, medium in phosphorus and calcium.
Propagation:
I. By Seed:
Seeds are the major propagation source in nature but due to hard seed coat the guggul seed
germination is poor and hence needed to be mechanically scarified with sand paper and kept
under running water for 24 hours. In Rajasthan and nearby arid regions flowers and seeds are
constantly produced by C wightii except in winter season. April May seeds are less viable
compared to July to September seeds. Monsoon, season creates conducive atmosphere for
germination. The temperature after monsoon ranges between 30 - 37°C maximum 20-25 °C
rninimum with high relative humidity. Mature seeds are washed along with clay and soil to
the crevasses between rocks and germinate there. 12 months (1year) old seedlings should be
transplanted in the main field.
2. By Cuttings:
It can be successfully propagated vegetatively by semi hard wood stem cuttings. Cuttings are
planted in June at a depth of 15 cm for raising them in nursery. Proper soil moisture is
necessary for better rooting. The rooting begins after 21 days from 30 cm long stem cutting
having 1.5 - 2.0 cm diameter IBA @ 250 ppm) treatment of stem cuttings is beneficial which
enhances the rooti8ng to nearly 70% as against 30% under normal conditions. The plants are
kept in nursery for 6 months and during the monsoon rooted cutting are transplanted in the
field at a spacing of 2 x 2 meters.
Irrigation and Weeding:
C. wightii require meager irrigation after its establishment. In the scarcity of rain, tip to 5
years, plant is in need of irrigation during winter season. During summer seasons at the age of
8 years when the plant attains full maturity it requires irrigation at least 2-3 times during
summer and winter season. During rainy season, weeds occur in the crop. The excessive
weeds-cheek the nutrition supply to the plant. The weeding is beneficial in the month of
September and December. Weed free field is essential for any crop to get maximum yield and
healthy produce. One weeding and one hoeing should be done during early growth of the
crop. But the soil should be stirred up around the plants (bushes) 2 times / year.
Tapping and Collection ( Harvesting):
Plants attain 4 to 5 meter height in 6 to 7 years and 3 to 4 cm thick main trunk and some
lateral branches. After achieving the physiological maturity of plant the gum resin is tapped
during Dec. and Feb. Plant attaining 7.5 cm diameter is suitable for tapping the gum resin.
Usually 1.5 cm deep circular incisions are made on the main branches and stems at uniform
distance of 30 cm and at an angle of 60 manually from 40 cm above the ground. A paste of
gum-resin in water is applied at the incised spot and bandaged to potentiate flow of gum-
3. resin. The flow of gum starts 3 to 7 days after tapping, the yellowish white fragrant latex
dozes out through the incision and slowly solidifies into vemicular or stalactitic pieces which
are collected manually or with spear and is exhausted in next 15–21 days. As gum-resin gets
hardened on exposure to air, it should be collected in earthen cups fixed below the cut part. 2
to 3 collections of gum are possible in a season. Subsequently collection is done at the
interval of 10-15 days. Use of 40 mg of 2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid fed to the roots
through injection can increase the flow of gum and maximize yield significantly. The tapped
branches or the entire tree may die 8–10 months after yielding the gum.
Grading:
The best grade of guggul is collected from the thick branches of tree. These lumps of guggul
are translucent Second grade guggul is usually mixed with brark, sand and is dull coloured
guggul. Third grade guggul is usually collected from the ground which is mixed with sand
stones and other foreign matter. The final grading is done after getting clearnsed material.
Interior grades are improved by sprinkling castor oil over the heaps of the guggul which
impart a shining appearance.
Plant Protection:
Plants are often affected by termites particularly in summer season. Termite causes severe
damage to the plant by making holes through buried ends of the stem or root. The infested
plants become dry showing yellow appearance' of leaves and eventually result in death of the
plants.
Some of the control measures are as follows:
i) Destroying the termitorium by using kerosene of calcium disulphide.
ii) Use of paste of goridal consisting of Garcenia gummiphera (1 part) and asafetida aloes and
guggul resin (2 Part each) in an aqueous mixture is effective in killing
termites.
iii) Use of 'haptafan' 44-45 kg/1000 pits (3%) as soil application is effective.
iv) Use of mercuric chloride (0.25 %) or copper sulphate (0.55%) in aquous solutions is
effective in controlling the termites.
v) Dusting of 250 gm of gamaxene (B.H.C. 10 %) in the soil of each pits at the time of
planting is also used as preventive measures for termites.
Chemical Constituents:
The resin is transparent in the form of thin film but transparent or even opaque in bulk. It is
completely soluble in most of the organic solvent and in castor oil drying and terpentine oil.
It mixes with stearic acid, vegetable waxes and resins.
The essential oil (0.38%), obtained by steam distillation of oleo - resin of C. weightii is
composed of chiefly terpermes like myrcene (64%), dimyrcene (11%) polymyrcene and
cryophylene.
Yield:
Starting from sixth year the guggul gum yield increases from 200 gm to 400 gm per plant.
The total guggul gum yield within five year comes to be 1600 gm per plant corresponding to
3200 kg per ha @ 2000 plants per ha.