The document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the compressive strength of concrete cubes at 7 days. Three 150mm concrete cubes were cast and tested after 7 days of curing. The average weight of the cubes was 8.65kg. When tested, the cubes failed at an average maximum load of 15.97 MPa. This shows the 7 day compressive strength of the concrete mix met the target strength of 19.5 MPa specified for M30 grade concrete. The results were analyzed to calculate compressive strength and standard deviation according to standard formulas.
The document describes the procedure for conducting a slump test to determine the workability of a concrete mixture. The test involves mixing concrete with a ratio of 1:2:4 of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement. The mixture is placed in a slump cone in layers and tamped between each layer. When the cone is removed, the slump is measured as the difference between the height of the cone and the highest point of the concrete. For the sample tested, the slump was 50mm indicating medium workability. The slump test provides a simple way to check consistency and uniformity of concrete batches.
The document describes a lab report for a slump test experiment. The objectives were to safely perform a laboratory experiment to determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete. Materials used included cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and water. Procedures involved mixing the materials, filling a slump cone mold in layers and compacting each layer, lifting the mold, and measuring the slump height. Results showed a true slump of 10mm on the first test and a collapsed slump of 150mm on the second test, indicating too much water was added. The collapsed slump is not suitable for measurement while the true slump corresponds to very low workability concrete for road construction.
This test measures the compressive strength of concrete cubes made and cured according to specific standards. It provides a measure of quality control by testing one property, compressive strength, but results can vary depending on test conditions like specimen size and loading rate. The document outlines how to conduct compression tests on concrete cubes to determine if the concrete meets design specifications. Cubes are made, cured, weighed, and tested for compressive strength at various ages to see how strength develops over time. Detailed procedures are provided for casting, curing, operating the compression machine, and analyzing results.
The document provides information about a site investigation using a Mackintosh probe at a proposed school site. It includes an introduction to site investigations and the purpose of using a Mackintosh probe. Details are given about the equipment, procedures, and sample logs of penetration resistance readings from six probe locations. The conclusion compares the Mackintosh probe to JKR probes and notes limitations of the Mackintosh probe. References for further information are also included.
The sand replacement test determines the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The test involves excavating a soil sample, measuring its mass, and replacing the excavated volume with sand of a known density to find the sample volume. This allows calculating the dry density based on the sample mass and volume. The test establishes a relationship between dry density and moisture content. It is used to evaluate compaction levels in the field according to acceptance criteria for different depths.
The document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil samples. The liquid limit test involves adding water to soil and determining the moisture content at which a groove closes after 25 blows. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil ball crumbles after rolling out to 3mm diameter. These limits are used to classify soils and predict properties like strength and compressibility. The plasticity index, defined as the liquid limit minus the plastic limit, provides further information on soil type and reactivity. Proper determination of the Atterberg limits is important for building foundations to ensure suitable shear strength and volume change with moisture fluctuations.
1) The Proctor compaction test is used to determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soil. It involves compacting soil in layers in a mold using controlled blows and measuring the dry density at different moisture contents.
2) The test procedure involves weighing equipment, sieving dry soil, compacting soil in layers using blows from a ram, weighing the compacted soil, determining moisture content, and repeating at different moisture contents.
3) A compaction curve is made by plotting dry density against moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content which produces the highest dry density.
The document describes the procedure for conducting a slump test to determine the workability of a concrete mixture. The test involves mixing concrete with a ratio of 1:2:4 of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and cement. The mixture is placed in a slump cone in layers and tamped between each layer. When the cone is removed, the slump is measured as the difference between the height of the cone and the highest point of the concrete. For the sample tested, the slump was 50mm indicating medium workability. The slump test provides a simple way to check consistency and uniformity of concrete batches.
The document describes a lab report for a slump test experiment. The objectives were to safely perform a laboratory experiment to determine the workability of freshly mixed concrete. Materials used included cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and water. Procedures involved mixing the materials, filling a slump cone mold in layers and compacting each layer, lifting the mold, and measuring the slump height. Results showed a true slump of 10mm on the first test and a collapsed slump of 150mm on the second test, indicating too much water was added. The collapsed slump is not suitable for measurement while the true slump corresponds to very low workability concrete for road construction.
This test measures the compressive strength of concrete cubes made and cured according to specific standards. It provides a measure of quality control by testing one property, compressive strength, but results can vary depending on test conditions like specimen size and loading rate. The document outlines how to conduct compression tests on concrete cubes to determine if the concrete meets design specifications. Cubes are made, cured, weighed, and tested for compressive strength at various ages to see how strength develops over time. Detailed procedures are provided for casting, curing, operating the compression machine, and analyzing results.
The document provides information about a site investigation using a Mackintosh probe at a proposed school site. It includes an introduction to site investigations and the purpose of using a Mackintosh probe. Details are given about the equipment, procedures, and sample logs of penetration resistance readings from six probe locations. The conclusion compares the Mackintosh probe to JKR probes and notes limitations of the Mackintosh probe. References for further information are also included.
The sand replacement test determines the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders. The test involves excavating a soil sample, measuring its mass, and replacing the excavated volume with sand of a known density to find the sample volume. This allows calculating the dry density based on the sample mass and volume. The test establishes a relationship between dry density and moisture content. It is used to evaluate compaction levels in the field according to acceptance criteria for different depths.
The document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil samples. The liquid limit test involves adding water to soil and determining the moisture content at which a groove closes after 25 blows. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil ball crumbles after rolling out to 3mm diameter. These limits are used to classify soils and predict properties like strength and compressibility. The plasticity index, defined as the liquid limit minus the plastic limit, provides further information on soil type and reactivity. Proper determination of the Atterberg limits is important for building foundations to ensure suitable shear strength and volume change with moisture fluctuations.
1) The Proctor compaction test is used to determine the optimal moisture content and maximum dry density of soil. It involves compacting soil in layers in a mold using controlled blows and measuring the dry density at different moisture contents.
2) The test procedure involves weighing equipment, sieving dry soil, compacting soil in layers using blows from a ram, weighing the compacted soil, determining moisture content, and repeating at different moisture contents.
3) A compaction curve is made by plotting dry density against moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content which produces the highest dry density.
DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE.YASMINE HASLAN
This document summarizes a laboratory report on determining the aggregate impact value of samples according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) standards. The experiment involved subjecting aggregate samples to impact blows using a test machine and sieve. The percentage of fines passing through a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value. Sample 1 had a 17% impact value and Sample 2 was 15%, both below the JKR requirement of 20%, indicating the aggregates have medium toughness and resistance to crushing. The results show the aggregates met the JKR specifications and the experiment was successfully conducted.
This experiment examines how shear forces vary with increasing point loads applied to a beam. Theoretical calculations of shear force are compared to experimental measurements. As the applied load increases, both the theoretical and experimental shear forces increase linearly. The experimental shear forces are slightly lower than theoretical values. This shows that the equation used to calculate shear force theoretically accurately predicts the beam's behavior under different loading conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding shear forces in structural engineering design.
1. The document describes a concrete slump test conducted by a student to determine the workability and consistency of a concrete mix.
2. The test procedure involves filling a slump cone with the concrete in layers, tamping each layer with a rod, and measuring the amount the concrete sinks after removing the cone.
3. The results of the test on a concrete mix with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 showed zero slump, indicating a dry mix suitable for road construction where vibration is used for compaction.
1) The document describes procedures for measuring hydrostatic force using a water vessel and scale. Weights are added incrementally while measuring the water level.
2) Data is recorded for appended weight, lever arm length, water level, calculated lever arm, resultant force, and moments.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as neglecting the weight of the balance and reading errors, which could explain discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the center of pressure.
Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregate - ReportSarchia Khursheed
1. The document summarizes a sieve analysis test performed on coarse and fine aggregates to determine particle size distribution.
2. Sieve analysis involves sieving aggregate samples using a series of sieves and weighing the material retained on each sieve to determine the percentage passing and retained.
3. The results showed that for coarse aggregate, 18% was retained on the 20mm sieve, 78% on the 10mm sieve, and 4% passed the 5mm sieve. For fine aggregate, 24% was retained on the 4.75mm sieve, and the percentage passing decreased through smaller sieves with 0.11% passing the 150μm sieve.
The document describes an experiment to determine the aggregate impact value of a given specimen through a standardized test procedure. Three samples were tested by subjecting aggregates retained between 10mm and 12.5mm sieves to 15 blows from a falling hammer. The percentage of material passing a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value, with average values below 10 considered strong and above 35 too weak for construction. The tested samples had average impact values of 44.13%, indicating suitability for construction applications.
This document provides instructions for performing a fly level observation, or rise and fall method, of levelling. The procedure involves taking readings between benchmark points of known elevation and change points using a level, staff, and tripod. Readings are recorded in a level book and used to calculate the reduced level at each change point. Arithmetical checks and allowable misclosures are determined to ensure precision of the work. The document outlines the objective, equipment, procedures, results and computations, conclusion, and references for the fly level observation levelling technique.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the reactions at supports of a continuous beam subjected to point loads and uniformly distributed loads. Reactions are measured using load cells and compared to theoretical calculations.
2. For a beam with a point load, measured reactions were within 12% of calculations. For a beam with uniform loading, measured reactions matched calculations within 4% except at one support where they matched exactly.
3. Differences between measured and calculated reactions are likely due to imperfections in the old laboratory apparatus and effects of airflow on measurements. The experiment successfully validated the theoretical reactions within an acceptable margin of error.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure acting on a plane surface using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
2. The experiment involved setting the apparatus at an angle, balancing it by adding weights, and measuring the water level as more weights were added.
3. Calculations were done to find theoretical and practical hydrostatic pressures using equations for the area, height, resultant force, and center of pressure. The results showed some difference between theoretical and practical pressures.
The Mackintosh Probe is a lightweight penetrometer that is faster and cheaper than boring equipment, especially for moderate depths in soft or loose soils. It consists of 16mm steel rods connected by couplings that prevent buckling during driving with a 5kg hammer from 30cm above. The number of blows to penetrate 30cm is recorded and used to evaluate soil consistency, density, and parameters. It allows disturbed soil sampling and subsurface stratigraphy identification. Advantages include being light, easy to use, economical, and faster than other tools, while disadvantages include potential for human error, limited depth, and inability to penetrate medium-strength soils. The procedure involves assembling the probe, driving it with blows counted for 30cm intervals, until 15
This document summarizes a sieve test experiment conducted on fine aggregate to determine its grain size distribution. The experiment involved sieving 500g of dry fine aggregate through various sized sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage passing and retained. The results were plotted on a grading curve and compared to BS standards to evaluate the quality of the aggregate sample. In conclusion, the experiment was successfully performed and the fineness modulus calculated. The aggregate sample fell within the acceptable range specified by standards.
This report describes an experiment to determine the flakiness index of an aggregate sample. The sample was sieved into different size fractions and particles that passed through thickness gauge slots less than 0.6 times their mean sieve size were considered flaky. Based on the mass of flaky particles measured, the flakiness index of the sample was calculated to be 5.6%, which meets the maximum 20% required by JKR standards. While some experimental error occurred, the conclusion is that the sample's flakiness level is acceptable for highway construction if proper compaction is performed to limit voids.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
The document discusses different methods for taking off quantities from construction drawings to produce bills of quantities. Traditionally, quantities were measured and dimensions recorded on ruled paper before being totaled and abstracted into bills. However, many practices now take off quantities directly in bill order or produce abstract sheets in bill order to streamline the process. The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers' method (CESMM) is also discussed as the definitive standard for civil engineering measurement.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
The document provides derivations of design equations for reinforced concrete beams. It begins by deriving the equation for maximum moment capacity of a singly reinforced beam based on concrete strength as M=0.167*fck*b*d^2. It then derives equations for doubly reinforced beams where compression steel is also required. The document further derives equations for design of flanged beams depending on whether the neutral axis lies within the flange or web. It concludes by outlining design procedures for singly and doubly reinforced beams.
This document discusses various concepts related to structural analysis of arches:
1. An arch is a curved girder supported at its ends, allowing only vertical and horizontal displacements for arch action.
2. The general cable theorem relates the horizontal tension and vertical distance from any cable point to the cable chord moment.
3. Arches are classified based on support conditions (3, 2, or 1 hinged) or shape (curved, parabolic, elliptical, polygonal).
4. Horizontal thrust in arches reduces the bending moment and is calculated differently for various arch types (e.g. parabolic) and loading (e.g. UDL).
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document describes procedures for testing the fineness of cement and aggregates. It includes sieve analysis tests to determine the particle size distribution of coarse and fine aggregates according to ASTM standards. The tests are important to ensure aggregates and cement meet specifications for use in construction materials like concrete. The document provides details on apparatus, procedures, calculations, observations and safety precautions for each test. It contains 13 experiments related to testing concrete and its materials.
IRJET- VStudy on Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete using Steel S...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the strength and durability properties of concrete using steel slag as a replacement for crushed stone coarse aggregate. A total of 81 concrete cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacements of steel slag aggregate. Additional mixes replaced 100% of the coarse aggregate with steel slag both with and without silica fume. The concrete was tested for mechanical properties such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength as well as durability properties including acid attack resistance and rapid chloride permeability. Test results showed that 50% replacement of steel slag achieved similar mechanical properties as the crushed stone control mix. Durability properties were also comparable or better than the control mix. Therefore
DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE.YASMINE HASLAN
This document summarizes a laboratory report on determining the aggregate impact value of samples according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) standards. The experiment involved subjecting aggregate samples to impact blows using a test machine and sieve. The percentage of fines passing through a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value. Sample 1 had a 17% impact value and Sample 2 was 15%, both below the JKR requirement of 20%, indicating the aggregates have medium toughness and resistance to crushing. The results show the aggregates met the JKR specifications and the experiment was successfully conducted.
This experiment examines how shear forces vary with increasing point loads applied to a beam. Theoretical calculations of shear force are compared to experimental measurements. As the applied load increases, both the theoretical and experimental shear forces increase linearly. The experimental shear forces are slightly lower than theoretical values. This shows that the equation used to calculate shear force theoretically accurately predicts the beam's behavior under different loading conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding shear forces in structural engineering design.
1. The document describes a concrete slump test conducted by a student to determine the workability and consistency of a concrete mix.
2. The test procedure involves filling a slump cone with the concrete in layers, tamping each layer with a rod, and measuring the amount the concrete sinks after removing the cone.
3. The results of the test on a concrete mix with a water-cement ratio of 0.45 showed zero slump, indicating a dry mix suitable for road construction where vibration is used for compaction.
1) The document describes procedures for measuring hydrostatic force using a water vessel and scale. Weights are added incrementally while measuring the water level.
2) Data is recorded for appended weight, lever arm length, water level, calculated lever arm, resultant force, and moments.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as neglecting the weight of the balance and reading errors, which could explain discrepancies between theoretical and experimental values of the center of pressure.
Sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregate - ReportSarchia Khursheed
1. The document summarizes a sieve analysis test performed on coarse and fine aggregates to determine particle size distribution.
2. Sieve analysis involves sieving aggregate samples using a series of sieves and weighing the material retained on each sieve to determine the percentage passing and retained.
3. The results showed that for coarse aggregate, 18% was retained on the 20mm sieve, 78% on the 10mm sieve, and 4% passed the 5mm sieve. For fine aggregate, 24% was retained on the 4.75mm sieve, and the percentage passing decreased through smaller sieves with 0.11% passing the 150μm sieve.
The document describes an experiment to determine the aggregate impact value of a given specimen through a standardized test procedure. Three samples were tested by subjecting aggregates retained between 10mm and 12.5mm sieves to 15 blows from a falling hammer. The percentage of material passing a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value, with average values below 10 considered strong and above 35 too weak for construction. The tested samples had average impact values of 44.13%, indicating suitability for construction applications.
This document provides instructions for performing a fly level observation, or rise and fall method, of levelling. The procedure involves taking readings between benchmark points of known elevation and change points using a level, staff, and tripod. Readings are recorded in a level book and used to calculate the reduced level at each change point. Arithmetical checks and allowable misclosures are determined to ensure precision of the work. The document outlines the objective, equipment, procedures, results and computations, conclusion, and references for the fly level observation levelling technique.
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the reactions at supports of a continuous beam subjected to point loads and uniformly distributed loads. Reactions are measured using load cells and compared to theoretical calculations.
2. For a beam with a point load, measured reactions were within 12% of calculations. For a beam with uniform loading, measured reactions matched calculations within 4% except at one support where they matched exactly.
3. Differences between measured and calculated reactions are likely due to imperfections in the old laboratory apparatus and effects of airflow on measurements. The experiment successfully validated the theoretical reactions within an acceptable margin of error.
The report is being made on the experience of 3 weeks office training.
briefly describes the quality tests of Fine and Coarse aggregates .
Complete calculation of concrete mix design is included with solved numerical equations.
Cement, water and admixtures quality test is not performed because the contractor purchase it from other chemical and cement manufacturer company.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure acting on a plane surface using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus.
2. The experiment involved setting the apparatus at an angle, balancing it by adding weights, and measuring the water level as more weights were added.
3. Calculations were done to find theoretical and practical hydrostatic pressures using equations for the area, height, resultant force, and center of pressure. The results showed some difference between theoretical and practical pressures.
The Mackintosh Probe is a lightweight penetrometer that is faster and cheaper than boring equipment, especially for moderate depths in soft or loose soils. It consists of 16mm steel rods connected by couplings that prevent buckling during driving with a 5kg hammer from 30cm above. The number of blows to penetrate 30cm is recorded and used to evaluate soil consistency, density, and parameters. It allows disturbed soil sampling and subsurface stratigraphy identification. Advantages include being light, easy to use, economical, and faster than other tools, while disadvantages include potential for human error, limited depth, and inability to penetrate medium-strength soils. The procedure involves assembling the probe, driving it with blows counted for 30cm intervals, until 15
This document summarizes a sieve test experiment conducted on fine aggregate to determine its grain size distribution. The experiment involved sieving 500g of dry fine aggregate through various sized sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentage passing and retained. The results were plotted on a grading curve and compared to BS standards to evaluate the quality of the aggregate sample. In conclusion, the experiment was successfully performed and the fineness modulus calculated. The aggregate sample fell within the acceptable range specified by standards.
This report describes an experiment to determine the flakiness index of an aggregate sample. The sample was sieved into different size fractions and particles that passed through thickness gauge slots less than 0.6 times their mean sieve size were considered flaky. Based on the mass of flaky particles measured, the flakiness index of the sample was calculated to be 5.6%, which meets the maximum 20% required by JKR standards. While some experimental error occurred, the conclusion is that the sample's flakiness level is acceptable for highway construction if proper compaction is performed to limit voids.
The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is designed based on the column's expected loads and dimensions using methods specified in design codes like BS 8110.
The document discusses different methods for taking off quantities from construction drawings to produce bills of quantities. Traditionally, quantities were measured and dimensions recorded on ruled paper before being totaled and abstracted into bills. However, many practices now take off quantities directly in bill order or produce abstract sheets in bill order to streamline the process. The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers' method (CESMM) is also discussed as the definitive standard for civil engineering measurement.
This document describes the design of a pile cap by a group of civil engineering students. It defines a pile cap as a concrete mat that rests on piles driven into soft ground to provide a stable foundation. It then provides two examples of pile cap design, showing dimensions, load calculations, reinforcement requirements and construction details. The document concludes that a pile cap distributes a building's load to piles to form a stable foundation on unstable soil. It acknowledges the guidance of professors in completing this project.
The document provides derivations of design equations for reinforced concrete beams. It begins by deriving the equation for maximum moment capacity of a singly reinforced beam based on concrete strength as M=0.167*fck*b*d^2. It then derives equations for doubly reinforced beams where compression steel is also required. The document further derives equations for design of flanged beams depending on whether the neutral axis lies within the flange or web. It concludes by outlining design procedures for singly and doubly reinforced beams.
This document discusses various concepts related to structural analysis of arches:
1. An arch is a curved girder supported at its ends, allowing only vertical and horizontal displacements for arch action.
2. The general cable theorem relates the horizontal tension and vertical distance from any cable point to the cable chord moment.
3. Arches are classified based on support conditions (3, 2, or 1 hinged) or shape (curved, parabolic, elliptical, polygonal).
4. Horizontal thrust in arches reduces the bending moment and is calculated differently for various arch types (e.g. parabolic) and loading (e.g. UDL).
The document describes the construction process for columns, slabs, and beams in reinforced concrete structures. It discusses the materials used and the typical steps involved, which include:
1) Layout and formwork installation
2) Placement of reinforcing steel based on structural designs
3) Pouring and finishing of concrete
4) Curing of concrete to gain full strength over 28 days
The columns transfer loads vertically through reinforced concrete that is mixed on site or delivered by ready-mix trucks. Slabs and beams are constructed through similar processes of steel reinforcement, formwork, concrete placement and curing.
The document describes procedures for testing the fineness of cement and aggregates. It includes sieve analysis tests to determine the particle size distribution of coarse and fine aggregates according to ASTM standards. The tests are important to ensure aggregates and cement meet specifications for use in construction materials like concrete. The document provides details on apparatus, procedures, calculations, observations and safety precautions for each test. It contains 13 experiments related to testing concrete and its materials.
IRJET- VStudy on Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete using Steel S...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the strength and durability properties of concrete using steel slag as a replacement for crushed stone coarse aggregate. A total of 81 concrete cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacements of steel slag aggregate. Additional mixes replaced 100% of the coarse aggregate with steel slag both with and without silica fume. The concrete was tested for mechanical properties such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength as well as durability properties including acid attack resistance and rapid chloride permeability. Test results showed that 50% replacement of steel slag achieved similar mechanical properties as the crushed stone control mix. Durability properties were also comparable or better than the control mix. Therefore
IRJET- Study on Cellular Lightweight Concrete with Crushed Coconut shellsIRJET Journal
The document studies using crushed coconut shells to partially replace fine aggregate in cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) in order to increase its compressive strength. CLC is commonly used but has low compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Previous research found crushed coconut shells can significantly increase the strength of normal concrete. The study produced CLC cubes with 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% fine aggregate replaced by crushed coconut shells. After 28 days of curing, the 20% replacement cubes achieved the highest compressive strength of 8.44 MPa, showing potential to improve CLC strength through coconut shell addition.
The document provides information about designing and building a concrete beam as part of a student project. Students are given specifications for the beam and learn about concepts related to concrete through a series of questionnaires. They then use what they've learned to design, build, and test their beam. The goal is for the beam to support the greatest weight possible while meeting the specifications.
Micro Silica as Partial Replacement of Cement in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using micro silica as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Researchers partially replaced cement with micro silica at levels of 5-15% by weight in increments of 2.5% to test the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths of cubes, cylinders, and beams. The results showed that compressive strength peaked at a 12.5% replacement level. Both splitting tensile and flexural strengths also increased as the micro silica level increased, reaching their highest points at 12.5% replacement. The study concluded that micro silica can improve the strength properties of concrete, with an optimal replacement level of 12.5% cement.
The document describes changes made by CIE to question papers for popular assessments with large candidature. CIE uses different variants of question papers that are closely related and give equal assessment standards. This means for some components there are now two variant question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports, rather than just one previously. Centres will receive both variants, giving more past exam material. The diagram shows the relationship between question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports for the first and second variants. Centres with questions should contact CIE customer services. Variant items should be clearly labeled as first or second variant in the document.
The document describes changes made by CIE to question papers for popular assessments with large candidature. CIE uses different variants of question papers that are closely related and give equal assessment standards. This means for some components there are now two variant question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports, rather than just one previously. The variants are intended to only be used in different countries. The document contains both variants to give centers access to more past exam material. A diagram shows the relationship between the question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports for the first and second variants. Anyone with questions should contact CIE customer services. The titles of the variant items in the document should correspond to those in the diagram.
The document describes changes made by CIE to some question papers for popular assessments with large candidature. CIE uses different but closely related variants of these question papers. This means for some components there are now two variant question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports, rather than just one previously. For any individual country, only one variant will be used. The document contains both variants to provide centres with more past examination material. A diagram shows the relationship between the question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner's reports for the first and second variants. Centres with questions should contact CIE's customer services. The variant items should be clearly labelled.
The document describes changes made by CIE to some question papers for popular assessments with large candidature. CIE uses different but closely related variants of these question papers. This means for some components there are now two variant question papers, mark schemes, and principal examiner reports, rather than just one previously. Centres will have access to more past examination material as a result. The variants have been thoroughly established to ensure equal assessment standards.
The document summarizes changes made by the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) to some of their question papers for popular assessments with large numbers of candidates. CIE now uses two similar but distinct variants for some question papers, mark schemes, and examiner reports where previously there was only one. This allows for more past exam material to be available to candidates while maintaining the same standard of assessment across variants. The variants have established relationships to one another through CIE's assessment expertise. Centres will use only one variant for a given administration, but the document provides access to both so candidates have even more practice material.
The document is a thesis report submitted by Ng Jun Jie to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the National University of Singapore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report analyzes and aims to improve the jacking systems used for lifting offshore jack-up rigs by studying the fatigue life of the rack and pinion mechanism and proposing ways to reduce stress through modeling and simulation.
IRJET- Interpretation of Compressive Strength in Concrete Cube and CylinderIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on interpreting the compressive strength of concrete cubes and cylinders using destructive and non-destructive testing methods. Concrete cubes and cylinders of varying grades (M20, M25, M30, M40) were tested at 28 days using compressive testing (destructive) as well as rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity (non-destructive) tests. The results found that the average compressive strengths from cubes were higher than cylinders. Regression analysis was used to develop relationships between the different test methods. Equations relating compressive strength to rebound number and pulse velocity were developed for both cubes and cylinders.
IRJET- An Experimental Study on Flexural Strength of Bubble Deck SlabIRJET Journal
1) The document presents an experimental study on the flexural strength of bubble deck slabs compared to conventional slabs.
2) Four slabs were cast - one conventional slab and three bubble deck slabs with varying numbers of hollow plastic balls.
3) Single point load tests were performed on the slabs using a universal testing machine. The load carrying capacity, load-deflection behavior, and flexural strength were analyzed and compared between the slab types.
4) The results showed that the load carrying capacity, flexural strength, and load-deflection behavior of the bubble deck slabs were similar to the conventional slab, demonstrating that replacing concrete with hollow balls does not negatively impact strength.
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on Plasticizing Agent in ConcreteIRJET Journal
The study investigated the effects of replacing cement with molasses in concrete. Molasses is a byproduct of sugar production that can serve as a plasticizing agent in concrete. Concrete cubes and cylinders were cast using 0%, 0.8%, and 0.9% molasses replacement by weight of cement. The specimens were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that up to 0.9% molasses replacement increased the strengths of the concrete over time compared to the 0% replacement mix. Additionally, workability of the fresh concrete decreased with higher molasses content due to its water-reducing effects. Therefore, molasses can effectively be
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Cube test report
1. HND in Civil Engineering
Module
Code Title Assessor / Examiner
CE 403
Engineering Mechanics and Strength of
Materials
Eng. C. Peiris
Assessment 1
Title : Portfolio – Lab Reports Weighting :
20%
Submit to: Deadline
Office Blackboard Other
SIS
Late submissions will incur a penalty according to the regulations
Additional submission details:
OBJECTIVES OF THIS ASSESMENT IS TO LET THE STUDENT:
Perform laboratory experiments safely and deal with recording, analyzing
and interpretation of results.
ASSESSMENT STRATEGY AND METHODS
Assessment
Assessment
Type Description
Task
Weighting%
Deadline
Assessment 01 COURSEWORK(CW) Investigative Report – 1500 30% Week 7
Assessment 02 COURSEWORK(CW) Portfolio - Lab Reports 20% Week 10
Assessment 0 EXAM
Written Examination (Closed Book –
2 Hours)
50%
Week 17
2. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 2 of 25
3. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 3 of 25
Laboratory Experiment No. 02 –
Concrete Compressive Strength Test
4. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 4 of 25
ICBT Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering
Cardiff Metropolitan University – UK
International College of Business & Technology
Colombo Campus
No: 36, De Krester Place,
R. A. De. Mel Mawatha,
Bambalapitiya,
Sri Lanka.
Assignment No- 02
“ Portfolio - Lab Report ’’
By
Sri Sanduli Devini Weerasekara
Colombo Campus - CL/HNDCivil/12/35
HND in Civil Engineering
Submit to – Mr. C.N. Peirispulle
Submitted date – 2019.08.15
ICBT Campus
2019
5. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 5 of 25
Acknowledgement
I take the opportunity to offer a sincere graduate to my guide Ms. Eeshani Perera
Laboratory lecture in Laboratory Experiment of Engineering Mechanics and Strength of
Materials subject for her kind support in completion of this Lab Practicals and Lab Report in
a very successful manner. And also, I wish to thank you for teaching how to do this practicals
easily.
And also, I wish to thank you Ms. Sachini De Silva and Mr. C.N. Peirispulle for
teaching well about how to do these practicals in an easy way to us before doing the lab
practicals.
Finally, I wish to thank my parents & friends for their support & encouragement
throughout the completion of this report.
6. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................8
2.0 Apparatus & Materials.................................................................................................9
3.0 Procedure.....................................................................................................................13
4.0 Results..........................................................................................................................17
5.0 Discussion.....................................................................................................................19
6.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................21
7.0 References....................................................................................................................23
Table of Tables
Table 1 - Quantities of using materials of concrete mix.....................................................12
Table 2 - Record measurements of cube weight were taken from the Cube Test............14
Table 3 - Record measurements of maximum load to bear each cube were taken from
the Cube Test..........................................................................................................................15
Table 4 - Calculation the Average of Cube Weight and Average of Compression
Strength...................................................................................................................................17
Table 5 - The Compressive Strength of concrete at different Ages...................................21
Table 6 - Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete at 7 and 28 Days.......22
7. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 - Concrete Cube Test kit set.....................................................................................9
Figure 2 - Compression Testing Machine..............................................................................9
Figure 3 - Steel Cube Molds..................................................................................................10
Figure 4 - Measurements of a Cube Mold ...........................................................................10
Figure 5 - Steel Rod ...............................................................................................................11
Figure 6 - Hand Float ............................................................................................................11
Figure 7 - Materials of Concrete mix...................................................................................12
Figure 8 - Grease....................................................................................................................12
Figure 9 - How the group members were filled the cubes and compacted each layer 35
times using the steel rod ........................................................................................................13
Figure 10 - A harden concrete cube looks like after 7 days ...............................................14
Figure 11 - The cube was placed at the center plate of the compression machine for
testing ......................................................................................................................................15
Figure 12 - After the cube test, how all 3 cubes were shown .............................................16
Figure 13 - Water-Cement ratio versus Strength ...............................................................20
8. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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1.0 Introduction
The Concrete Cube Crushing Test is determined the Compressive
Strength of hardening concrete. Via this test determined the specification of concrete fulfills
required. Compressive Strength means the ability of the structure to carry the loads on its
surface without any deflections or cracks. In here, under compression, the size of the
structure is reduced.
The Formula of Compressive Strength of Hardening Concrete
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 =
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
After removing cubes the age of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in curing bath, the cube test can be
done for the harden concrete cubes. Day by day, the compressive strength of concrete
increased. Therefore, The compressive strength of concrete increases according to age. The
28 days concrete strength considered as the standard day for most of the concrete works. The
temperature and moisture affect the increment rate of the concrete strength in the hardening
process. The Grade 30 (M30) concrete mix is used in the Cube Test. Followings are the
factors affecting the compressive strength of concrete.
Water-Cement ratio
Cement Strength
Quality of concrete materials
Quality control during production of concrete
9. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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2.0 Apparatus & Materials
Apparatus
Figure 1 - Concrete Cube Test kit set (Anon., n.d.)
1. Compression Testing Machine
Figure 2 - Compression Testing Machine (Anon., n.d.)
The Compression Strength Machine is used to test the Compressive Strength of
hardening concrete.
10. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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2. Steel Cube Mold
Figure 3 - Steel Cube Molds (Anon., n.d.)
Figure 4 - Measurements of a Cube Mold (Anon., n.d.)
The Steel Cube Molds is used to place the fresh concrete for the hardening process.
3. Steel Rod
The Steel Rod is used to compact each concrete layer to remove the air voids and
subsequent layers penetrate into the underlying layer.
Height of Steel Rod – 60 cm
Length of Steel Rod – 25 mm
11. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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Width of Steel Rod – 25 mm
Figure 5 - Steel Rod (Anon., n.d.)
4. Hand Float
Figure 6 - Hand Float (Anon., n.d.)
Hand Float is used to level (plate) the surface in the over concrete layer.
Materials
1. Cement, Sand, Aggregates & Water
12. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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Figure 7 - Materials of Concrete mix (Anon., n.d.)
Materials
Cement
(kg)
Fine
Aggregate
(kg)
Coarse
Aggregate
(kg)
Water
(kg or liters)
Quantities 3.465 1.87 6.105 15.62
Table 1 - Quantities of using materials of concrete mix
Mix ratio of Cement : Fine Aggregate : Coarse Aggregate = 1 : 2 : 4
2. Grease
Figure 8 - Grease (Anon., n.d.)
Grease oil is used to prevent the concrete from sticking to the cube mold.
13. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 13 of 25
3.0 Procedure
1. The mold that was used in the cube test must be cleaned internally using the wire
brush. Because remove any residual particles from previous concrete tests.
2. The interior surface of the assembled mold was required to be thinly coated with
grease oil to prevent adhesion of concrete.
3. The mixed concrete was poured with a certain mix proportion into the mold in 3
layers and each layer was must be tamped 35 times using the compacting steel rod.
The mold was filled up until overflow and leveled the surface using the hand float.
Figure 9 - How the group members were filled the cubes and compacted each layer 35
times using the steel rod
4. The concrete mixture cube was left for 24 hours setting.
5. The above steps were should be repeated for another 2 more cubes with the same mix
proportion.
6. The date of the mixture was recorded for every cube and all 3 cubes were submerged
in the curing tank at the temperature of 18 degrees Celsius – 20 degrees Celsius.
Tested on the 7th
day.
14. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 14 of 25
7. After the 7th
day, When the cube was fully matured it should be weighted and
recorded.
Figure 10 - A harden concrete cube looks like after 7 days
Cube No.
Cube Weight
(kg)
1 8.28
2 8.58
3 9.11
Table 2 - Record measurements of cube weight were taken from the Cube Test
8. The cube was placed to be tested at the center plate of the compression machine. Both
plates were in contact with the lower surface of the concrete plate and it was ensured
by them. The load value was released to raise up the bottom plate until the cube
touches the above plate. The maximum load that would crush the tested cube was
recorded.
15. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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Figure 11 - The cube was placed at the center plate of the compression machine for
testing
9. The above steps were repeated using the other cubes. Accordingly, the result was
recorded by him.
Cube No.
Maximum Load
(Peak value)
1 332.00
2 350.28
3 396.47
Table 3 - Record measurements of maximum load to bear each cube were taken from
the Cube Test
16. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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Figure 12 - After the cube test, how all 3 cubes were shown
17. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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4.0 Results
Table 4 - Calculation the Average of Cube Weight and Average of Compression
Strength
Cube
No.
Date of
Cube made
Date of
Testing
Age
during
testing
Cube
Weight
(kg)
Compression
Strength
(MPa)
1 22/07/2019 31/07/2019 7 days 8.28 14.75
2 22/07/2019 31/07/2019 7 days 8.58 15.56
3 22/07/2019 31/07/2019 7 days 9.11 17.62
Average 8.65 15.97
Calculations:
Average of Cube Weight =
(𝟖.𝟐𝟖 + 𝟖.𝟓𝟖 + 𝟗.𝟏𝟏)𝐤𝐠
𝟑
= 8.65 kg
Percentage of Compressive Strength in 7 days = 65%
The Grade 30 (M30) concrete mix is used in the Cube Test. It means the Compressive
Strength of 30N/mm2
in 28 days.
Thus,
Compressive Strength for Grade 30 (M30) concrete after 7 days = 𝟑𝟎𝐍𝐦𝐦−𝟐
×
𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 19.5 𝐍𝐦𝐦−𝟐
Size of Cube = 150mm x 150mm x 150mm
19. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
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5.0 Discussion
1. Why the inner surface of the mold shall be coated with the grease oil?
The inner surface of the mold shall be coated with the grease oil because to
prevent leakage during filling the concrete and to prevent the concrete from sticking to it,
otherwise, the hardening concrete cube won’t release from the mold.
2. How can the value of standard deviation describe the strength and quality of the
concrete?
Standard Deviation indicates the deviation of a set of variables from the mean value.
The less the standard deviation value is, the more values are close together and
indicates more consistency results. It is a measure of how the strength behavior of the
concrete is changing. That when the cubes are tested compressive strength the range
of minimum and maximum value determine the SD. Its value increases along with the
strength of cement required, as much more accuracy is required for making high
strength grade mixture. SD will be less if the quality at the materials of a concrete
mixture is better and if the quality is poor, the SD will be high. Thus, Standard
Deviation inversely proportional to the Quality of concrete. It is best if our
compressive strength value is a bit less than our minimum range of strength.
According to our cube test results, our SD value is 1.48. Thus, it is a very low
value. Therefore, the strength and quality of our concrete are very high.
3. Describe how the strength can be affected with the variation of water cement ratio?
The ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement by weight is known as the
“water-cement ratio”. The strength of concrete depends on this ratio. In a hardened concrete,
strength is inversely proportional to the water/cement ratio. The quantity of water added to
the cement while preparing concrete mixes has been known to exert tremendous influence on
the quality of concrete. Water affects the durability and strength of concrete.
The relation between the water-cement ratio and the strength of concrete in 28
days is shown in the below figure. Compressive strength is high when the water-cement ratio
20. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 20 of 25
is low. The lower water-cement ratio could be used when the concrete is vibrated to achieve
higher strength. The lower water-cement ratio means less water, or more cement and lower
workability.
Figure 13 - Water-Cement ratio versus Strength
When the water-cement ratio is high
If the W / c ratio is high, a large quantity of water can be obtained per unit
weight of cement in the concrete mix. Then some water will still be left when the concrete
hardens and is ready for use. This trapped water was evaporated, leaving some air voids in
the concrete block. The presence of voids results in reduced strength.
When the water-cement ratio is low
In this case, there will be very less amount of water in the block of formwork
when the concrete is poured into it, and hence lesser voids.
Therefore, low water and cement ratio can cause serious problems in hard concrete.
Thus, the water-cement ratio is the most important factor in the concrete.
21. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 21 of 25
6.0 Conclusion
In the Cube Test is determined the Compressive Strength of hardening concrete.
The apparatus of the cube molds, steel rod, hand float, and compression testing machine
(CTM) are used for doing the cube test.
The ratio of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water to 1: 2: 4: ½ were used to
prepare the concrete mixture.
The Grade 30 (M30) concrete mix is used in the Cube Test.
After removing cubes the age of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in curing bath, the cube test can
be done for the harden concrete cubes.
After 28 days, the compressive strength of hardening concrete is very high.
We were done our cube test after 7 days.
According to our results, we were done our cube practical test in very successfully.
But some of the factors such as the first time we added water, we got a dry mix and after
we added water, then the concrete mix is too wet, the top surface was absorbed some
water from the concrete mix, the cement is spread through the air because of the wind and
when mixing the material of concrete mix, they were spread everywhere and some of the
cubes are loose, therefore that cubes can’t be fixed properly were affected our cube test
results.
However, our cube practical test was a success and we got the idea such as how to do the
cube test, the situation of freshly mixed concrete and how to do the practicals in the
practical lab with safety, how to use the material of concrete, how to prepare the good
concrete mix are some of them.
Table 5 - The Compressive Strength of concrete at different Ages (Anon.,
2014)
Age Percentage of Compressive Strength
1 day 16%
3 day 40%
7 day 65%
22. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 22 of 25
14 day 90%
28 day 99%
Table 6 - Compressive Strength of Different Grades of Concrete at 7 and
28 Days (Anon., 2014)
Grade of Concrete
Minimum compressive
strength N/mm2 at 7 days
Specified characteristic
compressive strength
(N/mm2) at 28 days
M15 10 15
M20 13.5 20
M25 17 25
M30 20 30
M35 23.5 35
M40 27 40
M45 30 45
Finally, I would like to thank our guide Ms. Eeshani Perera in our practical tests to give
your knowledge clearly to us.
And also, I think these practical tests benefit a lot on my subject and for my future as it
prepares me to overcome many upcoming problems. Overall, it was a great experience for
me.
23. Lab Report – Concrete Compressive Strength Test August 15, 2019
Page 23 of 25
7.0 References
Anon., 2014. The Constructor - Civil Engineering Home. [Online]
Available at: https://theconstructor.org/concrete/compressive-strength-concrete-cube-
test/1561/
[Accessed 02 04 2014].
Anon., n.d. Compression Testing Machine. [Online]
Available at: https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/digital-compression-
testing-machine.jpg
Anon., n.d. Cube test apparatures. [Online]
Available at:
data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxISEhU
TExMVFhUXFRgXFRgXGBcXGBcYFxUWFxgXGBgYHSggGBolHRcWITEhJSkrLi4
vFx8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGxAQGy0lHyUtLS0tLS0tLS0uLS0tLTUtLS0tLS0tLS
0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLSstLS0tLS0rLS0tLS0tLf/AABEIAI0BZQMBIgACEQEDEQH/
Anon., n.d. Grease. [Online]
Available at:
data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxITEhU
TExIVFRUXFhUVFRUYFRUVFxYWFxUWFhUVFRcYHSggGBolGxUWITEhJikrLi4
uFx8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGhAQGy0lICUtLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0
tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLf/AABEIAOEA4QMBIgACEQEDEQH/
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data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxMTEh
USEhIWFhUXGB4YFhgXGRogHRoeIR8aGB4dGh4YICkgGh0lHh8gIjEiJikrLi4uGB8z
ODMsNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGxAQGy0mICUtLS0tLy4rLS0vLy0tLS0tLS0tLS8tLi0tLS8t
LS0vLS0tLy8tLS0tLS0tLS8tLS0tLf/AABEIAH8BiwMBEQACEQEDEQH/
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data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxMTEh
UTExMWFhUVFRgVFxgWFRcVFhYXGBUWFhUYGBcYHSggGBolHRUVITEhJSkr
Li4uFx8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGhAQGi0lIB0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tKy0tLS0tL
S0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS4tLS0tLS0tLy0tLS0tLf/AABEIAOEA4QMBEQACEQEDEQH/
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EhIWFRUXFRYVFRUVFRgWFxgVFRUWFhUXFxYYHSggGBolHRUVITEhJSkrLi4
uFx8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OFxAQGi0eHx8tLS0tLS0tLS0tLSstLy0tLS0tLS0tLS0t
LS0tKy0tLS0tLS0tLS0tKy0tLS0rLSstLf/AABEIAOEA4QMBIgACEQEDEQH/
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