Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
Instagram: _s_a_k_s_h_a_m_
Twitter: @_SakshamAgrawal
or mail me at saksham.agrawal512@gmail.com
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
Main objectives Human Genome Project (HGP)
Goals for the HGP
Medical Implications
Applications of HGP
Timeline of HGP
Technical aspects in HGP
Mapping strategies
Sequencing strategies
. Shotgun sequencing method
Sanger sequencing method
Outcomes of HGP
A crisp and precise presentaion on Human genome project which will help you in your studies.
For original ppt file, contact me at :
Instagram: _s_a_k_s_h_a_m_
Twitter: @_SakshamAgrawal
or mail me at saksham.agrawal512@gmail.com
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
Comparative genomics in eukaryotes, organellesKAUSHAL SAHU
WHAT IS COMPARATIVE GENOMICS?
HISTORY
SOME RELATED TERMS
MINIMAL EUKARYOTIC GENOMES
COMPARISON OF THE MAJOR SEQUENCED GENOMES
EUKARYOTIC GENOMES
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE GENOME
INSECT GENOME
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY) GENOME
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN AND MOUSE GENOME
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF ORGANELLES
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS TOOLS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Designing a nucleotide primer using bioinformatic tools on NCBI could be a good way to decide which primer to design for gene amplification. This presentation was designed for computational biology students at UPES to give a step by step method for designing a Primer on NCBI.
Comparative genomics in eukaryotes, organellesKAUSHAL SAHU
WHAT IS COMPARATIVE GENOMICS?
HISTORY
SOME RELATED TERMS
MINIMAL EUKARYOTIC GENOMES
COMPARISON OF THE MAJOR SEQUENCED GENOMES
EUKARYOTIC GENOMES
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE GENOME
INSECT GENOME
DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY) GENOME
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN AND MOUSE GENOME
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF ORGANELLES
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS TOOLS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Designing a nucleotide primer using bioinformatic tools on NCBI could be a good way to decide which primer to design for gene amplification. This presentation was designed for computational biology students at UPES to give a step by step method for designing a Primer on NCBI.
Genome projects
Definition of genome, history of genome projects, whole genome sequencing, Maxam Gilbert sequencing, sanger sequencing, explanation on the first sequenced organisms (Bacteriophage, bacteria, archaeon, virus, bakers yeast, nematode.
Model organism-Arabidopsis thaliana, Mus musculus, Oryza sativa, Pan troglodyte etc.
Human genome project, milestones and significance.
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
What is bioinformatics?
About human genome
Human genome project
Aim of human genome project
History
Sequencing Strategy
Benefits of Human Genome Project research
Disadvantages of human genome project
Conclusion
References
this is done by me and my team mates of Wayamba University Sri Lanka for our project.From now we decided to allow download this file.I would be greatful if you could send your comments..
And I'm willing to help you in similar works.I'm in final year of my degree(.BSc Biotechnology)..
pubudu_gokarella@yahoo.com
A document containing extensive research on the Human Genome Project- inclding the history behind it , various landmarks in the study of genes and our genome , the scale of the project , the methods used and the new methods developed to successfully execute it and the vrious applications of its discoveries in science and industry today
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific
research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human
DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from
both a physical and a functional
• formally begun in October 1990 and completed in 2003.
• to discover all the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes and make them
accessible for further biological study.
3. Time line of Human Genome Project
1970
Fredrick Sanger developed a technique for DNA sequencing, known as the Sanger’s
method of DNA sequencing
1985
Robert Sinsheimer at UCSC proposed the idea of sequencing the human genome.
1986
The U.S. Dept of Energy and the National Institute of Health came forward to fund
the Human Genome Project.
4. 1990
HGP was officially launched with James Watson as its Project Director. the 1ST
gene to be mapped was BRCA1, which is the gene for breast cancer.
1993
1st 5 year plan for HGP published. Sanger Institute(UK) joins HGP.
1994
HGP’s Human genetic mapping goal was achieved.
1995
Genetic privacy act was passed. 1st bacterial genome was sequenced (Hemophilus
influenzae)
5. 1st Human
Gene map was
published.
Yeast genome
was
sequenced.
HGP’s mouse
genetic
mapping goal
was achieved
1997
• NIH becomes
NHGRI
• E.coli genome
sequenced.
6. 1998
• 2nd 5 year plan for HGP was published.
• Japan’s RIKEN Genomic Services Centre was established..
1999
• sequencing of human chromosome 22 was completed and was
published in “The Nature.”
7. 2000
working draft of human genome completed
US president Clinton & UK’s PM Blair support free access
to genome information
2001
working draft of human genome sequence was published in
“The Nature” & “Science”.
8. 2002
• working draft of mouse genome
sequence was completed &
published.
2003
• finished version of human genome
sequence was completed.
• HGP ended with all the goals
achieved.
CLINTON IN conference for HGP
Celebrating 10th Anniversary .
9. Celera is a subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics which focuses on
genetic sequencing and related technologies.
founded in 1998 as a business unit of Applera
finally acquired by Quest Diagnostics in 2011
• Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was most
effective way to get useful human genome data.
It was rejected by the Human Genome Project however. John Craig Venter
• he sought funding from the private sector to birth Celera
Genomics
10. Genomes sequenced by Celera Genomics
Eukaryotes:
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)
Human, specifically mostly that of Craig Venter
Anopheles gambiae (mosquito)
Mouse
Prokaryotes:
Haemophilus influenzae
11. The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books, displayed at the Welcome Collection,
London
Russ London at English Wikipedia
The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books, displayed in the 'Medicine Now' room at
the Wellcome Collection, London. The 3.4 billion units of DNA code are transcribed into more than a hundred
volumes, each a thousand pages long, in type so small as to be barely legible.
12. Sequencing techniques used in HGP are
Shotgun sequencing method
• Shotgun sequencing is a laboratory technique for determining the DNA sequence
of an organism's genome.
• involves breaking the genome into a collection of small DNA fragments, then
sequenced individually.
• A computer program looks for overlaps in the DNA sequences and uses them to
place the individual fragments in their correct order to reconstitute the genome
13.
14. Sanger sequencing method
• dideoxy method, Sanger sequencing involves using a purified DNA
polymerase enzyme to synthesize DNA chains of varying lengths
• reaction mixture is the inclusion of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs).
• when a ddNTPs is incorporated into the growing strand, it inhibits further strand
extension.
15. • The result of many of these reactions is a number of DNA fragments of varying
length.
• These are separated by size using gel
• This procedure is sensitive enough
to distinguish DNA fragments that differ in size by only a single nucleotide.
16.
17. DNA cloning vectors
• Before large DNA molecules can be sequenced,
• they are cut into small pieces and multiplied, or cloned,
• into numerous copies using microbial-based "cloning" vectors.
• Today, the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is the most
commonly used vector for initial DNA amplification before
sequencing.
18. Outcomes of HGP
Gene number and density
• In the latest assembly of the human genome (Build 36), which covers a total of
3 253 037 807 base pairs, 23 686 known and novel protein‐coding genes have
been annotated
• Gene density varies between the human chromosomes, allowing one to
distinguish gene‐rich and gene‐poor chromosomes. The gene distribution within
chromosomes is also rather uneven.
• gene‐poor regions have been identified; these are regions that are devoid of
protein‐coding genes over distances of several megabases but may nevertheless
19. Nonprotein‐coding RNAs and transcripts of unknown function
• analysis have revealed that, in addition to protein‐coding genes, several thousand
RNA genes are present.
• Nonprotein‐coding RNAs of known function include not only structural RNAs
such as tRNAs, rRNAs and small nuclear RNAs
• but also regulatory RNAs (mRNAs & siRNAs)
• which are involved in the sequence‐specific transcriptional and
posttranscriptional modulation of gene expression
20. Sequence elements controlling gene expression
The comparison of the human genome sequence with the orthologous sequences
of mouse and rat revealed the existence of 481 Ultraconserved elements (UCEs)
of at least 200 bp
This strongly supports the functionality of these UCEs, which may represent
long‐range enhancers of gene expression.
21. Genetic diversity of the human genome
• more than 1.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were
identified in the human genome
• This number exploited by the Human Haplotype Map (HapMap) project with
the aim of developing methods for the design and analysis of genome‐wide
association studies to map phenotypic variation in humans (International
HapMap Consortium, 2005).
22. Reconstruction of ancestral mammalian/eutherian genomes
• Together with other techniques such as comparative chromosome painting,
these sequence comparisons have the potential to
• provide new insights into the evolutionary interrelationship of the different
eutherian orders
• within the mammalian phylogenetic tree
23. Some current and potential applications of genome research include
1. Molecular medicine
2. Energy sources and environmental applications
3. Risk assessment
4. Bio archaeology, anthropology, evolution, and human migration
5. DNA forensics (identification)
6. Agriculture, livestock breeding, and bioprocessing
24. Molecular Medicine
•Improved diagnosis of disease
•Earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease
•Rational drug design
•Gene therapy and control systems for drugs
•Pharmacogenomics "custom drugs
genome maps have aided researchers seeking genes associated with dozens of
genetic conditions, including myotonic dystrophy, fragile X syndrome,
neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, inherited colon cancer, Alzheimer's
disease, and familial breast cancer.
25. Energy and Environmental Applications
•Use microbial genomics research to create new energy sources (biofuels)
•Use microbial genomics research to develop environmental monitoring
techniques to detect pollutants
•Use microbial genomics research for safe, efficient environmental
remediation
•Use microbial genomics research for carbon sequestration
26. Risk Assessment
•Assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose
exposures
•Assess health damage and risks caused by exposure to mutagenic chemicals and
cancer-causing toxins
•Reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations
DNA Forensics (Identification)
•Identify potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at crime scenes
•Exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes
•Identify crime and catastrophe victims
27. •Identify endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be
used for prosecuting poachers)
•Detect bacteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil, and food
•Match organ donors with recipients in transplant programs
•Determine pedigree for seed or livestock breeds
•Authenticate consumables such as caviar and wine
•Establish paternity and other family relationships
28.
29. Outcomes of HGP
There are approximately 22,300 protein-coding genes in human beings, the same
range as in other mammals. Mouse – 23,000 genes (approx.)
Drosophila – 17,000 genes (approx.), C.elegans - < 22,000 genes
We share many homologous genes called "orthologs" with both these animals.
But:-
Many of our protein-encoding genes produce more than one protein product (e.g.,
by alternative splicing of the primary transcript of the gene).
On average, each of our ORFs produces 2 to 3 different proteins.
So the human "proteome" (our total number of proteins) may be 10 or more times
30. The combinatorial use of these elements provides much greater flexibility of
gene expression than is found in Drosophila and C.elegans.
Humans, and presumably most vertebrates, have genes not found in
invertebrate animals like Drosophila and C. elegans.
Few of those genes are: antibodies and T cell receptors for antigen (TCRs) the
transplantation antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) &
human leucocyte antigen (HLA).
31. Area Goal Achieved Date
Genetic Map
2- to 5-cMresolution
map (600 - 1,500
markers)
1-cM resolution
map(3,000 markers)
September 1994
Physical Map 30,000 STSs 52,000 STSs October 1998
DNA Sequence
95% of gene-containing
part of human sequence
finished to 99.99%
accuracy
99% of gene-containing
part
of human sequence
finished to 99.99%
accuracy
April 2003
Capacity and Cost
of Finished
Sequence
Sequence 500 Mb/year
at < $0.25 per finished
base
Sequence
>1,400Mb/year at
<$0.09 per finished base
November 2002
Human Sequence
Variation
100,000 mapped human
SNPs
3.7 million mapped
human SNPs
February 2003
32. Gene Identification Full-length human cDNAs
15,000 full-lengthhuman
cDNAs
March 2003
Model Organisms
Complete genome sequences
of E. coli, S .cerevisiae, C.
elegans, D. melanogaster
Finished genome sequences
of E. coli, S. cerevisiae, C.
elegans, D. melanogaster, plus
whole-genome drafts of several
others, including C. briggsae, D.
pseudoobscura, mouse and rat
April 2003
Functional Analysis
Develop genomic-scale
technologies
High-throughput
oligonucleotide synthesis DNA
microarrays
Eukaryotic, whole-genome
knockouts (yeast)
Scale-up of two-hybrid system
for protein-protein interaction
1994
1996
1999
2002
33. How much did it cost?
In 1990, Congress set a target completion date of 2005. estimates
cost was a total of $3 billion over this period, the project ended up costing less than
expected,
about $2.7 billion in FY 1991 dollars.
Additionally, the project was completed more than two years ahead of schedule.
34. The human genome project (ethical, legal and social issues)
The DOE and the NIH devoted 3% to 5% of their annual HGP budgets toward
studying the (ELSI) surrounding availability of genetic information
• Privacy and confidentiality of genetic information.
• Fairness in the use of genetic information
• Psychological impact, stigmatization, and discrimination
• Reproductive issues
• Clinical issues
• Conceptual and philosophical implications
• Health and environmental issues
Editor's Notes
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli
At about 21.5 genes per megabases, chromosome 11 is one of the most gene-rich, and disease-rich, chromosomes in the human genome
Human chromosomes that we measure as being in closest proximity to the nuclear periphery are generally considered to be gene-poor. The most gene-rich human chromosomes concentrate towards the centre of the nucleus. Factors that mediate the nuclear positioning of individual chromosomes are not known
An ultra-conserved element (UCE) is a region of DNA that is identical in at least two different species. One of the first studies of UCEs showed that certain human DNA sequences of length 200 nucleotides or greater were entirely conserved (identical nucleic acid sequence) in human, rats, and mice
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. Enhancers are cis-actin
Homologous sequences are orthologous if they are inferred to be descended from the same ancestral sequence separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be orthologous
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a substitution of a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present at a level of more than 1% in the population
The haplotype map, or "HapMap," is a tool that allows researchers to find genes and genetic variations that affect health and disease.
The DNA sequence of any two people is 99.5 percent identical. The variations, however, may greatly affect an individual's disease risk. Sites in the DNA sequence where individuals differ at a single DNA base are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Sets of nearby SNPs on the same chromosome are inherited in blocks. This pattern of SNPs on a block is a haplotype. Blocks may contain a large number of SNPs, but a few SNPs are enough to uniquely identify the haplotypes in a block. The HapMap is a map of these haplotype blocks and the specific SNPs that identify the haplotypes are called tag SNPs.
Microbial genomics is the study of microorganisms in which genetic materials that contains microbes. Analysis of the whole microbial genome gives the insight of microbial evaluation and diversity of microbes beyond single protein or gene phylogenies
Carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration or carbon dioxide removal is the long-term removal, capture or sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to slow or reverse atmospheric CO2 pollution and to mitigate or reverse global warming
Open reading frames (ORFs) are parts of a reading frame that contain no stop codons. A reading frame is a sequence of nucleotide triplets that are read as codons specifying amino acids; a single strand of DNA sequence has three possible reading frames