This document provides guidelines and recommendations for performing polysomnography (PSG) and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) to diagnose various sleep disorders. It outlines the diagnostic categories that can be evaluated through these tests including sleep-related breathing disorders, narcolepsy, parasomnias, restless leg syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder. For each category, it describes the minimum recording channels needed and circumstances under which PSG/MSLT are recommended or not recommended. The guidelines are intended to help clinicians determine appropriate use of these tests to accurately diagnose sleep disorders.
Brief explanation about all the essential parameters monitoring during polysomnography or sleep study with corresponding images for better understanding.Also explain briefly about the split night study.I hope this may be helpful for those who are related to this field.
This presentation gives some basic information regarding the definition , etiology and pathophysiology of " obstructive sleep apnea" which is a serious sleep disorder .Treatment methods are briefly reviewed with special emphasis on the role of the oral surgeon and orthodontist in the management of this medical condition .
OSA is an entity that is increasingly being managed by otolaryngologists...Hope this presentation helps to clear any doubts regarding its diagnosis and management!
Brief explanation about all the essential parameters monitoring during polysomnography or sleep study with corresponding images for better understanding.Also explain briefly about the split night study.I hope this may be helpful for those who are related to this field.
This presentation gives some basic information regarding the definition , etiology and pathophysiology of " obstructive sleep apnea" which is a serious sleep disorder .Treatment methods are briefly reviewed with special emphasis on the role of the oral surgeon and orthodontist in the management of this medical condition .
OSA is an entity that is increasingly being managed by otolaryngologists...Hope this presentation helps to clear any doubts regarding its diagnosis and management!
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)—also referred to as obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea—is a sleep disorder that involves cessation or significant decrease in airflow in the presence of breathing effort. It is the most common type of sleep-disordered breathing and is characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. These episodes are associated with recurrent oxyhemoglobin desaturations and arousals from sleep.
What are the different types of sleep apnea tests.pptxleelindesy
Among the several sleep problems that affect people, sleep apnea is a prevalent one. In this condition, patients fail to rest well at night because of obstruction in the airway. As a result, they always feel exhausted and tired.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls all body functions. Dysregulation of this system may be responsible of bradycardia. The main objective of our study is to describe the autonomic profile of patients with bradycardia and to determine, through testing cardiovascular autonomic reflexes its involvement in the pathogenesis of idiopathic symptomatic bradycardia.
Utility value of tilt table testing in evaluationUday Prashant
I had presented in CARE Highlights session and book is being published on this topic by LAMBERT publications, Germany
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.in%2FEvaluation-Unexplained-Syncope-Young-Adults%2Fdp%2F3843373175&ei=lzVtUvbtCIfSrQemkYDwCg&usg=AFQjCNEK_NmIVC5j5LcLSr2hKbYFwMmRuw&sig2=okLwwgOdFiPgw4GPk7mugQ&bvm=bv.55123115,d.bmk
"Breath Easy: The Role of Orthodontics in Managing Obstructive Sleep Apnea"safabasiouny1
obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics including diagnosis and treatment
Sleep disruption caused by breathing disorders are potentially life-threatening and therefore an important global health issue.
Sleep disorders, particularly untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been known as a risk and possible causative factor in
1.
development of systemic hypertension,
2.
depression,
3.
stroke, angina
4.
cardiac dysrhythmias.
5.
can be associated with motor vehicle accidents,
6.
poor work performance and therefore, also makes a person prone to occupational accidents and reduced quality of life.
7.
adversely affects patients on their personal, social and professional levels.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Definition: cessation of airflow for more than 10 seconds and hypopnoea is 50% reduction in air flow
It is Classified as central, obstructive and mixed and can be graded as mild, moderate and severe
Polysomnography Test in Delhi A Comprehensive Guide by PH Health Cares.pdfPH HEALTHCARES
Sleep is a cornerstone of good health, and polysomnography is a vital tool in diagnosing and treating sleep disorders. PH Health Cares in Delhi offers exceptional polysomnography services, combining advanced technology, experienced specialists, and a patient-centric approach. By choosing PH Health Cares, patients can take the first step towards better sleep and improved quality of life. If you’re experiencing sleep issues, don’t hesitate to reach out to PH Health Cares and schedule your consultation today.
CONCEPT OF NODOPATHIES AND PARANODOPATHIES.pptxNeurologyKota
emergence of autoimmune neuropathies and role of nodal and paranodal regions in their pathophysiology.
Peripheral neuropathies are traditionally categorized into demyelinating or axonal.
dysfunction at nodal/paranodal region key for better understanding of patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
antibodies targeting node and paranode of myelinated nerves have been increasingly detected in patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
have clinical phenotype similar common inflammatory neuropathies like Guillain Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
they respond poorly to conventional first line immunotherapies like IVIG
This presentation briefs out the approach of dementia assessment in line with consideration of recent advances. Now the pattern of assessment has evolved towards examining each individual domain rather than lobar assessment.
This presentation contains information about Dementia in Young onset. Also it describes the etiologies, clinical feature of common YOD & their management.
Entrapment Syndromes of Lower Limb.pptxNeurologyKota
This presentation contains information about the various Entrapment syndromes of Lower limb in descending order of topography. It also contains information about etiology, clinical features and management of each of these entrapment syndromes with special emphasis on electrodiagnostic confirmation.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Refer to the continuous and simultaneous monitoring and
recording of various physiological and pathophysiological
parameters of sleep for six or more hours with physician
review, interpretation and report.
Performed to diagnose a variety of sleep disorders and to
evaluate a patient's response to therapies such as nasal
continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP).
3. Diagnostic categories include the following:
sleep related breathing disorders,
other respiratory disorders,
narcolepsy,
parasomnias,
sleep related seizure disorders,
restless legs syndrome,
periodic limb movement sleep disorder.
4. Sleep related breathing disorders
Abnormal breathing events commonly encountered in
sleep include snoring, apneas, hypopneas, and
respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs).
The frequency of apneas and hypopneas per hour of
sleep is expressed as the “apnea-hypopnea index” or the
AHI.
The respiratory disturbance index (RDI) includes the total
of apneas, hypopneas, and RERAs per hour of sleep.
The total number of arousals per hour of sleep from
apneas, hypopneas, and RERAs is the respiratory
arousal index.
5.
6. OSA is defined as a PSG-determined obstructive
respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ≥ 5 events/h
associated with the typical symptoms of OSA (e.g.,
unrefreshing sleep, daytime sleepiness, fatigue or
insomnia, awakening with a gasping or choking
sensation, loud snoring, or witnessed apneas), or an
obstructive RDI ≥ 15 events/h (even in the absence of
symptoms).
7. “gold” standard for evaluation of sleep and sleep related
breathing is the polysomnogram (PSG).
Estimates of the sensitivity of one night of PSG to detect
an AHI > 5 in patients with OSA range between 75 to
88%.
8.
9.
10.
11. AASM CRITERIA FOR OSA
SEVERITY AHI
Normal < 5
Mild 5 -15
Moderate 15 - 30
Severe > 30
12. AASM Guidelines for SRBDs in adults
Full-night PSG is recommended for the diagnosis of
SRBDs.
For patients in the high-pretest-probability stratification
group, an attended cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study
may be an acceptable alternative to full-night PSG,
provided that repeat testing with full-night PSG is
permitted for symptomatic patients who have a negative
cardiorespiratory sleep study.
13. In patients where there is strong suspicion of OSA, if
other causes for symptoms have been excluded, a
second night of diagnostic PSG may be necessary to
diagnose the disorder.
A full night of PSG with CPAP titration is recommended
for patients with a documented diagnosis of a SRBD for
whom PAP is warranted.
14. PSG with CPAP titration is appropriate for patients with
any of the following results:
a) An RDI of at least 15 per hour, regardless of the
patient’s symptoms.
b) An RDI of at least 5 per hour in a patient with
excessive daytime sleepiness.
15. A cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study without EEG
recording is not recommended for CPAP titration.
For CPAP titration, a split-night study (initial diagnostic
PSG followed by CPAP titration during PSG on the same
night) is an alternative to one full night of diagnostic PSG
followed by a second night of titration if the following four
criteria are met:
16. An AHI of at least 40 is documented during a minimum of
2 hours of diagnostic PSG.
CPAP titration is carried out for more than 3 hours.
PSG documents that CPAP eliminates or nearly
eliminates the respiratory events during REM and non-
REM (NREM) sleep, including REM sleep with the patient
in the supine position.
17. A preoperative clinical evaluation that includes
polysomnography or an attended cardiorespiratory (Type
3) sleep study is routinely indicated to evaluate for the
presence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients before
they undergo upper airway surgery for snoring or
obstructive sleep apnea.
18. Follow-up polysomnography or an attended cardiorespiratory
(Type 3) sleep study is routinely indicated for the assessment
of treatment results in the following circumstances:
1)After good clinical response to oral appliance treatment in
patients with moderate to severe OSA, to ensure therapeutic
benefit.
2) After surgical treatment of patients with moderate to severe
OSA, to ensure satisfactory response.
3) After surgical or dental treatment of patients with SRBDs
whose symptoms return despite a good initial response to
treatment.
19. Follow-up polysomnography is routinely indicated for the
assessment of treatment results in the following
circumstances:
1) After substantial weight loss (e.g., 10% of body weight)
has occurred in patients on CPAP for treatment of
SRBDs to ascertain whether CPAP is still needed at the
previously titrated pressure.
20. 2) After substantial weight gain (e.g., 10% of body
weight) has occurred in patients previously treated with
CPAP successfully, who are again symptomatic despite
the continued use of CPAP, to ascertain whether
pressure adjustments are needed.
3) When clinical response is insufficient or when
symptoms return despite a good initial response to
treatment with CPAP.
21. Follow-up polysomnography or a cardiorespiratory (Type
3) sleep study is not routinely indicated in patients treated
with CPAP whose symptoms continue to be resolved with
CPAP treatment.
22. Associated comorbid disease
Patients with systolic or diastolic heart failure should
undergo polysomnography if they have nocturnal
symptoms suggestive of sleep related breathing
disorders (disturbed sleep, nocturnal dyspnea, snoring)
or if they remain symptomatic despite optimal medical
management of congestive heart failure.
23. Patients with coronary artery disease should be evaluated for
symptoms and signs of sleep apnea.
If there is suspicion of sleep apnea, the patients should
undergo a sleep study.
Patients with history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks
should be evaluated for symptoms and signs of sleep apnea.
If there is suspicion of sleep apnea, the patients should
undergo a sleep study.
24. Patients referred for evaluation of significant
tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias should be
questioned about symptoms of sleep apnea.
A sleep study is indicated if questioning results in a
reasonable suspicion that OSA or CSA are present.
25. The use of polysomnography for evaluating sleep related
breathing disorders requires a minimum of the following
recordings: EEG, EOG, chin EMG, airflow, arterial
oxygen saturation, respiratory effort, and ECG or heart
rate.
Anterior tibialis EMG is useful to assist in detecting
movement arousals and may have the added benefit of
assessing periodic limb movements, which coexist with
sleep related breathing disorders in many patients.
26. A cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study requires a
minimum of the following four channels: respiratory effort,
airflow, arterial oxygen saturation, and ECG or heart rate.
An attended study requires the constant presence of a
trained individual who can monitor for technical
adequacy, patient compliance, and relevant patient
behaviour.
27. Oximetry lacks the specificity and sensitivity to be used
as an alternative to polysomnography or an attended
cardiorespiratory (Type 3) sleep study for diagnosing
sleep related breathing disorders.
28. Other breathing disorders
For patients with neuromuscular disorders and sleep
related symptoms, polysomnography is routinely
indicated to evaluate symptoms of sleep disorders that
are not adequately diagnosed by obtaining a sleep
history, assessing sleep hygiene, and reviewing sleep
diaries.
Nocturnal hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive,
restrictive, or reactive lung disease is usually adequately
evaluated by oximetry and does not require PSG.
29. Narcolepsy
Characterized predominantly by abnormalities of REM
sleep, some abnormalities of non-REM (NREM) sleep,
and the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness.
The classic tetrad of narcolepsy symptoms includes
hypersomnolence, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and
hypnagogic hallucinations.
30-50% of patients with narcolepsy do not have all of
these symptoms.
30. Polysomnography and the multiple sleep latency or
maintenance of wakefulness test performed on patients with
narcolepsy typically reveal short sleep latencies.
The polysomnogram may show an early sleep-onset REM
episode, i.e. short REM latency.
The multiple sleep latency test typically shows at least two
sleep-onset REM periods.
up to 15% of patients may not have two sleep-onset REM
periods in a given study.
31. Guidelines
Polysomnography and a multiple sleep latency test
performed on the day after the polysomnographic
evaluation are routinely indicated in the evaluation of
suspected narcolepsy.
The minimum channels required for the diagnosis of
narcolepsy include EEG, EOG, chin EMG, and ECG.
32. Additional cardiorespiratory channels and anterior tibialis
recording is recommended because obstructive sleep
apnea, upper-airway resistance syndrome, and periodic
limb movement sleep disorder are common co-existing
conditions in patients with narcolepsy or may be
independent causes of sleep fragmentation that lead to
short sleep latencies and sleep-onset REM periods.
The diagnosis of narcolepsy (or idiopathic
hypersomnolence) requires documentation of the
absence of other untreated significant disorders that
cause excessive daytime sleepiness.
33. No alternatives to the polysomnogram and multiple sleep
latency test have been validated for making the diagnosis
of narcolepsy.
Although the maintenance of wakefulness test may be
useful in assessing treatment adequacy (by measuring
the ability to stay awake), it has not been shown to be as
valid as the multiple sleep latency test for confirmation of
excessive daytime sleepiness and the demonstration of
sleep-onset REM periods.
34. HLA (human leukocyte antigen) typing is not routinely
indicated as a replacement for polysomnography and the
multiple sleep latency test because HLA typing lacks
specificity in the diagnosis of narcolepsy.
35. Nocturnal seizures and parasomnias
Nocturnal seizures and parasomnias share some similar
characteristics:
both present at night,
may be associated with amnesia for the event,
can impair sleep, and
be provoked by stress or sleep fragmenting factors.
36.
37. Guidelines
A clinical history, neurologic examination, and a routine
EEG obtained while the patient is awake and asleep are
often sufficient to establish the diagnosis and permit the
appropriate treatment of a sleep related seizure disorder.
The need for a routine EEG should be based on clinical
judgment and the likelihood that the patient has a sleep
related seizure disorder.
38. Polysomnography, with additional EEG derivations in an
extended bilateral montage, and video recording, is
recommended to assist with the diagnosis of paroxysmal
arousals or other sleep disruptions that are thought to be
seizure related when the initial clinical evaluation and
results of a standard EEG are inconclusive.
Polysomnography, with additional EEG derivations and
video recording, is indicated in evaluating sleep related
behaviors that are violent or otherwise potentially
injurious to the patient or others.
39. Polysomnography is indicated when evaluating patients
with sleep behaviors suggestive of parasomnias that are
unusual or atypical because of the patient’s age at onset;
the time, duration, or frequency of occurrence of the
behavior; or the specifics of the particular motor patterns
in question.
Polysomnography may be indicated when the presumed
parasomnia or sleep related seizure disorder does not
respond to conventional therapy.
40. Polysomnography is not routinely indicated in cases of
typical, uncomplicated, and non-injurious parasomnias
when the diagnosis is clearly delineated.
Polysomnography is not routinely indicated for patients
with a seizure disorder who have no specific complaints
consistent with a sleep disorder.
41. The minimum channels required for the diagnosis of
parasomnia or sleep-related seizure disorder include
sleep-scoring channels (EEG, EOG, chin EMG); EEG
using an expanded bilateral montage; and EMG for body
movements (anterior tibialis or extensor digitorum).
Audiovisual recording and documented technologist
observations during the period of study are also
essential.
42.
43. PLMSD and RLS
Polysomnography is indicated when a diagnosis of periodic
limb movement disorder is considered because of complaints
by the patient or an observer of repetitive limb movements
during sleep and frequent awakenings, fragmented sleep,
difficulty maintaining sleep, or excessive daytime sleepiness.
The diagnosis of PLMD can be established only by PSG.
The diagnosis of PLMD requires quantification of PLMs and
PLM related arousals, assessment of the impact of the
movements upon sleep architecture, and identification and
exclusion of other sleep disorders.
44. Periodic leg movements are defined by
movements in the anterior tibialis channel of 0.5 to 5
seconds of duration,
in trains of at least three movements
with inter-movement intervals of 4 to 120 seconds.
45.
46. Polysomnography is not routinely indicated to diagnose
or treat restless legs syndrome, except where uncertainty
exists in the diagnosis.
47. The minimum channels required for the evaluation of
periodic limb movements and related arousals include
EEG, EOG, chin EMG, and left and right anterior tibialis
surface EMG.
Respiratory effort, airflow, and oximetry should be used
simultaneously if sleep apnea or upper-airway resistance
syndrome is suspected to allow a distinction to be made
between inherent periodic limb movements and those
limb movements associated with respiratory events.
48. Intra-individual night-to-night variability exists in patients
with periodic limb movement sleep disorder, and a single
study might not be adequate to establish this diagnosis.
Actigraphy is not indicated for the routine diagnosis,
assessment of severity, or management of restless legs
syndrome or periodic limb movement sleep disorder.
49. Recommendations For PSG and
MSLT Use in children
PSG is indicated for children suspected of having
periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) for diagnosing
PLMD. (STANDARD)
The MSLT, preceded by nocturnal PSG, is indicated in
children as part of the evaluation for suspected
narcolepsy. (STANDARD)
50. Children with frequent NREM parasomnias, epilepsy, or
nocturnal enuresis should be clinically screened for the
presence of comorbid sleep disorders and
polysomnography should be performed if there is a
suspicion for sleep-disordered breathing or periodic limb
movement disorder.(GUIDELINE)
The MSLT, preceded by nocturnal PSG, is indicated in
children suspected of having hypersomnia from causes
other than narcolepsy to assess excessive sleepiness
and to aid in differentiation from narcolepsy. (OPTION)
51. The polysomnogram using an expanded EEG montage is
indicated in children to confirm the diagnosis of an
atypical or potentially injurious parasomnia or
differentiate a parasomnia from sleep-related epilepsy
(OPTION)
Polysomnography is indicated in children suspected of
having restless legs syndrome (RLS) who require
supportive data for diagnosing RLS.(OPTION)
52. Polysomnography is indicated when the clinical
assessment suggests the diagnosis of obstructive sleep
apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. (Standard)
Children with mild OSAS preoperatively should have
clinical evaluation following adenotonsillectomy to assess
for residual symptoms.
If there are residual symptoms of OSAS,
polysomnography should be performed. (Standard)
53. Polysomnography is indicated following
adenotonsillectomy to assess for residual OSAS in
children with preoperative evidence for moderate to
severe OSAS, obesity, craniofacial anomalies that
obstruct the upper airway, and neurologic disorders.
(Standard)
Polysomnography is indicated for positive airway
pressure (PAP) titration in children with obstructive sleep
apnea syndrome. (Standard)
54. Polysomnography is indicated when the clinical
assessment suggests the diagnosis of congenital central
alveolar hypoventilation syndrome or sleep related
hypoventilation due to neuromuscular disorders or chest
wall deformities.
It is indicated in selected cases of primary sleep apnea of
infancy. (Guideline)
55. Polysomnography is indicated when there is clinical
evidence of a sleep related breathing disorder in infants
who have experienced an apparent life-threatening event
(ALTE). (Guideline)
Polysomnography is indicated in children being
considered for adenotonisllectomy to treat obstructive
sleep apnea syndrome.
56. Follow-up PSG in children on chronic PAP support is
indicated to determine whether pressure requirements
have changed as a result of the child’s growth and
development, if symptoms recur while on PAP, or if
additional or alternate treatment is instituted.(Guideline)
Polysomnography is indicated after treatment of children
for OSAS with rapid maxillary expansion to assess for the
level of residual disease and to determine whether
additional treatment is necessary. (Option)
57. Children with OSAS treated with an oral appliance should
have clinical follow-up and polysomnography to assess
response to treatment. (Option)
Polysomnography is indicated for noninvasive positive
pressure ventilation (NIPPV) titration in children with
other sleep related breathing disorders. (Option)
Children treated with mechanical ventilation may benefit
from periodic evaluation with polysomnography to adjust
ventilator settings.(Option)
58. Children treated with tracheostomy for sleep related
breathing disorders benefit from polysomnography as
part of the evaluation prior to decannulation.
These children should be followed clinically after
decannulation to assess for recurrence of symptoms of
sleep related breathing disorders. (Option)
59. Polysomnography is indicated in the following respiratory
disorders only if there is a clinical suspicion for an
accompanying sleep related breathing disorder: chronic
asthma, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension,
bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or chest wall abnormality
such as kyphoscoliosis. (Option)
60. Recommendations Against PSG Use:
Polysomnography is not routinely indicated for evaluation
of children with sleep-related bruxism. (STANDARD)
65. Referrences
Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnostic Testing for Adult
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An American Academy of Sleep
Medicine. Vishesh K. Kapur et al. J Clin Sleep Med.
2017;13(3):479–504.
Clinical Practice Guideline Respiratory Indications for
Polysomnography in Children. A RANDEL. Sleep, March 2011.
Practice Parameters for the Non-Respiratory Indications for
Polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Testing for
Children. R. Nisha Aurora et al. SLEEP 2012;35(11):1467-
1473.
The utility of polysomnography for the diagnosis of NREM
parasomnias: an observational study over 4 years of clinical
practice. Chiara Fois et al. J Neurol (2015) 262:385–393.