Plate tectonics Introduction
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This document provides an introduction to the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915, with the idea of a supercontinent called Pangea that later broke apart. In the 1960s, W.J. Morgan and J. Tuzo Wilson further developed the theory of plate tectonics, proposing that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time. The document outlines the major tectonic plates and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform.
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Evidence of Plate Tectonic Processes
The document discusses key evidence that supports plate tectonic theory, including magnetic stripes in ocean crust that record reversals in Earth's magnetic field, the symmetrical distribution of ages of ocean floors around mid-ocean ridges with the oldest being only 180 million years old, the correlation of earthquake activity with tectonic plate boundaries, and the types of features found at different plate boundary types like transform faults. It also covers applications of plate tectonics like hotspots and mantle plumes, using hotspot tracks to determine past plate motions, and generating paleogeographic reconstructions and predictions of future continental positions.
Contonentaldrift
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It introduces Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastline shapes, matching fossil and rock formations on separated continents, and mountain ranges formed perpendicular to the drift direction. Seafloor spreading provided further evidence as studies showed rocks were youngest at mid-ocean ridges and older further away, with matching magnetic patterns on either side. This led to the theory of tectonic plates, with ocean floors spreading at ridges and subducting at zones. Plate boundaries were classified as divergent, convergent, or transform.
Continental drift theory and plate techtonics
Paleogeography studies the geography of the past by mapping the positions of continents and distribution of land and seas over geological time. The positions of past continents can be determined using data like paleomagnetism, magnetic anomalies, paleobiogeography, paleoclimatology, and geological history. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915 to explain geological evidence that continents have moved over time, such as matching fossil and rock formations found across separated continents. Plate tectonics later expanded on this theory by proposing that Earth's lithosphere is composed of plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere, causing geological activity along plate boundaries.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses evidence that supports continental drift and plate tectonics theories. It describes how the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move over time, occasionally colliding or splitting apart. Fossil, rock formation, and climate data from separated continents provided early evidence that landmasses have drifted over hundreds of millions of years. Studies of the ocean floor revealed patterns of magnetic polarity reversals and symmetrical magnetic strips that supported the hypothesis of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with new crust forming and pushing older crust farther outward over time. Together this evidence established plate tectonics as the mechanism explaining continental movement and geological phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Continental drift theory discuss
Continental Drift Theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Evidence for this theory included:
1) The matching coastline edges of continents like Africa and South America, and geological features that lined up across continents.
2) Similar fossil species found in matching geological formations along coastlines now separated by oceans.
3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
This theory was initially rejected due to the lack of an explained physical mechanism for continental drift, but was later supported by the development of plate tectonic theory.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic
I am a student of SUST and my subject is "Geography & Environment". Topic of this presentation is " Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic ".
Continental Drift Theory by Rajkumar
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
Recommended
Evidence of Plate Tectonic Processes
The document discusses key evidence that supports plate tectonic theory, including magnetic stripes in ocean crust that record reversals in Earth's magnetic field, the symmetrical distribution of ages of ocean floors around mid-ocean ridges with the oldest being only 180 million years old, the correlation of earthquake activity with tectonic plate boundaries, and the types of features found at different plate boundary types like transform faults. It also covers applications of plate tectonics like hotspots and mantle plumes, using hotspot tracks to determine past plate motions, and generating paleogeographic reconstructions and predictions of future continental positions.
Contonentaldrift
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It introduces Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastline shapes, matching fossil and rock formations on separated continents, and mountain ranges formed perpendicular to the drift direction. Seafloor spreading provided further evidence as studies showed rocks were youngest at mid-ocean ridges and older further away, with matching magnetic patterns on either side. This led to the theory of tectonic plates, with ocean floors spreading at ridges and subducting at zones. Plate boundaries were classified as divergent, convergent, or transform.
Continental drift theory and plate techtonics
Paleogeography studies the geography of the past by mapping the positions of continents and distribution of land and seas over geological time. The positions of past continents can be determined using data like paleomagnetism, magnetic anomalies, paleobiogeography, paleoclimatology, and geological history. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915 to explain geological evidence that continents have moved over time, such as matching fossil and rock formations found across separated continents. Plate tectonics later expanded on this theory by proposing that Earth's lithosphere is composed of plates that move over Earth's asthenosphere, causing geological activity along plate boundaries.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT HYPOTHESIS
This document discusses evidence that supports continental drift and plate tectonics theories. It describes how the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move over time, occasionally colliding or splitting apart. Fossil, rock formation, and climate data from separated continents provided early evidence that landmasses have drifted over hundreds of millions of years. Studies of the ocean floor revealed patterns of magnetic polarity reversals and symmetrical magnetic strips that supported the hypothesis of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with new crust forming and pushing older crust farther outward over time. Together this evidence established plate tectonics as the mechanism explaining continental movement and geological phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
Continental drift theory discuss
Continental Drift Theory proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Evidence for this theory included:
1) The matching coastline edges of continents like Africa and South America, and geological features that lined up across continents.
2) Similar fossil species found in matching geological formations along coastlines now separated by oceans.
3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
This theory was initially rejected due to the lack of an explained physical mechanism for continental drift, but was later supported by the development of plate tectonic theory.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY EVIDENCES ppt
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic
I am a student of SUST and my subject is "Geography & Environment". Topic of this presentation is " Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic ".
Continental Drift Theory by Rajkumar
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it is now widely accepted due to evidence discovered after his death, including matching fossil records, rock formations, and mountain ranges between continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces, as well as identical fossil plants and animals found on edges of separated continents, supporting the idea that they were once joined.
Continental drift
This document discusses continental drift and the evidence that supports it. It explains that tectonic plates move around on top of the asthenosphere in different shapes and sizes. The hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Wegener in the early 1900s was that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart and drifting to their current locations. Key evidence that supported this idea included matching fossil records, complementary coastline shapes, and patterns of magnetic reversals in ocean crust that indicate sea floor spreading.
Sedimentology and Paleontology
The document summarizes the transitional shallow marine to fluvio-deltaic facies of the Syn-rift Jhuran and Bhuj formations in Kachchh, Western India. It describes the general stratigraphy, with the Jhuran formation representing intra-littoral deposits and the overlying Bhuj formation representing fluvio-deltaic deposits. The integration of sedimentology and ichnology from these formations provides evidence that the Kachchh basin experienced a transition from a sea-level highstand during the deposition of the Jhuran formation to a regressive phase and emergence during the deposition of the Bhuj formation in the Early Cretaceous.
Himalayas
The document discusses the formation of the Himalayan mountain range. It begins with an overview of plate tectonic theory and the types of plate boundaries. It then explains that the Himalayas were formed by the convergence of the Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate, which caused a continental collision and folding/faulting that resulted in mountain building. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the mountains support the plate tectonic explanation for the Himalayas' origin through the movement and collision of continents over hundreds of millions of years.
Himalayas
The Himalayas were formed by the collision of two continental plates - the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. Approximately 50-55 million years ago, the Indo-Australian plate began moving northward due to plate tectonic forces, colliding with and subducting under the Eurasian plate and causing the land between the plates to fold and uplift, forming the Himalayan mountain range. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the Himalayas and sedimentary rock materials support that the region was once under water. The Himalayas continue rising today as the plates still exert pressure against one another.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Continental drift
The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from the early 1900s. Wegener found evidence that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass, called Pangaea, before drifting apart to their current locations. He provided several lines of evidence including matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits found on different continents. While controversial at the time, his theory of continental drift is now supported by modern plate tectonics.
Faulting
Faulting occurs when rocks crack or fracture due to tensional or compressional forces within the Earth's crust. This can form different types of faults such as normal faults, reverse faults, and tear faults. Faulting produces landforms like block mountains, rift valleys, tilt blocks, and escarpments. Rift valleys are long depressions bounded by parallel faults, such as those found in East Africa. They form through tension or compression and contain lakes like Lake Turkana and Lake Tanganyika. Faulting benefits the region by providing resources, attractive landscapes, and opportunities for agriculture, fishing, mining, and tourism.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY PPT
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Continental drift 2
Continental drift is the movement of Earth's continents relative to each other over geological time. Abraham Ortelius first hypothesized in 1596 that continents 'drift' and were torn apart by earthquakes and floods. Alfred Wegener formally proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, suggesting that continents had once formed a single landmass that broke apart and drifted to their current positions. Key evidence Wegener cited included matching fossil distributions, complementary continental margins, and consistent rock sequences across continents now separated by oceans, providing support for the notion that continents had drifted apart over time. However, the theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a proposed driving mechanism for continental motion.
Plate tectonic theory evidence
This powerpoint goes into the 10 main pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory. There is a timeline and details of each individual piece of evidence for plate tectonics. There is the date of each piece of evidence shown and then there is the name(s) of the scientists who founded them (if applicable).
The great african rift valley (IHE project)
The document provides information about the Great African Rift Valley, including its formation from the divergence of the African and Arabian tectonic plates, key geographical features such as lakes and volcanoes, and various social, environmental, economic, and political impacts. Socially, it has created cultural events and tourism. Environmentally, it has affected water resources and increased pressure on natural resources from population growth. Economically, it provides opportunities for tourism, transportation, and oil exploration. Politically, borders have been influenced and land scarcity has increased.
Seafloor spreading and subduction
Scientists in the 1950s began properly mapping the ocean floor using new techniques, which revealed unexpected mountains and valleys. This led to the development of the idea of seafloor spreading, where Harry Hess and Robert Dietz analyzed ocean floor maps and proposed that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards as the plates move apart, with the oldest crust subducting back into the mantle at trenches.
stationary continents research report
1) Geologists previously believed that new ocean floor forms at mid-ocean ridges, spreading the continents apart. However, the lack of earthquakes between continents provides evidence the continents and ocean floor are stationary.
2) While it was proposed that India and Australia drifted apart from Antarctica, there is no evidence of earthquakes between these landmasses, indicating they have remained stationary.
3) The theory that new ocean floor forms around Antarctica, pushing the surrounding continents, is flawed as it would cause rock crushing between plates. Available evidence shows the continents have not moved over time.
Origin of himalayas
The document discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Himalayan mountains:
1) The geosynclinal evolution theory proposes that the Himalayas formed from the sedimentary deposits in the Tethys Sea, which separated the Angaraland and Gondwanaland landmasses. Intense folding of these deposits led to the formation of the mountain ranges.
2) Plate tectonics theories view the Himalayas as resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal shortening and folding.
3) Some scholars argue that vertical movements from gravitational forces were responsible for uplifting the mountains, rather than horizontal plate movements.
The document
Continental Drift Andie
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener provided three main pieces of evidence to support this theory: geological evidence from rock layers across continents, fossil evidence from the distribution of fossils, and climate evidence from changing climates in the past. However, Wegener's theory was rejected by scientists during his lifetime because he could not explain the force that causes the continents to move.
Gochang hwasun and ganghwa dolmen site
The document summarizes information about three dolmen sites in South Korea - Gochang-Hwasun and Ganghwa - that were collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The dolmens are megalithic funerary structures dating back to 7th-5th centuries BC, and they provide insights into the prehistoric cultures that built them. Nearly 40% of the world's dolmens are located across the three sites in South Korea. Specifically, Gochang contains over 440 dolmens and is the largest site, Hwasun has around 500 dolmens, and Ganghwa features earlier dolmen styles situated at higher elevations. For the most part, the dolmens retain their authentic forms
Continental drift
- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1910, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. This idea is known as continental drift.
- Wegener provided evidence from matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and past climate patterns between continents now separated by oceans that supported his hypothesis of continental movement over time.
- However, Wegener's hypothesis was rejected by most geologists in the early 1900s due to lack of mechanisms to explain continental motion and discrepancies with existing geological theories. It was not widely accepted until new evidence emerged in the 1950s.
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY
The document discusses plate tectonics and continental drift. It explains that originally there was one supercontinent, Pangaea, which broke apart over time into the continents we see today. This was Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. The theory of plate tectonics then expanded on this, proposing that the crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other.
Chapter 14.1: The Continental Drift Hypothesis
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 14 Lesson 1 on the Continental Drift Hypothesis. This is a short introduction to Alfred Weger and the current evidence used to support his theory. There is a short explanation of the fossil and rock evidence found.
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plate tectonic theory,how seafloor spread and how mountain are build,polar wandering, Hot spot, kober's geosynclinal orogen hypothesis
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Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it is now widely accepted due to evidence discovered after his death, including matching fossil records, rock formations, and mountain ranges between continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces, as well as identical fossil plants and animals found on edges of separated continents, supporting the idea that they were once joined.
Continental drift
This document discusses continental drift and the evidence that supports it. It explains that tectonic plates move around on top of the asthenosphere in different shapes and sizes. The hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Wegener in the early 1900s was that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart and drifting to their current locations. Key evidence that supported this idea included matching fossil records, complementary coastline shapes, and patterns of magnetic reversals in ocean crust that indicate sea floor spreading.
Sedimentology and Paleontology
The document summarizes the transitional shallow marine to fluvio-deltaic facies of the Syn-rift Jhuran and Bhuj formations in Kachchh, Western India. It describes the general stratigraphy, with the Jhuran formation representing intra-littoral deposits and the overlying Bhuj formation representing fluvio-deltaic deposits. The integration of sedimentology and ichnology from these formations provides evidence that the Kachchh basin experienced a transition from a sea-level highstand during the deposition of the Jhuran formation to a regressive phase and emergence during the deposition of the Bhuj formation in the Early Cretaceous.
Himalayas
The document discusses the formation of the Himalayan mountain range. It begins with an overview of plate tectonic theory and the types of plate boundaries. It then explains that the Himalayas were formed by the convergence of the Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate, which caused a continental collision and folding/faulting that resulted in mountain building. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the mountains support the plate tectonic explanation for the Himalayas' origin through the movement and collision of continents over hundreds of millions of years.
Himalayas
The Himalayas were formed by the collision of two continental plates - the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. Approximately 50-55 million years ago, the Indo-Australian plate began moving northward due to plate tectonic forces, colliding with and subducting under the Eurasian plate and causing the land between the plates to fold and uplift, forming the Himalayan mountain range. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the Himalayas and sedimentary rock materials support that the region was once under water. The Himalayas continue rising today as the plates still exert pressure against one another.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Continental drift
The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from the early 1900s. Wegener found evidence that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass, called Pangaea, before drifting apart to their current locations. He provided several lines of evidence including matching fossil records, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits found on different continents. While controversial at the time, his theory of continental drift is now supported by modern plate tectonics.
Faulting
Faulting occurs when rocks crack or fracture due to tensional or compressional forces within the Earth's crust. This can form different types of faults such as normal faults, reverse faults, and tear faults. Faulting produces landforms like block mountains, rift valleys, tilt blocks, and escarpments. Rift valleys are long depressions bounded by parallel faults, such as those found in East Africa. They form through tension or compression and contain lakes like Lake Turkana and Lake Tanganyika. Faulting benefits the region by providing resources, attractive landscapes, and opportunities for agriculture, fishing, mining, and tourism.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY PPT
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.
Wegener argued that there was once a super continent (which he named Pangea -meaning ''all land ) which split up over millions of year and gradually drifted over to their current place on earth at a rate of a few centimeter year.
Continental drift 2
Continental drift is the movement of Earth's continents relative to each other over geological time. Abraham Ortelius first hypothesized in 1596 that continents 'drift' and were torn apart by earthquakes and floods. Alfred Wegener formally proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915, suggesting that continents had once formed a single landmass that broke apart and drifted to their current positions. Key evidence Wegener cited included matching fossil distributions, complementary continental margins, and consistent rock sequences across continents now separated by oceans, providing support for the notion that continents had drifted apart over time. However, the theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a proposed driving mechanism for continental motion.
Plate tectonic theory evidence
This powerpoint goes into the 10 main pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory. There is a timeline and details of each individual piece of evidence for plate tectonics. There is the date of each piece of evidence shown and then there is the name(s) of the scientists who founded them (if applicable).
The great african rift valley (IHE project)
The document provides information about the Great African Rift Valley, including its formation from the divergence of the African and Arabian tectonic plates, key geographical features such as lakes and volcanoes, and various social, environmental, economic, and political impacts. Socially, it has created cultural events and tourism. Environmentally, it has affected water resources and increased pressure on natural resources from population growth. Economically, it provides opportunities for tourism, transportation, and oil exploration. Politically, borders have been influenced and land scarcity has increased.
Seafloor spreading and subduction
Scientists in the 1950s began properly mapping the ocean floor using new techniques, which revealed unexpected mountains and valleys. This led to the development of the idea of seafloor spreading, where Harry Hess and Robert Dietz analyzed ocean floor maps and proposed that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards as the plates move apart, with the oldest crust subducting back into the mantle at trenches.
stationary continents research report
1) Geologists previously believed that new ocean floor forms at mid-ocean ridges, spreading the continents apart. However, the lack of earthquakes between continents provides evidence the continents and ocean floor are stationary.
2) While it was proposed that India and Australia drifted apart from Antarctica, there is no evidence of earthquakes between these landmasses, indicating they have remained stationary.
3) The theory that new ocean floor forms around Antarctica, pushing the surrounding continents, is flawed as it would cause rock crushing between plates. Available evidence shows the continents have not moved over time.
Origin of himalayas
The document discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Himalayan mountains:
1) The geosynclinal evolution theory proposes that the Himalayas formed from the sedimentary deposits in the Tethys Sea, which separated the Angaraland and Gondwanaland landmasses. Intense folding of these deposits led to the formation of the mountain ranges.
2) Plate tectonics theories view the Himalayas as resulting from the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, causing crustal shortening and folding.
3) Some scholars argue that vertical movements from gravitational forces were responsible for uplifting the mountains, rather than horizontal plate movements.
The document
Continental Drift Andie
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in the early 20th century, which suggested that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Wegener provided three main pieces of evidence to support this theory: geological evidence from rock layers across continents, fossil evidence from the distribution of fossils, and climate evidence from changing climates in the past. However, Wegener's theory was rejected by scientists during his lifetime because he could not explain the force that causes the continents to move.
Gochang hwasun and ganghwa dolmen site
The document summarizes information about three dolmen sites in South Korea - Gochang-Hwasun and Ganghwa - that were collectively designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The dolmens are megalithic funerary structures dating back to 7th-5th centuries BC, and they provide insights into the prehistoric cultures that built them. Nearly 40% of the world's dolmens are located across the three sites in South Korea. Specifically, Gochang contains over 440 dolmens and is the largest site, Hwasun has around 500 dolmens, and Ganghwa features earlier dolmen styles situated at higher elevations. For the most part, the dolmens retain their authentic forms
Continental drift
- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift in 1910, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. This idea is known as continental drift.
- Wegener provided evidence from matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and past climate patterns between continents now separated by oceans that supported his hypothesis of continental movement over time.
- However, Wegener's hypothesis was rejected by most geologists in the early 1900s due to lack of mechanisms to explain continental motion and discrepancies with existing geological theories. It was not widely accepted until new evidence emerged in the 1950s.
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY
The document discusses plate tectonics and continental drift. It explains that originally there was one supercontinent, Pangaea, which broke apart over time into the continents we see today. This was Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. The theory of plate tectonics then expanded on this, proposing that the crust is broken into plates that move atop the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other.
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The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how scientists later discovered seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, stating that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over the asthenosphere. The boundaries between plates can be divergent, convergent, or transform. Plate motions are driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle.
Geography notes volcanoes, Earthquakes, AQA
The document discusses plate tectonics and associated hazards. It describes the structure of the Earth's interior with an inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The crust is divided into plates that move via convection currents in the asthenosphere. Plates interact at boundaries that are either constructive, destructive, or conservative. Destructive boundaries result in volcanoes, earthquakes and fold mountains through processes like subduction. Plate movement is evidenced by magnetic striping in ocean crust. Hazards vary depending on the type of boundary and are managed differently in LEDCs and MEDCs.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how the Earth's crust has evolved over time.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how the Earth's crust has evolved over time through the movement of tectonic plates.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined as the supercontinent Pangaea. Plate tectonics emerged as a unified theory to explain these observations.
Chapter 3 Plate Tectonics
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rock and fossil evidence also indicated that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how tectonic plates move and cause geological features across the Earth.
Lecture 2-The Dynamic Earth.pdf
This document provides information about plate tectonics and the dynamics of the Earth. It discusses key topics such as continental drift, Earth's layered structure, types of plate boundaries including convergent, divergent and transform boundaries, seafloor spreading, plate motions, and forces driving plate tectonics. The objectives are to understand concepts like continental drift, Earth's structure, plate margins, seafloor spreading, how plates move on the surface of the sphere, and driving forces. Diagrams and figures are included to illustrate these topics.
Continental drift
1) Early scientists like Bacon and Snider-Pellegrini noticed similarities between continents like Africa and South America, but it was Wegener who first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1915.
2) Evidence for continental drift includes matching coastlines, similarities in fossils found on different continents, matching rock types along coastlines, and geological features lining up across continents.
3) In the mid-20th century, discoveries of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate tectonics to explain continental drift, with ocean floors being created at mid-ocean ridges and spreading outward over time.
Plate TectonicsChapter 19Plate Tectonics• .docx
This document provides information about plate tectonics and related geological concepts. It begins with an overview of plate tectonics theory, including the three main types of plate boundaries (transform, convergent, and divergent). It then discusses early evidence that supported continental drift, including matching coastlines and shared fossil distributions. Additional sections cover paleomagnetism data, seafloor spreading evidence, characteristics of different plate boundary types, and potential driving forces of plate tectonics like mantle convection. The document concludes by discussing mountain building at plate boundaries and ways plate tectonics may operate on other celestial bodies.
2.2 seafloor spreading no movie
The document discusses seafloor spreading and how its discovery supported the idea that continents move. It describes:
1) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, an undersea mountain range mapped in 1947 with a narrow valley down the center, where ocean floor rocks were younger than continental rocks.
2) Hess's idea in the 1960s that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge valley was a break where magma rose up and cooled to form new ocean crust, causing the ocean floor on either side to spread apart over time.
3) Evidence from paleomagnetism showing some ocean rocks pointed south, indicating magnetic field reversals, and all such rocks fell into consistent time periods, supporting seafloor spreading over millions
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and trenches.
Earth Science plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop hotter mantle material. The plates are composed of rigid crustal rock and float on a soft layer in the mantle. Convection currents in the mantle drive the slow movement of the plates. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates spread apart and new crust forms, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other. Plate tectonics helps explain phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and ocean trenches.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries where new crust is generated; convergent boundaries where plates collide and one slides under the other; and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another. The movement of tectonic plates results in earthquakes and volcanic activity and has shaped the features of Earth's surface over millions of years.
plate-tectonics-power-point.ppt
Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that constantly move atop the mantle. The plates are composed of rigid tectonic plates that move relative to one another, riding on top of the hotter, softer mantle material. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is generated, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past one another. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and creates geologic features like ocean basins, mountains, volcanoes, and ocean trenches.
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Plates and list of all major and minor plates in the world
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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Plate tectonics Introduction
- 1. Introduction to plate tectonics Nipin K P kp.nipin@gmail.com
- 3. Continental Drift • Alfred Wegener in 1915 • Super continent – Pangea • Single Ocean – Panthalassa • Break up to form – Gondwana land and Laurasia • Gondwana land: Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica and India. • Laurasia: North America, Greenland and Eurasia. 200 Million years ago
- 5. Plate Tectonics • W.J Morgan and J Tuzo Wilson – 1967 • Lithospheric plates : 100 – 150 km thick • Plates can be oceanic + continental • Size and velocity varies • Separated by ridges, faults, fold mountain belts and trenches. Seafloor spreading Linear Magnetic Anomaly
- 6. Major Plates • North American plate • South American plate • Pacific plate • Eurasian plate • African plate • Indo-Australian plate • Antarctic plate
- 8. Plate Boundaries • Zone of seismicity, volcanicity and tectonic activity. • It is a zone of motion b/w two plates – Plate boundary • Marginal part of a single plate – Plate margin • Based on relative motion: (i) Divergent plate boundary (ii) Convergent plate boundary (iii) Transform plate boundary
- 9. (i) Divergent boundary (Constructive boundary) • New crust is continuously created (eg.: Sea floor spreading). • Plates moves away from each other. • Shallow focus earthquakes, basaltic igneous activity. • Eg: Mid Atlantic Ridge
- 10. (ii) Convergent boundary (Destructive boundary) • Two plates move towards each other. • Oceanic-oceanic: Subduction zones: Island arcs • Oceanic-continental: volcanic arcs • Continental-continental: Fold mountain belts • Deep focus earthquakes. • Eg: Himalayan mountain
- 11. (ii) Transform fault boundary (Conservative boundary) • Two plates slide past each other. • No production or destruction of lithosphere. • Shallow focus earthquakes. • Eg: San Andreas fault, USA