Geology - definition, scope and branches
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•565 views
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it. Some key branches of geology include historical geology, which studies the evolution of life and organic development by examining rock sequences and fossils. Paleontology specifically focuses on the preservation and utilization of plant and animal remains for understanding the past history of Earth. Environmental geology applies geological principles to problems caused by human occupation and exploitation of the environment.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Geology
Geology is the study of the physical structure and substance of the Earth. It provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact civil engineering projects. Geology is important for determining suitable foundations, exploring ground conditions via drilling, and planning major projects like dams, roads and tunnels. The study of geology includes physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and the weathering of rocks. Physical geology examines how the Earth's surface and interior change over time. Petrology studies the origin, composition and structure of different rock types. Structural geology analyzes the three-dimensional distribution of rocks and their deformation history. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes.
1.1 introduction of geology,Branches and Scope of Geology
This document discusses the branches and scope of geology. It outlines 15 branches of geology including physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, civil engineering geology, hydrology, Indian geology, resources engineering, and photo geology. It then discusses the importance and scope of geology for civil engineering, including providing construction materials knowledge, helping with erosion and deposition projects, tunneling and foundations, and reducing engineering costs.
Introduction to geology
Introduction to geology
BASIC PART OF GEOLOGY AND SCOPE OF GEOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND OTHER ENGINEERING STUDENTS.
Geochemical cycle and mobility of elements
The document discusses geochemical concepts relevant to mineral exploration, including the geochemical environment, cycle, dispersion, and mobility of elements. It describes the deep-seated and surfacial environments and how materials move between them in the geochemical cycle. Mobility depends on factors like viscosity and particle size. Hypogene mobility occurs under high pressure-temperature conditions, while supergene mobility is influenced by siliceous or sulfide environments at the surface. Indicator and pathfinder elements are discussed for detecting targeted ore deposits.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including:
1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations.
2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures.
3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes.
4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.
Sedimentary structure
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.
Isostasy
1. The document discusses concepts in geophysics including isostasy, density, susceptibility, and resistivity of rocks. Isostasy refers to equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. Density is a measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a material. Susceptibility measures a material's magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Resistivity quantifies a material's opposition to electric current flow.
2. Igneous rocks generally have higher density, susceptibility, and resistivity compared to metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks contain more mafic minerals and have undergone less alteration from their original state than other rock types. Factors like pore space,
Introduction to engineering geology
Engineering geology is a branch of applied geology that deals with the application of geological knowledge and principles to civil engineering projects. It provides essential information for safe, stable, and economical design and construction of structures like buildings, dams, roads, and tunnels. Engineering geological studies are conducted during planning, design, construction, and post-construction phases of projects. The studies help understand site conditions, availability of construction materials, and how to mitigate geological hazards. Knowledge of geology is crucial for heavy construction projects and excavation works to plan realistically and design sound foundations.
Recommended
Geology
Geology is the study of the physical structure and substance of the Earth. It provides knowledge about construction materials like stones and clay. It also helps understand natural geological processes like erosion that impact civil engineering projects. Geology is important for determining suitable foundations, exploring ground conditions via drilling, and planning major projects like dams, roads and tunnels. The study of geology includes physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and the weathering of rocks. Physical geology examines how the Earth's surface and interior change over time. Petrology studies the origin, composition and structure of different rock types. Structural geology analyzes the three-dimensional distribution of rocks and their deformation history. Weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes.
1.1 introduction of geology,Branches and Scope of Geology
This document discusses the branches and scope of geology. It outlines 15 branches of geology including physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, civil engineering geology, hydrology, Indian geology, resources engineering, and photo geology. It then discusses the importance and scope of geology for civil engineering, including providing construction materials knowledge, helping with erosion and deposition projects, tunneling and foundations, and reducing engineering costs.
Introduction to geology
Introduction to geology
BASIC PART OF GEOLOGY AND SCOPE OF GEOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND OTHER ENGINEERING STUDENTS.
Geochemical cycle and mobility of elements
The document discusses geochemical concepts relevant to mineral exploration, including the geochemical environment, cycle, dispersion, and mobility of elements. It describes the deep-seated and surfacial environments and how materials move between them in the geochemical cycle. Mobility depends on factors like viscosity and particle size. Hypogene mobility occurs under high pressure-temperature conditions, while supergene mobility is influenced by siliceous or sulfide environments at the surface. Indicator and pathfinder elements are discussed for detecting targeted ore deposits.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including:
1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations.
2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures.
3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes.
4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.
Sedimentary structure
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.
Isostasy
1. The document discusses concepts in geophysics including isostasy, density, susceptibility, and resistivity of rocks. Isostasy refers to equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. Density is a measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a material. Susceptibility measures a material's magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Resistivity quantifies a material's opposition to electric current flow.
2. Igneous rocks generally have higher density, susceptibility, and resistivity compared to metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks contain more mafic minerals and have undergone less alteration from their original state than other rock types. Factors like pore space,
Introduction to engineering geology
Engineering geology is a branch of applied geology that deals with the application of geological knowledge and principles to civil engineering projects. It provides essential information for safe, stable, and economical design and construction of structures like buildings, dams, roads, and tunnels. Engineering geological studies are conducted during planning, design, construction, and post-construction phases of projects. The studies help understand site conditions, availability of construction materials, and how to mitigate geological hazards. Knowledge of geology is crucial for heavy construction projects and excavation works to plan realistically and design sound foundations.
Geological criteria for ore prospecting
This document outlines various geological criteria that can be used for ore prospecting, including stratigraphic, lithological, structural, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Specific examples are provided for each criteria, such as coal and iron ore deposits being associated with specific stratigraphic layers, or chromite and diamond deposits found near ultrabasic rocks. The document emphasizes that geological criteria provide indirect methods for locating ore deposits and should be used to guide prospecting efforts.
Fundamental and concept of environmental geology
Environmental geology is the study of how natural systems interact with human activities. It aims to minimize environmental degradation and maximize beneficial land use. Key aspects of study include natural hazards, landscape analysis, earth materials, hydrology, and geological processes. The fundamental concepts are that humans impact geology; the earth is unique and closed; materials and energy cycle; geology affects lives; human and geological timescales differ; hazards are natural; risk is inherent; modern society relies on limited earth resources; and pollution remains on earth. Environmental management requires managing human behavior.
Fractures
Fractures are weaknesses in rock where separation can occur. They form due to stress from tectonic and other geological forces. There are two main types of fractures: faults where adjacent blocks are displaced parallel to the fracture surface from shearing; and joints where blocks move perpendicular with no displacement. Fractures are important for fluid migration, understanding geology and tectonics, and engineering projects. They are classified based on displacement and can be identified through field evidence like offset strata, slickensides and fault rocks.
environmental geology and mine rehab presentation
The document discusses environmental geology and geologic hazards. It covers several topics: (1) the module will encompass environmental challenges like waste disposal and groundwater contamination, geologic hazards such as floods and earthquakes, geologic resources, and global climate change; (2) geology is an interdisciplinary science relating to Earth's composition, structure and lifeforms; (3) humans rely on geology for food, water, building materials and energy resources; (4) environmental geology applies geologic information to land use planning and minimizing environmental degradation. It also discusses natural hazards like landslides, their causes, and importance of understanding hazards to prevent loss of life and property.
Geology
The document provides an overview of geology and various geological concepts through definitions and explanations. It discusses the structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. It then covers plate tectonics, the geological time scale, minerals, rocks including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, faults, folds, coal formation and some key geological terms. Diagrams and images are provided to illustrate geological features and concepts.
Mining geology an overview
This presentation is about general and basics of mining geology with an target for professionals with non-geology backgrounds.
Geology & its branches
This document outlines the main branches of geology, which include physical geology, petrology, mineralogy, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, and engineering geology. Physical geology studies natural processes that change the Earth's surface. Petrology examines different rock types. Mineralogy analyzes mineral composition and properties. The other branches focus on structural features of rocks, layering of rock strata, fossils, the history of geology over time, economically important minerals, applying geology to mining, and applying it to engineering.
Sedimentary Basins
This document discusses sedimentary basin formation processes and basin margin concepts. It describes how tectonism controls the creation and destruction of sedimentary basins through subsidence. The two main mechanisms for tectonic subsidence are extension and flexural loading. Extensional basins form in rift settings and experience rapid initial subsidence that decreases over time. Compressional basins, also called foreland basins, form in response to lithospheric bending under thrust belts. Strike-slip basins have irregular subsidence patterns. Basin margins include shelf-break, ramp, rift, and growth-fault margins, which influence depositional responses to sea level changes.
Mineral economics
Mineral economics is the study of the business and economic aspects of mineral resource extraction and use. It involves applying economic and financial analysis techniques to issues faced by the natural resource industries. All participants in the mineral industry, including governments, corporations, financial institutions, and consulting firms, utilize mineral economics. Key topics studied in mineral economics include the evaluation of deposits, production and supply concerns, and the economics of plant location relative to mineral raw materials.
Introduction to geodynamics
Geodynamics studies mantle convection and plate tectonics to understand phenomena like seafloor spreading and mountain building. It provides fundamentals for how the solid Earth works as a heat engine. Early theorists like Wegener and Du Toit proposed continental drift to explain geological similarities between continents. In the 1960s, seafloor mapping and studies of magnetic pole positions in rocks supported plate tectonics, where convection in the mantle drives the motion of rigid tectonic plates. This theory was accepted when it provided a unifying framework and mechanism to explain observations of geology and geophysics.
Geochemical anomalies in drainage sediments
The document discusses geochemical anomalies found in various types of drainage sediments that can be used for mineral exploration, including spring/seepage sediments, active stream sediments, flood plain sediments, lake sediments, and marine sediments. It explains that drainage sediments provide a sampling medium and anomalies may form from elements precipitating or being eroded, transported, and deposited. The document also notes that lake and marine sediments can indicate mineral deposits based on elements incorporated in sediments or precipitates.
Vertical distribution of groundwater
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Fold & its classification
The document discusses the classification of folds based on various parameters such as fold closure, symmetry, plunge, orientation of the axial plane, and nature of the hinge line. Folds are classified into different types including antiform, synform, symmetrical, asymmetrical, horizontal, plunging, upright, recumbent, and overturned folds based on these parameters. The classification schemes proposed by Fluety (1964) and Ramsay (1967) are also summarized.
Mineralogy
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, including definitions and classifications of minerals. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with definite chemical compositions and atomic structures formed through inorganic processes. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. Rock-forming minerals include primary minerals crystallized from magma/lava and secondary minerals formed through primary mineral alteration. Physical properties of minerals like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and form/structure are also outlined. Different mineral groups to be studied in practical sessions are listed. Examples of specific rock-forming and ore minerals are given throughout.
Applications of microfossils
This document discusses the various applications of microfossils. Microfossils can be used to determine the age of fossils and sediments through biostratigraphy. They help define biozones and can provide information about paleoecology, paleocurrents, sea levels, and paleogeography. Microfossils are also important in studies of petroleum deposits, hydrothermal accumulations, and testing theories of continental drift. They allow for high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis and are widely used in fields like paleoceanography, petroleum geology, and archaeology.
kerogen
Kerogen is the insoluble organic matter found in source rock that is the precursor to oil and gas. It makes up 1% of shale, with 90% being kerogen. Kerogen forms from organic materials like algae and plants over time under heat, pressure, and other conditions. It exists in four types that can be classified based on their hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon ratios, with types I and II being more oil-prone and type III being more gas-prone. Kerogen is the key starting material in the formation of oil and natural gas deposits.
Geological mapping in Exploration Geology( surface and subsurface)
Geological mapping involves creating maps and sections that visually represent spatial geological relationships and interpretations based on field observations. Maps are created at various scales appropriate for the level of detail needed, from regional-scale maps showing broad patterns to more detailed outcrop maps of mineral prospects. Field equipment used in mapping includes compasses, clinometers, altimeters, and plane tables. Geophysical methods and aerial/satellite imagery can provide additional subsurface and regional data to supplement field mapping. Drilling and geostatistical analysis of subsurface data are also used to construct contour maps depicting formations, structures, and thickness changes.
Sedimentary Rocks
This document discusses sedimentary rocks, including their formation, classification, and characteristic textures and structures. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments deposited under water. They are classified based on their composition into clastic rocks (formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks), chemical/evaporite rocks (formed by chemical precipitation), and organic rocks (containing organic matter). Key textures include grain size, shape, packing, and fabric. Common structures include stratification, lamination, cross-bedding, graded bedding, and ripple marks, which provide information about depositional environments.
INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
This document provides an overview of the different branches of geology. It discusses the definition of geology as the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and history. Some of the key branches mentioned include physical geology, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, structural geology, geophysics, stratigraphy, geochemistry, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, hydrogeology, geology of Pakistan, resources engineering, photo geology, remote sensing, engineering geology, and field geology. Each branch is studied to better understand different aspects of the Earth and its materials.
What is geology and scope of geology
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
Introduction.ppt
Geology is the study of the Earth, its composition, structure and processes. It is important for civil engineering as it provides information about construction materials and site conditions. Geology helps in planning, design and construction of projects. It is also useful for mining engineering and groundwater resource development. Geology can be divided into physical geology and historical geology. The main branches of geology include mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, geomorphology, economic geology, stratigraphy, paleontology and paleogeography.
Introduction-of-Geology.pdf
This document discusses the role of geology in civil engineering. It begins with defining geology and its various branches including geochemistry, geologist, geological survey, and geological maps. It then discusses the different branches of geology such as physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and stratigraphy. The document emphasizes that civil engineering geology involves applying geological knowledge to ensure safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of engineering projects. Finally, it outlines the key roles of geology for civil engineering projects, which include providing construction materials, assisting with soil conservation and river/coastal works, aiding tunneling and road works, informing dam, bridge and building designs, assessing groundwater, creating geological
More Related Content
What's hot
Geological criteria for ore prospecting
This document outlines various geological criteria that can be used for ore prospecting, including stratigraphic, lithological, structural, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Specific examples are provided for each criteria, such as coal and iron ore deposits being associated with specific stratigraphic layers, or chromite and diamond deposits found near ultrabasic rocks. The document emphasizes that geological criteria provide indirect methods for locating ore deposits and should be used to guide prospecting efforts.
Fundamental and concept of environmental geology
Environmental geology is the study of how natural systems interact with human activities. It aims to minimize environmental degradation and maximize beneficial land use. Key aspects of study include natural hazards, landscape analysis, earth materials, hydrology, and geological processes. The fundamental concepts are that humans impact geology; the earth is unique and closed; materials and energy cycle; geology affects lives; human and geological timescales differ; hazards are natural; risk is inherent; modern society relies on limited earth resources; and pollution remains on earth. Environmental management requires managing human behavior.
Fractures
Fractures are weaknesses in rock where separation can occur. They form due to stress from tectonic and other geological forces. There are two main types of fractures: faults where adjacent blocks are displaced parallel to the fracture surface from shearing; and joints where blocks move perpendicular with no displacement. Fractures are important for fluid migration, understanding geology and tectonics, and engineering projects. They are classified based on displacement and can be identified through field evidence like offset strata, slickensides and fault rocks.
environmental geology and mine rehab presentation
The document discusses environmental geology and geologic hazards. It covers several topics: (1) the module will encompass environmental challenges like waste disposal and groundwater contamination, geologic hazards such as floods and earthquakes, geologic resources, and global climate change; (2) geology is an interdisciplinary science relating to Earth's composition, structure and lifeforms; (3) humans rely on geology for food, water, building materials and energy resources; (4) environmental geology applies geologic information to land use planning and minimizing environmental degradation. It also discusses natural hazards like landslides, their causes, and importance of understanding hazards to prevent loss of life and property.
Geology
The document provides an overview of geology and various geological concepts through definitions and explanations. It discusses the structure of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. It then covers plate tectonics, the geological time scale, minerals, rocks including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, faults, folds, coal formation and some key geological terms. Diagrams and images are provided to illustrate geological features and concepts.
Mining geology an overview
This presentation is about general and basics of mining geology with an target for professionals with non-geology backgrounds.
Geology & its branches
This document outlines the main branches of geology, which include physical geology, petrology, mineralogy, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, and engineering geology. Physical geology studies natural processes that change the Earth's surface. Petrology examines different rock types. Mineralogy analyzes mineral composition and properties. The other branches focus on structural features of rocks, layering of rock strata, fossils, the history of geology over time, economically important minerals, applying geology to mining, and applying it to engineering.
Sedimentary Basins
This document discusses sedimentary basin formation processes and basin margin concepts. It describes how tectonism controls the creation and destruction of sedimentary basins through subsidence. The two main mechanisms for tectonic subsidence are extension and flexural loading. Extensional basins form in rift settings and experience rapid initial subsidence that decreases over time. Compressional basins, also called foreland basins, form in response to lithospheric bending under thrust belts. Strike-slip basins have irregular subsidence patterns. Basin margins include shelf-break, ramp, rift, and growth-fault margins, which influence depositional responses to sea level changes.
Mineral economics
Mineral economics is the study of the business and economic aspects of mineral resource extraction and use. It involves applying economic and financial analysis techniques to issues faced by the natural resource industries. All participants in the mineral industry, including governments, corporations, financial institutions, and consulting firms, utilize mineral economics. Key topics studied in mineral economics include the evaluation of deposits, production and supply concerns, and the economics of plant location relative to mineral raw materials.
Introduction to geodynamics
Geodynamics studies mantle convection and plate tectonics to understand phenomena like seafloor spreading and mountain building. It provides fundamentals for how the solid Earth works as a heat engine. Early theorists like Wegener and Du Toit proposed continental drift to explain geological similarities between continents. In the 1960s, seafloor mapping and studies of magnetic pole positions in rocks supported plate tectonics, where convection in the mantle drives the motion of rigid tectonic plates. This theory was accepted when it provided a unifying framework and mechanism to explain observations of geology and geophysics.
Geochemical anomalies in drainage sediments
The document discusses geochemical anomalies found in various types of drainage sediments that can be used for mineral exploration, including spring/seepage sediments, active stream sediments, flood plain sediments, lake sediments, and marine sediments. It explains that drainage sediments provide a sampling medium and anomalies may form from elements precipitating or being eroded, transported, and deposited. The document also notes that lake and marine sediments can indicate mineral deposits based on elements incorporated in sediments or precipitates.
Vertical distribution of groundwater
The subsurface occurrence of groundwater may be divided into zones of aeration and saturation. The vertical distribution of groundwater is explained in this module.
Fold & its classification
The document discusses the classification of folds based on various parameters such as fold closure, symmetry, plunge, orientation of the axial plane, and nature of the hinge line. Folds are classified into different types including antiform, synform, symmetrical, asymmetrical, horizontal, plunging, upright, recumbent, and overturned folds based on these parameters. The classification schemes proposed by Fluety (1964) and Ramsay (1967) are also summarized.
Mineralogy
This document provides an overview of mineralogy, including definitions and classifications of minerals. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with definite chemical compositions and atomic structures formed through inorganic processes. Minerals are divided into rock-forming and ore-forming groups. Rock-forming minerals include primary minerals crystallized from magma/lava and secondary minerals formed through primary mineral alteration. Physical properties of minerals like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and form/structure are also outlined. Different mineral groups to be studied in practical sessions are listed. Examples of specific rock-forming and ore minerals are given throughout.
Applications of microfossils
This document discusses the various applications of microfossils. Microfossils can be used to determine the age of fossils and sediments through biostratigraphy. They help define biozones and can provide information about paleoecology, paleocurrents, sea levels, and paleogeography. Microfossils are also important in studies of petroleum deposits, hydrothermal accumulations, and testing theories of continental drift. They allow for high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis and are widely used in fields like paleoceanography, petroleum geology, and archaeology.
kerogen
Kerogen is the insoluble organic matter found in source rock that is the precursor to oil and gas. It makes up 1% of shale, with 90% being kerogen. Kerogen forms from organic materials like algae and plants over time under heat, pressure, and other conditions. It exists in four types that can be classified based on their hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon ratios, with types I and II being more oil-prone and type III being more gas-prone. Kerogen is the key starting material in the formation of oil and natural gas deposits.
Geological mapping in Exploration Geology( surface and subsurface)
Geological mapping involves creating maps and sections that visually represent spatial geological relationships and interpretations based on field observations. Maps are created at various scales appropriate for the level of detail needed, from regional-scale maps showing broad patterns to more detailed outcrop maps of mineral prospects. Field equipment used in mapping includes compasses, clinometers, altimeters, and plane tables. Geophysical methods and aerial/satellite imagery can provide additional subsurface and regional data to supplement field mapping. Drilling and geostatistical analysis of subsurface data are also used to construct contour maps depicting formations, structures, and thickness changes.
Sedimentary Rocks
This document discusses sedimentary rocks, including their formation, classification, and characteristic textures and structures. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments deposited under water. They are classified based on their composition into clastic rocks (formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks), chemical/evaporite rocks (formed by chemical precipitation), and organic rocks (containing organic matter). Key textures include grain size, shape, packing, and fabric. Common structures include stratification, lamination, cross-bedding, graded bedding, and ripple marks, which provide information about depositional environments.
INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
This document provides an overview of the different branches of geology. It discusses the definition of geology as the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and history. Some of the key branches mentioned include physical geology, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, structural geology, geophysics, stratigraphy, geochemistry, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, hydrogeology, geology of Pakistan, resources engineering, photo geology, remote sensing, engineering geology, and field geology. Each branch is studied to better understand different aspects of the Earth and its materials.
What is geology and scope of geology
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
What's hot (20)
Geological mapping in Exploration Geology( surface and subsurface)
Geological mapping in Exploration Geology( surface and subsurface)
Similar to Geology - definition, scope and branches
Introduction.ppt
Geology is the study of the Earth, its composition, structure and processes. It is important for civil engineering as it provides information about construction materials and site conditions. Geology helps in planning, design and construction of projects. It is also useful for mining engineering and groundwater resource development. Geology can be divided into physical geology and historical geology. The main branches of geology include mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, geomorphology, economic geology, stratigraphy, paleontology and paleogeography.
Introduction-of-Geology.pdf
This document discusses the role of geology in civil engineering. It begins with defining geology and its various branches including geochemistry, geologist, geological survey, and geological maps. It then discusses the different branches of geology such as physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and stratigraphy. The document emphasizes that civil engineering geology involves applying geological knowledge to ensure safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of engineering projects. Finally, it outlines the key roles of geology for civil engineering projects, which include providing construction materials, assisting with soil conservation and river/coastal works, aiding tunneling and road works, informing dam, bridge and building designs, assessing groundwater, creating geological
Geology Introduction
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and processes. It includes disciplines like mineralogy, petrology, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics and oceanography. Geology has many applications and is important for understanding Earth's processes, evaluating natural resources, managing the environment, assessing geologic hazards, and other areas. The key branches of geology are physical geology, historical geology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, engineering geology, paleontology, and environmental geology. Geology plays an important role in mining, engineering, scientific development and other fields through applications like resource evaluation, site selection, and hazard assessment.
Geological Survey Civil Engineering 3rd PDF
Engineering geology and Geo morphology. This ppt shows land slice and its behaviour by change of long term of displaced occurred by an earthquake.
Introduction of geoscience/ what is geoscience?
Geology and Other Sciences
Difference between Geo-science and Geology
What Geoscientists are?
Career Path
Scientific Principles in Geology
- Parsimony
- Superposition
- Uniformitarianism
Introduction to Geoscience
Course 5113 introduces the fundamental character of the physical Earth; how it was formed and developed over time. Students will study the processes by which igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks form and the type of landforms, for example volcanoes, produced by such processes. The nature and formation of the sea floor, the continents, and the mountain belts of the world will be studied in terms of the theory of plate tectonics, which describes how the outer part of the Earth is broken into large fragments (plates) that are in continuous motion relative to each other. One consequence of this motion is the buildup of stress and strain within the crust and underlying mantle, resulting in the generation of earthquakes.
150 branches of geology
Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface. Geologists are the scientists who study the origin, occurrence, distribution and utilities of all materials(metallic, non-metallic, inorganic, etc), minerals, rocks, sediments, soils, water, oil and all other inorganic natural resources. It is a very vast subject covering a wide spectrum of scientific principles and holding hundred and fifty plus scientific branches. This report enumerates and highlights most of them, in a nutshell, for all those who intends to know for planning their career path.
Introduction of Engineering Geology
UNIT -1
INTRODUCTION, WHY GEOLOGY ???, GEOLOGY, Main and Allied Branch of Geology, Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Structural Geology, Historical Geology, Palaeontology
Economic Geology, Engineering Geology, Mining Geology
Geo physics, Geo Hydrology, Geo Chemistry, Scope of Geology
Importance of Geology in Civil Engineering, General Geology
Geological Agents, Exogenous Geological Agents, Endogenous Geological Agents, Weathering of Rocks, Mechanical, Weathering, Chemical weathering, Biological Weathering, Earth Structure, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere, Earth Interior Structure, Lithosphere, Crust, Mantle
Core, Tectonic Plates, Types of Plate Boundaries, Plates collide = convergent boundary, Plates separate = divergent boundary
Plates slide past one another = transform boundary.
مقدمة وتعريف قناة جيوفيليا ونبذة قصيرة عن علم الجيولوجيا
This document provides information about the field of geology and the Geophilia YouTube channel and website. It defines geology as the study of the Earth, including its composition, history, and processes. It outlines the major branches of geology like geophysics, paleontology, and hydrogeology. It describes the scope of courses available on the Geophilia channel which cover individual topics in 1-2 months or the full field in 1-1.5 years. Certificates can be earned by passing exams. The document encourages learning geology through the non-academic route of self-education using their online resources.
Geology and branches of geology
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. It plays an important role in civil engineering by providing knowledge about soil and rock properties, which is necessary for foundation design, construction of highways, tunnels, and dams. The main branches of geology include physical geology, mineralogy, petrology, geomorphology, historical geology, economic geology, and others. Geology provides critical information for planning, designing, and constructing engineering projects and for mining activities.
Kuliah geokimia 1
This document provides information about geochemistry and vegetation surveys. It discusses how the uptake of elements by plants can reflect geobotanical and biogeochemical anomalies. Certain plants have been used as indicators of the presence of elements like uranium, nickel, gold, and cobalt in the soil. Geobotanical prospecting uses analysis of vegetation to discover ore deposits underground. Biogeochemistry studies the chemical and biological processes in the natural environment, like element cycles and how they are impacted by human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Vegetation surveys in geochemistry analyze plant material to detect trace elements without visible effects on the plant. Excesses or deficiencies of trace elements can cause morphological changes in plants growing in those soils.
150 Branches of Earth Sciences
Earth Science is a major Subject of life. Earth Science encompasses hundreds of branches. Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface.
Introduction to soil science
This document provides details about a course on introduction to soil science. It is divided into three modules that will be covered across 15, 9, and 8 classes respectively. Module 1 covers topics like soil formation processes, properties, classification, and profiles. Module 2 focuses on soil water, temperature, air, colloids, and adsorption. Module 3 examines soil organic matter, biology, and ion exchange. The corresponding practical sessions provide hands-on experience in analyzing various physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils.
basic-geology-unit 1.pptx
1. Engineering geology is the application of geology for safe and economic design of engineering projects. It helps identify geologic hazards and suitable construction materials.
2. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical processes like frost cracking, exfoliation, and roots growing without chemical changes to the rock.
3. Chemical weathering alters the mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks through hydrolysis, oxidation, and carbonation reactions with water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. This breaks rocks down into soils.
Engineering geology gs 119 pdf
The document provides an overview of geology and its importance in civil engineering projects. It begins with definitions of geology and its main branches like physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. It then discusses the importance of engineering geology in construction projects, specifically in planning, designing, and executing projects. Key considerations include understanding rock properties, depth and structure, and identifying weak zones or groundwater levels. The document also summarizes different rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - and describes their formation processes. Volcanic eruption types like Hawaiian, Strombolian and Vulcanian are also defined based on the viscosity of the erupted lava and explosivity
Geochemistry branches of geolchemistry.pptx
This document provides an introduction to geochemistry and its branches. It defines geochemistry as using chemistry to understand Earth processes. The goals of geochemistry are determining the distribution of elements in Earth and the solar system, and studying chemical reactions of geological relevance to understand past and future geochemical processes. It discusses fields of geology that rely on geochemistry, including mineralogy, petrology, environmental science, and more. It also outlines the main branches of geochemistry, such as environmental geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, cosmochemistry, biogeochemistry, and organic geochemistry. In closing, it lists some modern sub-disciplines of geochemistry.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
1) The document discusses the importance of geology in civil engineering projects. Geology provides information about site selection, construction materials, and foundation stability that is vital for planning, designing, and building structures.
2) Failures of civil engineering projects like dams can sometimes be attributed to geological factors that were not properly considered, such as weak foundations or faults. A thorough understanding of geology can help prevent these types of failures.
3) Key areas of geology discussed include petrology, structural geology, mineralogy, and their significance for civil engineering. Understanding the composition and properties of rocks, minerals, and geological structures aids in engineering design and construction.
EG NOTES.docx
This document provides an overview of geology and its importance in civil engineering. It discusses key topics in geology including mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, physical geology, and geomorphology. Geology is important for civil engineering projects as it provides information on construction materials, foundation stability, and terrain. A basic understanding of earth materials like minerals, rocks, and soils is essential for tasks like tunneling, hydroelectric projects, and evaluating slope stability.
A Lithic Perspective On Ecological Dynamics In The Upper Pleistocene Of Weste...
This document summarizes the theoretical framework for using Paleolithic lithic assemblages to study past human ecology and land use. It discusses that Neanderthals lived as mobile hunter-gatherers in Western Eurasia. Stone tools are the most abundant remnants of Neanderthal behavior. While heavy to transport, stone was essential for survival. Stone tools had short use-lives, requiring techniques to extend use. Lithic technology was also messy, producing much debris. This influences what is preserved in the archaeological record from mobile versus more sedentary groups.
Lec # 01 (Introductory Geology of PME).pdf
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its structure, composition, and the processes that shape it. It describes the Earth's structure below and at the surface. Geology also determines the ages of rocks and describes their histories. The subject is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, as well as understanding natural hazards and environmental issues. Geology has various branches that study different aspects of the Earth, such as physical geology, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and stratigraphy.
Similar to Geology - definition, scope and branches (20)
مقدمة وتعريف قناة جيوفيليا ونبذة قصيرة عن علم الجيولوجيا
مقدمة وتعريف قناة جيوفيليا ونبذة قصيرة عن علم الجيولوجيا
A Lithic Perspective On Ecological Dynamics In The Upper Pleistocene Of Weste...
A Lithic Perspective On Ecological Dynamics In The Upper Pleistocene Of Weste...
More from NIPIN K P
Internal structure of earth
The Earth is divided into three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the outermost layer extending up to 40 km deep and contains the continents and ocean basins. Below the crust lies the mantle, which extends from the crust to a depth of 2900 km and makes up over 80% of the Earth's volume. The mantle is divided into an upper and lower mantle. Below the mantle is the core, divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core, which extends from 2890 km to the center of the Earth.
Plate tectonics Introduction
This document provides an introduction to the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915, with the idea of a supercontinent called Pangea that later broke apart. In the 1960s, W.J. Morgan and J. Tuzo Wilson further developed the theory of plate tectonics, proposing that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time. The document outlines the major tectonic plates and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform.
Solar system
The solar system consists of the Sun and everything that orbits around it, including 8 planets. The inner terrestrial planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars - are small and rocky. The outer gas giant planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are much larger. Other objects in the solar system include asteroids in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, comets made of ice and dust, and meteorites which are rocky debris from space that reaches Earth. The solar system resides in one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy.
Rocks and rock cycle
This document summarizes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling lava and have no fossils or layers. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments and often contain fossils. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing changes from heat and pressure deep in the earth without melting.
Big bang theory explained
The document discusses the Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense initial state. It then rapidly expanded. As it cooled, simple atomic elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Over billions of years, giant clouds of these elements coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies. The theory is supported by observations of galaxy expansion, cosmic microwave background radiation, and abundances of light elements in the universe. The Big Bang was not an explosion in space, but rather an ongoing expansion of space itself that continues today.
Introduction to Crystallography
Nature of crystals; crystalline and amorphous materials; polycrystalline materials; a brief introduction to Crystal systems.
Age of earth determination
This file is mainly useful for undergraduate Earth science students. Explains various non-radiometric and radiometric methods of finding the age of Earth.
More from NIPIN K P (7)
Recently uploaded
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Recently uploaded (20)
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Geology - definition, scope and branches
- 1. ESSENTIALS OF GEOLOGY Nipin K P kp.nipin@gmail.com
- 3. Scope of Geology • Geology is of practical importance to mankind. • It plays an important role in the search of coal, petroleum and minerals used as atomic fuels. • Geology is directly concerned with the ore minerals, industrial minerals and mining industry. • Geologists are also directly concerned with the vital subject of water supply. They help in the selection of water available areas.
- 5. Physical or Dynamic Geology Geomorphology Structural Geology Mineralogy Petrology Economic Geology Historical Geology Environmental Geology Palaeontology Engineering Geology Geophysics Geochemistry Stratigraphy Hydrogeology GEOLOGY
- 9. (7) Historical Geology It deals with the ancient life and the progress of organic evolution. The information are obtained from rock sequences in different parts of the globe. Fossil – the remains of ancient animals and plants preserved in rocks – are very helpful in such studies. (8)Palaeontology It deals with the mode of preservation of plants and animal remains within in rock beds, and their proper utilization in the study of the past history of the earth. This science concerned with the evolution and migration of life forms through age.
- 10. (9) Environmental Geology It deals with the application of geologic principles and knowledge to problems created by man’s occupancy and exploitation of the physical environment. (10) Economic Geology It is the study of ore deposits, oil pools, coal beds, and other earth materials of value. It includes the study of the mode of formation and occurrence of deposits of rocks and minerals of economic importance.
- 11. (11) Engineering Geology It includes the application of geology and its use in engineering practices such as construction of dams, bridges, tunnels etc. In addition, investigations concerning materials for construction and nature and availability of ground water in rocks of different types may be included in the scope of this branch. (12) Geophysics It includes the study of the earth, especially in exploring the subsurface geology, by applying certain principles and techniques of physics.
- 12. (13) Geochemistry It is concerned with earth problems in which chemical processes are significant. It finds widespread application in the field of mineral investigation. (14) Hydrogeology It deals with the occurrence, distribution, movement of water and its constituents (quality of water) beneath the Earth's surface - that is groundwater