This presentation is about different types of secondary metabolites produced by the plants and thier applications in different fields like medicine,drugs,cosmetics and perfumery,plant defense,role in ecological balance,textile industries.

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SUPRIYA SANKRANTHI D S
DEPT OF CROP PHYSIOLOGY
SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THEIR
applications

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1.INTRODUCTION
2.BIOSYNTHESIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
3.CLASSIFICATION
4.APPLICATIONS
PLANT DEFENSE
MEDICINE
RECREATIONAL DRUGS
FLAVOURING AGENTS AND FRAGRANT
PERFUMES
DYES AND PIGMENTS
5.CONCLUSION

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5.  Secondary metabolism, metabolic pathways that are not
essential for growth, development or reproduction, but that
usually have ecological function.
 Secondary metabolites are those chemical compounds in
organisms that are not directly involved in the normal growth,
development or reproduction of an organism.
 In this sense they are "secondary".
 Secondary metabolites, are found in only specific organisms, or
groups of organisms, and are an expression of the individuality of
species.
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6. Major function of secondary metabolites in the plants:
The most common roles for secondary compounds in plants are
ecological roles that govern interactions between plants and other
organisms.
 As toxic materials providing defense against predators like
Nicotine and other toxic compounds .
 Are brightly colored pigments like anthocyanin that color flowers
red and blue which attract pollinators and fruit and seed
dispersers,warn other species.
 Can give bad taste to protection from animals or insects.
 Secondary metabolites aid a plant in important functions such as
protection, competition, and species interactions, but are not
necessary for survival.
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7.  Nearly 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional
medicines for primary health care, most of which involve the
use of plant extracts.
 In India, almost 95% of the prescriptions were plant based in
the traditional systems of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy and
Siddha.
 The study of plants continues principally for the discovery of
novel secondary metabolites. Around 80% of products were
of plant origin and their sales exceeded US $65 billion in
2003.
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These compounds are biosynthesized through series
enzyme catalyzed reactions using simple building blocks
in different ways.
There are several main biosynthetic pathways in plants,
including
 shikimic acid pathway (phenylpropanoids)
 mavalonic acid pathway (quinones)
 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway
(quinones)
 amino acid pathway (alkaloids)
 acetate-malonate pathway (fatty acid, phenols and
quinones) and
 combined pathways (flavonoids).

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I. Based on the structures, the second metabolites can be classified
into following classes:
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Phenylpropanoids
Quinones
Terpenoids
Steroids
Tannins and proteins

13. Based on their biosynthetic origins, plant secondary metabolites
can be divided into three major groups:
1. Terpenoids
2. Flavonoids and allied phenolic and polyphenolic compounds,
3. Nitrogen-containing alkaloids and sulphur-containing
compounds
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TERPENOIDS

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Major Flavonoid Classes
Seven classes of flavonoids common in foods are usually considered for their medicinal properties:
1.Anthocyanidins
2.Proanthocyanidins
3.Flavones
4.Flavonols
5.Flavan-3-ols
6.Flavanones
7.Isoflavones

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Anthocyanidins
• Increase vitamin c level
• Protect against free radical damage
• Anthocyanidins –condensed tannins
• Responsible for astringency
• Strong antioxidant properties

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myricetin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol,
isorhamnetin.
• Myricetin has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer
effects.
• Quercetin, the main flavonoid in the diet, may lower
risk for asthma, heart disease, and lung cancer.
• Best sources for myricetin: berries, grapes, parsley,
spinach.
• Best sources for quercetin: onions, apples, broccoli,
cranberries, grapes.
• Catechins and gallic acid
• Catechins and epicatechins may lower the risk of
coronary heart disease, some types of cancers and
promote healthy lungs.
• Best sources for catechins: tea, red wine, cocoa
powder, dark chocolate, grapes, plums.
• Best sources for epicatechins: teas, fruits and legumes
(beans).

20. Flavanones
Hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol.
Hesperetin found in grapefruits and
oranges is one candidate that may
benefit the cardiovascular system
(atherothrombotic diseases, and
lower the levels of LDL cholesterol.
 Naringenin has antioxidant, anti-
estrogen, and cholesterol-lowering
properties.
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 Best sources for hesperetin: citrus
fruits and juices.
 Best sources for naringenin:
citrus fruits and juices.

21. NITROGEN CONTAINING SECONDARY PLANT PRODUCTS
 The following points highlight the three groups of nitrogen containing
secondary plant products.
The products are:
 1. Alkaloids
 2. Cyanogenic Glycosides and Glucosinolates
 3. Non-Protein Amino Acids.
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22. ALKALOIDS
 Alkaloids generally include alkaline substances that have nitrogen
as part of a ring structure. More than 6500 alkaloids are known
and are the largest class of secondary compounds.
They are very common in certain plant families, especially:
Hyoscyamine, present in Datura stramonium
 Atropine, present in Atropa belladonna, Deadly nightshade
 Cocaine, present in Erythroxylum coca the Coca plant
 Scopolamine, present in the Solanaceae (nightshade) plant family
 Codeine and Morphine, present in Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy
 Tetrodotoxin, a microbial product in Fugu and some salamanders
 Vincristine & Vinblastine, mitotic inhibitors found in the Rosy Periwinkle
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Physiological role of alkaloids in plants:
In-spite of the widespread distribution of alkaloids in plants their
physiological role in plants is yet unknown.
It has been suggested by different workers that:
(i) Alkaloids may provide protection against predators;
(ii) They may act as nitrogen reserve, but this has not been established;
(iii) They may act as growth regulators, especially as germination
inhibitors;
(iv) They may help to maintain ionic balance due to their chelating power.
(Sir Robert, Robinson, Nobel Laureate of 1947 in Chemistry has done
extensive investigations on plant products of biological importance
especially the alkaloids.

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The first individual
alkaloid, morphine, was
isolated in 1804 from
the opium
poppy (Papaver
somniferum)
Friedrich Sertürner, the German chemist
who first isolated morphine from opium.

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ALKALOID PLANT SPECIES USES
Morphine Papaver somniferum Pain relief,used to produve heroin
Codeine Papaver somniferum Analgesic
Lysergic acid Papaver somniferum Used to produce LSD
Quinidine Cinchona sp Treat arrhyhmias
Ergonovine Claviceps purpures Reduce uterine hemorrhages
Ephedrine Ephedra sp Relieves the discomfort of common
colds,sinusitis
Cocaine Erythroxylon coca anesthetic
Active ingredient in south American arrow
poison
Tubocurraine Chondodendron
tomentosum
Muscle relaxant in surgery
Vincristine and
Vinblastine
Vinca rosea Chemotherapy agents in treatment of many
types of cancer
Nicotine Nicotiana tabacum Chief addictive ingredient in tobacco
Mescaline Anhalonium sp Hallucinogenic
Psilocybin Psilocybe Mexicana Hallucinogenic
Coniine Conium maculatum Active ingredient in poison hemlock

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2. Cyanogenic Glycosides and Glucosinolates:
These groups of nitrogen containing secondary metabolites in plants
emit volatile poisons or toxins when the plants are crushed. The
poisons or toxins so released are feeding deterrents to many insects
and other herbivores.
Cyanogenic Glycosides:
Cyanogenic glycosides are widely distributed in plants especially
legumes, grasses and members of the family Rosaceae.
• Amygdalin is commonly known cyanogenic glycoside which
occurs in Cotoneaster and many species of Prunus.
• Some other examples of these substances are Linamarin from
Phaseolus lunatus,
• Lotaustralin from Lotus tenuis, Dhurrin from sorghum and
Heterodendria from African Acacia.

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Glucosinolates (Mustard Oil Glycosides):
These compounds such as benzylglucosinolate contain nitrogen and
sulphur and are found mainly in plants of the family Cruciferae.
When such plants are crushed and they come in contact with
enzyme thioglucosidase released from other parts of the plants, they
give rise to pungent volatile toxins such as isothiocyanates and
nitriles which provide strong deterrent to feeding infects and other
herbivores.
Structure of benzylglucosinolate

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3. Non-Protein Amino Acids:
Apart from those 20 amino acids which constitute proteins in plants there is a large
groups of over 200 different amino acids which occur free in plant cells and are not
incorporated into proteins. These free amino acids are called as non-protein amino
acids. Their main function appears to be protective against herbivores. A good
number of different kinds of these amino acids are found in plants of the family
Leguminosae.
Many non-protein amino acids closely resemble in their structure to proteins amino
acids.
For example, canavanine closely resembles in structure with arginine and azetidine-
2-carboxylic acid is a close analog of proline

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Defence
(pesticides)
Flavouring agents
And
fragrance
Ecological role
Recreational drugs
medicine
Dye and
pigments

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They protect plants against being eaten by herbivores(herbivory)
and against being infected by microbial pathogens
They serve as attractants for pollinators and seed dispersing
animals and as agents of plant-plant competition

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pyrethroids
BASILMINT
ESSENTIAL OILS
menthol
limonene

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LIMONOIDS BITTER TASTE
AZADIRACHTIN
Polypodium vulgare
PHYTOECDYSONES

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Contains Cardenolides
(glycosides)
MILKWEED FOXGLOVE
Tastes bitter
and toxic to
higher animals
Treatment
of heart
disease(slow
and
strengthen
heartbeat)
SAPONINS:
present in soapnut, oats,garlic,sugarbeet,alfalfa
have herbivore repellent or deterrent activity
blocks sterol uptake
LIGNINS AND TANNINS
deter feeding by herbivores
tannins also serve as defense against microorganisms

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SN: Dioscorea floribunda
tubers contain Diosgenin-steroidal sapogenin
saponins obtained from tubers are utilised in
making oral contraceptives,steroid harmones and
cortisone
Relieve arthritis and muscle pain
treatment of gastritis and stomach ulcers
SN: Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata
contain glycoside- Digoxin
Curing heart
disease

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SN: Papaver somniferum
Good Effects of Opiates
 No other substance has been found to be as
effective as opiates for the management of
extreme pain.
 In addition to its analgesic qualities, it is a
very effective cough suppressant, anti-diarrhea
medication, and sleep-inducer.
contain opium and codeine
analgesic and hypnotic effects
semi synthetic derivative of morphine-
heroin

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Bad Effects of Opiates
The major drawback of opiate use is the
potential for abuse and addiction.
Effects include drowsiness, slurred
speech, confusion, memory loss, pupil
constriction, dilation of the blood vessels
causing increased pressure in the brain,
constipation, nausea, vomiting, weight loss,
fatigue, hallucinations, sexual dysfunction,
convulsions, and respiratory depression.
Effects from using non-sterile needles and
adulterants mixed with opiates include skin,
lung, and brain abscesses, endocarditis
(inflammation of the lining of the heart),
infected and collapsed veins, and diseases
such as hepatitis and HIV.

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SN: Rauvolfia serpentina
treatment of hypertension or as a sedative and
tranqualising agent
SN: Plantago ovata
alkaloids- reserpine ,serpentine,
serpentinine, ajmaline, ajmalinine
important for its seed and husk
has property of absorbing and retaining
water(40-90%)
works as anti-diarrhea drug

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FUNGUS: Claviceps purpurea
alkaloids
 Used in obstetrics
making child birth easy and
stoppage of bleeding after
child birth
 against migraine
headache
 lowering hypertension
SN: Coleus forskohlii
Dries roots-forskolin
Treating hypertension ,glaucoma,
asthma, congestive heart failure and
certain types of cancer
 Useful against cholesterol and
 Used in cosmetics

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Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one's mental
state in a way that modifies emotions, perceptions, and feelings for recreational
purposes.
When a substance enters the user's body, it brings on an intoxicating effect, often
referred to as a "high".
Generally, people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories:
depressants (these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness);
stimulants (these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness); and
psychedelic drugs (these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that
some users find appealing).

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Cannabis
Heroin
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
LSD
(Lysergic Acid
Diethylamide)

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Balsam
In modern perfumery
the principal ones
used are balsam of
Peru, of tolu, of
Copaiba, and
also storax.
They all have a
vanilla-like odor.
Bergamot An orange-scented oil
expressed from the fruit peel of the
bergamot orange tree. Used in about
33 percent of women’s perfumes.
Bitter orange The oil of this name is
obtained by expression from the fruit
peel, the tree also being called
Bigarade orange. The tree produces
neroli, orange-flower oil, and petitgrain
oil.
Frankincense (also Olibanum) A
gum resin from small trees growing
in South Arabia and Somalia.
It is used as a main ingredient in
about 13 percent of modern
perfumes.

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Jasmine After rose this is the most important plant
used in perfumery, appearing as a main ingredient
in more than 80 percent of modern perfumes.
Labdanum (also called Ledanon). A sweet-
scented oleo resin obtained in droplets from
under the leaves of Cistus plants in the Middle
East. Of great importance in perfumery, its
fragrance resembles ambergris (it is often called
amber) and it is a valuable fixative. Appears in
about 33 percent of modern perfumes.
Lavender A major perfume material since Greek
and Roman times
Lemon Lemon oil, vital in flavorings as well as in
perfumes, yields about a pound of oil to 1,000
lemons. The oil is expressed from the rinds and is
used in many quality perfumes, giving top notes a
fresh sparkle.

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Lily of the Valley In early days this scent could be
obtained only by infusing the flowers in sweet oils. It
is found in about 14 percent of all modern quality
perfumes.
Myrrh A gum resin from myrrh trees,it provides a
balsamic note and is an excellent fixative.
It is found among the main ingredients of about 7
percent of modern fine fragrances.
Neroli Steam-distilled from the flowers of the bitter
orange tree .The odor combines spiciness with sweet
and flowery notes. A main ingredient in about 12
percent of all modern perfumes.
Patchouli Most powerful of all plant materials.
The unique odor of spice and cedar in this oil, which
can be used only in minute quantities because of its
strength, actually improves with age.
Appears in a third of all top perfumes.

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Rose The most important plant in
perfumery since the earliest days of
history. At least 75 percent of all quality
perfumes contain rose oil.
Tuberose With a fragrance described as
that of a well-stocked flower garden in the
evening, this oil, taken from the flower,
appears in about 20 percent of quality
perfumes.
Vanilla Vanilla forms in crystals on the fruit
pods of the vanilla orchid vine. With a
sweet spicy aroma, it became highly
popular in perfumery and now appears in a
quarter of all fine perfumes.
Vetiver An oil distilled from the rhizomes of
a tropical Asian grass called khus-khus. Has
an earthy odor with underlying violet and
orris-like sweetness. Long-lasting and a very
good fixative. Appears in the base notes of
36 percent of quality perfumes.

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Best Plants for Dyeing
Plant pigments create dyes. Some plants make excellent dyes, while others just
don’t seem to have enough pigment. Indigo (blue dye) and madder (the only
reliable red dye) are two of the most popular plants for producing dyes as they
have a great amount of pigment.
Yellow dye can
be made fromOrange dyes can
be made from:
 Carrot
roots
 Onion skin
 Butternut
seed husks
 marigold
 Dandelion
 Yarrow
 sunflowers

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For natural plant dyes in shades of brown:
 Hollyhock petals
 Walnut husks
 Fennel
Pink dyes can be made from:
 Camellias
 Roses
 Lavender
Purple colors can come from:
 Blueberries
 grapes
 coneflower hibiscus

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61. CONCLUSION
All humanity benefits from the discovery of new drugs, all societies should
collaborate in the preservation and evaluation of the areas of great diversity
from which such structures might emerge. This could be carried out through
investments made by pharmaceutical companies to help preserve this type of
land.
From the beginning of time N.P´s have been used as
medicines for humanity, this use has become more
sophisticated with the passage of time, until the
development of sciences for study such as biology and
chemistry. In fact, this has contributed to develop new
subareas of knowledge such as biochemistry and
pharmacist.
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