The document summarizes several genome and brain mapping projects that followed the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. It describes the objectives and outcomes of the HapMap Project, ENCODE Project, Human Proteome Project, European Commission's Human Brain Project, and U.S. Brain Mapping Project. All of these projects aimed to further understand the human genome and proteome, characterize gene functions, and map the structure and diseases of the human brain. The research generated vast amounts of freely available data and furthered knowledge in human biology, disease research, and brain-inspired technologies.

2. POST HUMAN GENOME
PROJECT
PRESENTED BY,
D.IRENE
16PGZ001
M.Sc. Zoology,
Lady Doak College,
Madurai

3. OBJECTIVES
ESTIMATED
TIME
ORGANIZATION
S INVOLVED
To sequence the human genome, identify genes
and describe their function
15 years (1985-2003) costing 3 billion dollars
International consortium of 20 research groups
and Celera genomics
OVERVIEW OF HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

4. OTHER
ORGANISMS
SEQUENCED
Escherichia coli
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Caenorhabditis elegans
Arabidopsis thaliana

5. SIGNIFICANCE
OF HUMAN
GENOME
PROJECT

6. PROJECTS AFTER HGP
• HapMap project
• ENCODE project
• Human Proteome project
• European Commission’s Human Brain
Project
• Brain Mapping Project

8. HapMap PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
-To determine common sequence variation
-Frequency
To understand patterns of common genetic
diversity
STARTED ON
2005
COMPLETED
ON
27th October 2002

9. SAMPLES AND
POPULATIONS
45 samples 90 samples
45 samples
90 samples

10. OUTCOME OF
THE PROJECT
-The project data are freely
available
-Useful for research
community
-0.1% variation is also
characterized

12. ENCODE PROJECT

13. STARTED ON September 2003
EXPECTED
YEAR OF
COMPLETION
2017
OBJECTIVES
-provide a more biologically informative
representation of the human Genome
-To determine the role of ‘junk DNA’

14. OUTCOME OF
THE PROJECT
-80.4% of human genome had functions in at least 1 cell
type
-integrated with SNP’s to study complex diseases
Showed that ‘junk DNA’ has some function (regulome)
-provided novel aspects of gene expression and
regulation which enhanced the understanding of human
genome and human health and diseases.

15. HUMAN PROTEOME PROJECT

16. HUMAN PROTEOME PROJECT
STARTED ON September 23, 2010
OBJECTIVES
-to map the entire human proteome in a systematic
effort using currently available and emerging
techniques.
EXPECTED
YEAR OF
COMPLETION
2020

18. HUMAN PROTEOME
PROJECT
Chromosome-based
Human Proteome Project
(C-HPP)
Biology and Disease-
Driven Groups of the
HPP (B/D – HPP)
• expand the understanding of the
human proteome with a focus on
expanding the understanding of
each and every gene on each
chromosome.
C-HPP PROGRESS TO
DATE
completed
proteins
(175008)
proteins
remaining
(2579)
• expand the understanding of the
human proteome with a focus on
important biology research aspects
and ongoing disease-focused
research.

19. OUTCOME OF
THE PROJECT
-lists of proteins relevant to several different diseases and
biological systems and have made them publicly accessible,
including popular protein lists for cardiovascular, cerebral,
hepatic, renal, pulmonary, and intestinal systems.
-By characterizing all 20,300 genes of the known genome, the
Human Proteome Project will generate the map of the protein
based molecular architecture of the human body.
enhance understanding of human biology at the cellular level
and lay a foundation for development of diagnostic, prognostic,
therapeutic, and preventive medical applications

20. HUMAN BRAIN PROJECT
STARTED ON
October 2013
EXPECTED
YEAR OF
COMPLETION
2023
OBJECTIVES
-to have a better understanding of the structure and
organisation of the human brain.
-Gather, organise and disseminate data describing the
brain and its diseases
-to simulate the brain
-Develop brain-inspired computing, data analytics and
robotics
http://www.nature.com/news/neuroscienc
e-where-is-the-brain-in-the-human-
brain-project-1.15803

21. BRAIN MAPPING PROJECT
STARTED ON April 2014
EXPECTED
YEAR OF
COMPLETION
2025
OBJECTIVES
-uncover the mysteries of brain disorders, such
as Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s diseases, depression,
and traumatic brain injury.
- to record the activities of millions of neurons
simultaneously along with behaviour.

22. SIGNIFICANCE
• Generate numerous data regarding the genes and variations
• Helps to understand the role of individual genes and its association with diseases
• Helps to intensify the research efforts to explore the gene function
• Diseases could be easily identified since proteins are biomarkers.

23. CONCLUSION

24. REFERENCES
• LeoryHood and Lee Rowen., Human genome project: big science that transforms biologyand
medicine.,genome medicine.,2013, U.S.A
• Hongzhuqu.,Xiandong Fang., Brief review on ENCODE project., Genomics proteomics
bioinformatics.,11(2013) 135-141.
• HapMap project.,International hapmap consortium.,Nature., vol 426.,2003
• Pierre Legrain., Human proteome project:current state and future directions.,Molecular and cellular
proteomics .,2011., 10.1074/mcp.M1.0993-1
• The ENCODE Project Consortium., Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the
human genome by the ENCODE pilot project., Vol 447| 14 June 2007| doi:10.1038/nature05874
• https://hupo.org/C-HPP
• https://hupo.org/human-proteome-project
• https://hupo.org/B/D-HPP
• https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/science/overview/
• http://www.nature.com/news/neuroscience-where-is-the-brain-in-the-human-brain-project-1.15803
• https://www.technologyreview.com/s/513011/why-obamas-brain-mapping-project-matters/