The Himalayas were formed by the collision of two continental plates - the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. Approximately 50-55 million years ago, the Indo-Australian plate began moving northward due to plate tectonic forces, colliding with and subducting under the Eurasian plate and causing the land between the plates to fold and uplift, forming the Himalayan mountain range. Evidence like fossils of sea animals found high in the Himalayas and sedimentary rock materials support that the region was once under water. The Himalayas continue rising today as the plates still exert pressure against one another.

1. Origin and Formation
of Himalayas

2. CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
• PROPOSED BY ALFRED WEGNER IN 1912
• A SINGLE CONTINENT PANGAEA SORROUNDED BY A SINGLE OCEAN
PANTHALASA
• 200 MILLION YEARS AGO PANGAEA BROKE INTO TWO MAJOR LANDMASSES-
ANKARA LAND AND GONDWANA LAND
• INDIA WAS A PART OF THE GONDWANA LAND LOCATED IN THE SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE

3. MOVEMENT OF CONTINENTS
• CONTINENTS STARTED MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
• FORCE-TIDAL FORCE POLAR FLEEING FORCE

4. PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
• PROPOSED BY MCKENZIE,PARKER AND MORGAN IN 1969
• EARTH CRUST IS MADE UP OF TECTONIC PLATES AND COMPRISES
OCEANS AND CONTINENTS.
• FORCE-CONVECTIONAL CURRENT INSIDE THE EARTH

5. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
• CONVERGENCE
• DIVERGENCE
• TRANSFORM FAULT

6. CONVERGENCE
• In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also
known as a destructive plate boundary
• An actively deforming region where two (or more)
tectonic plates of lithosphere move toward one
another and collide.
• As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material
melting in the mantle, earthquakes and volcanoes
are common near convergent boundaries.

7. • When two plates move towards one another,
they form either a subduction zone or a
continental collision.
• During collisions between two continental
plates, large mountain ranges, such as the
Himalayas are formed.
•

8. DIVERGENCE
• In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or
divergent plate boundary is also known as a
constructive boundary or an extensional
boundary
• It is a linear feature that exists between two
tectonic plates that are moving away from each
other.

9. • Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce
rifts which produce rift valleys.
• Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between
oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges.
• Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which
occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which
molten lava rises to fill.

10. TRANSFORM FAULT
• A transform fault or transform boundary, also
known as conservative plate boundary
• since these faults neither create nor destroy
lithosphere, is a type of fault whose relative motion
is predominantly horizontal,
• most transform faults are hidden in the deep oceans
where they form a series of short zigzags
accommodating seafloor spreading

11. FOLDING
• WHEN THE FORCE IS HORIZONTAL IT LEADS TO FOLDING

12. FAULTING
• WHEN THE FORCE IS VERTICAL IT LEADS TO
FAULTING

13. Rift Valley
• A rift valley is when two normal
faults occur parallel to each
other and the land sinks
between the faults.
• There are two major examples
of this. One being the Great Rift
Valley in North Africa and the
other, the San Andreas Fault in
California.
• The top right picture is San
Andreas Fault and on the
bottom right is a diagram of
what a rift valley looks like.

14. FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS
• HIMALAYAS HAVE BEEN FORMED DUE TO THE COLLISION OF TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES-
INDO AUSTRALIAN PLATE AND EURASIAN PLATE

15. RISING OF HIMALAYAS

16. EVIDENCES
• ARTEFACTS USED BY STONE AGE PEOPLE
• FOSSILS OF SEA ANIMALS IN HIGH HIMALAYAS
• SEDIMENTARY ROCK MATERIALS