Hormones thyroid and antithyroidal agentsamol dighe
This document discusses thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs. It begins by classifying hormones into different categories including thyroid hormones. It then describes the thyroid gland, its location and composition. The two principal thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, are discussed along with their roles in metabolism and organ functioning. The biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones is explained involving thyroid stimulating hormones. Different classes of antithyroid drugs are then outlined, including thiomides, aniline derivatives, polyhydric phenols, and ionic inhibitors, describing their mechanisms of action in inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
Hormones are the member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organism that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organ to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissue for physiological regulation and behavioral activities.
such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, excretion, lactation, stress, growth, and development, movement, reproduction and mood.
The thyroid gland secretes the major hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. T4 and T3 are bound to plasma proteins and transported throughout the body, where a small unbound fraction exerts biological effects. The thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Thyroid function is tested by measuring T3, T4, TSH, and other markers. Disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be treated with thyroid hormone supplements or inhibitors.
The thyroid gland is the largest gland in the body. It produces thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that target cells throughout the body and affect metabolic rate, protein synthesis, and many other systems and functions. The document discusses the effects of thyroid hormones on various body systems as well as conditions that can result from too little or too much thyroid hormone production like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic functions of other cells. They include amino acid-based hormones and steroids like eicosanoids. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and can trigger second messenger systems that use molecules like cyclic AMP to mediate their effects. The major endocrine glands secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that target organs through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
Kenyatta university thyroid hormone synthesis cat1 taskLando Elvis
The document summarizes thyroid hormone synthesis. It discusses how iodine is transported into thyroid cells and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen, catalyzed by thyroperoxidase. The iodinated tyrosines are then coupled to form the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Factors that control hormone synthesis like iodine availability and TSH are described. Disorders of thyroid hormone synthesis including iodine deficiency, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are also summarized.
Hormones thyroid and antithyroidal agentsamol dighe
This document discusses thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs. It begins by classifying hormones into different categories including thyroid hormones. It then describes the thyroid gland, its location and composition. The two principal thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, are discussed along with their roles in metabolism and organ functioning. The biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones is explained involving thyroid stimulating hormones. Different classes of antithyroid drugs are then outlined, including thiomides, aniline derivatives, polyhydric phenols, and ionic inhibitors, describing their mechanisms of action in inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
Hormones are the member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organism that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organ to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissue for physiological regulation and behavioral activities.
such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, excretion, lactation, stress, growth, and development, movement, reproduction and mood.
The thyroid gland secretes the major hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. T4 and T3 are bound to plasma proteins and transported throughout the body, where a small unbound fraction exerts biological effects. The thyroid hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Thyroid function is tested by measuring T3, T4, TSH, and other markers. Disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be treated with thyroid hormone supplements or inhibitors.
The thyroid gland is the largest gland in the body. It produces thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) that target cells throughout the body and affect metabolic rate, protein synthesis, and many other systems and functions. The document discusses the effects of thyroid hormones on various body systems as well as conditions that can result from too little or too much thyroid hormone production like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic functions of other cells. They include amino acid-based hormones and steroids like eicosanoids. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and can trigger second messenger systems that use molecules like cyclic AMP to mediate their effects. The major endocrine glands secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that target organs through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
Kenyatta university thyroid hormone synthesis cat1 taskLando Elvis
The document summarizes thyroid hormone synthesis. It discusses how iodine is transported into thyroid cells and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen, catalyzed by thyroperoxidase. The iodinated tyrosines are then coupled to form the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Factors that control hormone synthesis like iodine availability and TSH are described. Disorders of thyroid hormone synthesis including iodine deficiency, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It discusses the functional anatomy and gross anatomy of the thyroid, as well as the histological structure. It explains the biosynthesis and storage of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, and metabolism. It covers the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and applied aspects like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Key points covered include the roles and actions of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, iodine metabolism in the thyroid, and thyroid function tests.
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The thyroid is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and stored bound to thyroglobulin. They are regulated by TSH from the pituitary and feedback to decrease TSH secretion. The main actions of thyroid hormones are to increase growth, metabolism, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine replacement therapy.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and circulate through the bloodstream to target distant organs to regulate physiological functions and behaviors. There are different types of hormones classified by their method of secretion and target tissues, including endocrine hormones from ductless glands, exocrine hormones transported through ducts, and neuroendocrine hormones secreted by neurons. Hormones can have synergistic, permissive, or antagonistic effects on their targets and each other.
This document discusses anti-thyroid drugs. It begins by providing an overview of thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid stimulating hormone. It then describes the mechanisms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The main types of anti-thyroid drugs are described as inhibitors of hormone synthesis, inhibitors of hormone release, and ionic inhibitors. The mechanisms of the major drugs methimazole and propylthiouracil are explained. Adverse effects and therapeutic uses of anti-thyroid drugs are briefly mentioned.
This document provides information on thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid function. It discusses iodine uptake and transport by the thyroid gland, thyroglobulin synthesis and storage, hormone release, and thyroid hormone actions in the body. It also covers abnormalities of thyroid function including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Common causes, signs, symptoms and diagnostic tests for different thyroid disorders are described.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Classification of hormones -4 Types)Shailja Sharma
This document discusses the classification of hormones according to different criteria:
1. According to mechanism of action, hormones are divided into two groups - group I hormones bind to intracellular receptors and group II bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate second messengers.
2. According to chemical nature, hormones are classified as steroid hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, protein hormones, glycoprotein hormones, and eicosanoids.
3. According to nature of action, hormones are either local or general. Local hormones have specific local effects, while general hormones are transported throughout the body.
4. According to effect, hormones are kinetic (cause effects like pigment migration), metabolic (regulate metabolism), or morphogenetic (
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
The surgeon in this photo is transfusing donor islet cells into a diabetic patient. The islet cells may take residence in the pancreas and secrete insulin for the patient. This patient will never again need to inject insulin.
The document provides information about the thyroid gland including:
1. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx and produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and other bodily functions.
2. The thyroid takes up iodine from foods and converts it to thyroid hormones T4 and T3 through a process of iodination and coupling within thyroid follicles.
3. Thyroid hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland and a negative feedback loop monitors thyroid hormone levels in the bloodstream.
Animal Hormones And Behavior (Zoology).pdfAbdullah Khan
The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood by endocrine glands and have profound effects on metabolic processes and cellular communication. They can be classified based on their chemical composition, location of receptors, or solubility. The major classes of hormones include steroids such as sex and adrenal hormones, peptides/proteins such as insulin and growth hormone, and amines such as epinephrine. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and include estrogens, androgens, progesterone, corticosteroids, and aldosterone. Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin which are secreted by the pancreas, as well as hormones from the pituitary, parathyroid,
Biochemistry Of Hormones
Contains All Important topics with best key points....
Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)
The document discusses thyroid metabolic hormones and their functions. It covers:
- Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland under control of TSH.
- Physiologic functions of thyroid hormones which increase metabolic rate by activating genes in cells.
- Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion by TSH and TRH from the hypothalamus and pituitary, and by negative feedback from thyroid hormones.
- Diseases of the thyroid including hyperthyroidism which causes excessive thyroid hormone secretion and hypothyroidism which causes inadequate secretion.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities in target cells. They can be classified based on their chemical nature as amino acid derivatives, proteins/peptides, or steroids, and based on their mechanism of action as group I hormones that bind intracellular receptors or group II hormones that bind cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers. Key hormones include reproductive hormones like estrogen and testosterone; thyroid hormones; adrenal hormones like cortisol and aldosterone; calcium regulating hormones calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin; and others. Abnormalities in hormone levels can lead to diseases and disorders.
Thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and includes triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), and calcitonin. T4 is the main hormone produced and helps regulate tissue growth. Antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. Propylthiouracil inhibits the conversion of iodide to iodine and hormone production. Carbimazole is more potent and converts to methimazole which prevents hormone coupling and iodination. Both drugs can cause rashes, fever, and bone marrow suppression as adverse effects.
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
The document summarizes thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It discusses the thyroid gland's structure and location in the neck. The thyroid secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions. The synthesis of T4 and T3 involves iodide uptake, oxidation, iodination, and coupling steps. Anti-thyroid drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole inhibit hormone synthesis. Radioactive iodine isotopes can destroy thyroid tissue to treat hyperthyroidism while drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole are used to inhibit hormone synthesis.
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
This document is a seminar presentation on thyroid hormones. It begins with an introduction to endocrine and exocrine glands, focusing on the thyroid gland. It describes the thyroid gland's role in producing thyroid hormones T4 and T3 from absorbed iodine. It then discusses the cellular mechanisms of thyroid hormone production and action on target cells in various organs. The document also covers normal hormone concentration ranges, diseases of hypo- and hyperthyroidism including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. It concludes with references used in preparing the presentation.
This document provides an overview of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormones. It discusses the functional anatomy and gross anatomy of the thyroid, as well as the histological structure. It explains the biosynthesis and storage of thyroid hormones, their secretion, transport, and metabolism. It covers the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and applied aspects like hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Key points covered include the roles and actions of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, iodine metabolism in the thyroid, and thyroid function tests.
The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The thyroid is located in the neck below the Adam's apple. T3 and T4 are synthesized from tyrosine and stored bound to thyroglobulin. They are regulated by TSH from the pituitary and feedback to decrease TSH secretion. The main actions of thyroid hormones are to increase growth, metabolism, and heart rate. Hypothyroidism is treated with thyroxine replacement therapy.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and circulate through the bloodstream to target distant organs to regulate physiological functions and behaviors. There are different types of hormones classified by their method of secretion and target tissues, including endocrine hormones from ductless glands, exocrine hormones transported through ducts, and neuroendocrine hormones secreted by neurons. Hormones can have synergistic, permissive, or antagonistic effects on their targets and each other.
This document discusses anti-thyroid drugs. It begins by providing an overview of thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid stimulating hormone. It then describes the mechanisms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The main types of anti-thyroid drugs are described as inhibitors of hormone synthesis, inhibitors of hormone release, and ionic inhibitors. The mechanisms of the major drugs methimazole and propylthiouracil are explained. Adverse effects and therapeutic uses of anti-thyroid drugs are briefly mentioned.
This document provides information on thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid function. It discusses iodine uptake and transport by the thyroid gland, thyroglobulin synthesis and storage, hormone release, and thyroid hormone actions in the body. It also covers abnormalities of thyroid function including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Common causes, signs, symptoms and diagnostic tests for different thyroid disorders are described.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Classification of hormones -4 Types)Shailja Sharma
This document discusses the classification of hormones according to different criteria:
1. According to mechanism of action, hormones are divided into two groups - group I hormones bind to intracellular receptors and group II bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate second messengers.
2. According to chemical nature, hormones are classified as steroid hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, protein hormones, glycoprotein hormones, and eicosanoids.
3. According to nature of action, hormones are either local or general. Local hormones have specific local effects, while general hormones are transported throughout the body.
4. According to effect, hormones are kinetic (cause effects like pigment migration), metabolic (regulate metabolism), or morphogenetic (
Endocrinology is a specialty of medicine; some would say a sub-specialty of internal medicine, which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. Endocrinology covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement
The surgeon in this photo is transfusing donor islet cells into a diabetic patient. The islet cells may take residence in the pancreas and secrete insulin for the patient. This patient will never again need to inject insulin.
The document provides information about the thyroid gland including:
1. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx and produces thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism and other bodily functions.
2. The thyroid takes up iodine from foods and converts it to thyroid hormones T4 and T3 through a process of iodination and coupling within thyroid follicles.
3. Thyroid hormone production is regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland and a negative feedback loop monitors thyroid hormone levels in the bloodstream.
Animal Hormones And Behavior (Zoology).pdfAbdullah Khan
The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood by endocrine glands and have profound effects on metabolic processes and cellular communication. They can be classified based on their chemical composition, location of receptors, or solubility. The major classes of hormones include steroids such as sex and adrenal hormones, peptides/proteins such as insulin and growth hormone, and amines such as epinephrine. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and include estrogens, androgens, progesterone, corticosteroids, and aldosterone. Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin which are secreted by the pancreas, as well as hormones from the pituitary, parathyroid,
Biochemistry Of Hormones
Contains All Important topics with best key points....
Made By Sanjay kumar (Student Of PharmD Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University)
The document discusses thyroid metabolic hormones and their functions. It covers:
- Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine by the thyroid gland under control of TSH.
- Physiologic functions of thyroid hormones which increase metabolic rate by activating genes in cells.
- Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion by TSH and TRH from the hypothalamus and pituitary, and by negative feedback from thyroid hormones.
- Diseases of the thyroid including hyperthyroidism which causes excessive thyroid hormone secretion and hypothyroidism which causes inadequate secretion.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities in target cells. They can be classified based on their chemical nature as amino acid derivatives, proteins/peptides, or steroids, and based on their mechanism of action as group I hormones that bind intracellular receptors or group II hormones that bind cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers. Key hormones include reproductive hormones like estrogen and testosterone; thyroid hormones; adrenal hormones like cortisol and aldosterone; calcium regulating hormones calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin; and others. Abnormalities in hormone levels can lead to diseases and disorders.
Thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and includes triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), and calcitonin. T4 is the main hormone produced and helps regulate tissue growth. Antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. Propylthiouracil inhibits the conversion of iodide to iodine and hormone production. Carbimazole is more potent and converts to methimazole which prevents hormone coupling and iodination. Both drugs can cause rashes, fever, and bone marrow suppression as adverse effects.
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
The document summarizes thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It discusses the thyroid gland's structure and location in the neck. The thyroid secretes T4, T3, and calcitonin hormones which regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions. The synthesis of T4 and T3 involves iodide uptake, oxidation, iodination, and coupling steps. Anti-thyroid drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole inhibit hormone synthesis. Radioactive iodine isotopes can destroy thyroid tissue to treat hyperthyroidism while drugs like propylthiouracil and carbimazole are used to inhibit hormone synthesis.
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
This document is a seminar presentation on thyroid hormones. It begins with an introduction to endocrine and exocrine glands, focusing on the thyroid gland. It describes the thyroid gland's role in producing thyroid hormones T4 and T3 from absorbed iodine. It then discusses the cellular mechanisms of thyroid hormone production and action on target cells in various organs. The document also covers normal hormone concentration ranges, diseases of hypo- and hyperthyroidism including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. It concludes with references used in preparing the presentation.
Ithyroid gland, functions and clinical correlation .docJonahAchileCaleb
The document summarizes information about the thyroid gland, including its location, structure, hormone production, storage and release, transport, and functions. It also outlines the mechanisms and regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones which regulate metabolism and are essential for growth, development, temperature regulation and energy production. The hormones are synthesized within thyroid follicles, stored bound to thyroglobulin, and released into blood circulation in response to thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
The document discusses the pharmacology of the endocrine system. It begins by introducing hormones and how they regulate metabolic processes more slowly than the autonomic nervous system. It then discusses specific endocrine glands and hormones. A large portion focuses on the thyroid gland, its hormones, and drugs used to treat thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. These include thyroid hormone preparations, iodides, thionamides, radioactive iodine, and more. The document provides details on the mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of drugs related to the thyroid and endocrine system.
THYROID HORMONE.pptx by Subham Panja,Asst. Professor, Department of B.Sc MLT,...Subham Panja
The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormones. It discusses that the thyroid gland produces three hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine, stored in thyroglobulin vesicles, and released into blood circulation via binding proteins. The hormones act to increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth, accelerating protein synthesis and mitochondrial activity in most tissues.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It discusses that the thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and is butterfly shaped with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It produces important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid takes up iodine and uses it to produce the hormones through a series of steps in a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormones have wide-ranging effects on growth, development, and metabolic processes in nearly all tissues of the body. Diseases like hypothyroidism and Graves' disease can disrupt the thyroid's normal functioning.
1. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and growth. Thyroid hormones are synthesized within thyroid follicles by iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin.
2. Thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion is regulated by a negative feedback loop involving thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.
3. Disorders of the thyroid gland include hyperthyroidism (overproduction of hormones) and hypothyroidism (underproduction of hormones).
This document summarizes anti-thyroid drugs. It discusses how the thyroid gland releases hormones that regulate metabolism and how anti-thyroid drugs work to inhibit hormone synthesis, release, or action. The major anti-thyroid drugs are carbimazole, methimazole, and propylthiouracil, which inhibit hormone synthesis. Iodide salts inhibit hormone release. Radioactive iodine-131 is also used to treat hyperthyroidism. These drugs are used to control hyperthyroidism in preparation for treatment or remission. Common side effects include rashes, swollen glands, and metallic taste.
1. The document discusses thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It covers the production and effects of thyroid hormones, diseases related to thyroid hormones like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and therapeutic uses of thyroid drugs including levothyroxine and anti-thyroid drugs.
2. Common anti-thyroid drugs discussed are thioamides like propylthiouracil and methimazole which inhibit hormone synthesis, iodides which block hormone release, and radioactive iodine-131 which destroys thyroid tissue.
3. Adrenergic drugs like propranolol are also used as an adjuvant therapy to relieve symptoms of hyperthyroidism like tremors and palpit
1. The document discusses thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland, and thyroid disease. It describes how the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism.
2. Symptoms of thyroid disease include changes in heart rate, weight, and mood. Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient hormone production while hyperthyroidism is caused by excessive hormones.
3. Thyroid disease is diagnosed through blood tests measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Treatment for hypothyroidism involves thyroid hormone replacement medication while hyperthyroidism may be treated with anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery, or beta blockers.
1. The thyroid gland secretes T3 and T4 hormones which regulate metabolism. Hypothyroidism is treated with levothyroxine replacement while hyperthyroidism is treated with antithyroid drugs like methimazole or propylthiouracil.
2. Methimazole and propylthiouracil work by inhibiting thyroid peroxidase and iodination of tyrosine, blocking thyroid hormone production. Propylthiouracil also blocks conversion of T4 to T3.
3. Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy uses propylthiouracil in the first trimester and methimazole in the second and third trimesters due to safety.
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
This document discusses anti-thyroid drugs, which are used to treat hyperthyroidism or an overactive thyroid. It begins by describing the thyroid gland and its normal functions of secreting thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism. There are three main classes of anti-thyroid drugs: thioamides inhibit hormone synthesis; iodides and iodine inhibit hormone release; and radioactive iodine destroys thyroid tissue. The document explains the mechanisms and effects of these different classes of anti-thyroid medications and their use in treating hyperthyroidism.
The endocrine system consists of glands that produce hormones which regulate processes throughout the body. The pituitary gland and thyroid gland are important endocrine glands. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe; the posterior lobe produces vasopressin and oxytocin which regulate water balance and labor. The thyroid gland regulates metabolism and uses iodine to produce important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Hormone replacement therapies exist for treating hypo- and hyperactive endocrine glands like the thyroid, and involve replacing missing hormones or reducing overactive hormone levels.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by endocrine glands and certain nerve cells that act on specific target tissues to affect physiological functions. There are two main types of hormones: lipid soluble and water soluble. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, secretes thyroid hormones thyroxine and calcitonin which regulate metabolism and growth. Thyroid hormones are synthesized through a multi-step process and their production is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through feedback loops. Abnormal thyroid function can lead to diseases like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroiditis.
The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces three main hormones: T4, T3, and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The gland contains follicles lined with cells that secrete thyroglobulin into the follicular cavity. Iodine is added to thyroglobulin's tyrosine residues to form T4 and T3, which are stored in thyroglobulin vesicles until needed. When secreted into blood, T4 and T3 bind transport proteins while T3 has a faster action time due to weaker binding. The thyroid regulates metabolism through hormone synthesis and secretion.
Similar to Hormones thyroid and Antithyroidal agents (20)
U.S.F.D.A. was the pioneer in the concept of process validation.
Validation had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceutical according to ISO 9000:2000.
U.S.F.D.A. was the pioneer in the concept of process validation.
Validation had proven to be an important tool for quality management of pharmaceutical according to ISO 9000:2000.
This document discusses drug metabolism, which involves the conversion of drugs from one chemical form to another through biotransformation reactions. It describes the two main phases of metabolism - Phase I and Phase II reactions. Phase I reactions involve oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis and functionalize lipid-soluble drugs. Phase II reactions involve conjugating these functionalized drugs or their metabolites with endogenous compounds like glucuronic acid or sulfate, forming water-soluble drug conjugates that can be readily excreted. The key enzymes and reactions involved in each phase are discussed in detail.
1)Physical Properties
Physical property of drug is responsible for its action
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The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease determined by increase blood pressure (pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel )in arteries.
The onset of hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater .
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Anti-anginal agents are used to treat angina pectoris, which is characterized by chest pain due to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart. There are several classes of anti-anginal agents that work by different mechanisms: nitrates increase oxygen supply by dilating coronary arteries and reducing blood pressure; beta blockers decrease oxygen demand by lowering heart rate and blood pressure; calcium channel blockers increase oxygen supply and decrease demand by dilating arteries and relaxing smooth muscle. Organic nitrates are commonly used anti-anginal agents that work by dilating coronary arteries and veins to increase blood flow and decrease workload, thereby relieving chest pain.
In medicine, diuretics are used to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases.
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1. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors2. Loop 3. Osmotic4. Potassium- sparing5. Thiazides
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The document discusses various methods for separating the two enantiomers within a racemic mixture. The most common method is conversion of the racemic mixture to diastereomers using a chiral resolving agent, followed by fractional crystallization to separate the diastereomers based on differences in solubility. Other methods include differential absorption on a chiral chromatography column, enzymatic reactions that preferentially target one enantiomer, and kinetic resolution that exploits small differences in reaction rates between enantiomers. The goal of these resolution techniques is to produce pure samples of the individual enantiomers.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2. Hormones are classified generally 1- thyroid hormones 2-
parathyroid hormones 3- pituitary hormones 4- Pancreatic
hormones 5- Adrenal gland hormones 6- Sex hormones
Thyroid hormones –
All vertebrates have thyroid glands.
It is not essential for life but it is necessary for growth and mental well being.
In a healthy adult, it weight about 25 g and is composed of two lobes which lie
one on either side of the larynx.
It is longer in women then in men.
At the posterior surface of each thyroid gland, can be seen the parathyroid
gland.
The hormone has molecular weight of about 680000 and it contains organically
bound iodine.
A large quantity of iodine (0.06%) is present in thyroid gland, almost all of which
is firmly bound to protein largely in the form of the thyroid hormones.
3. On hydrolysis , thyroglobulin is converted to several iodinated
tyroine derivatives.
Thyroid hormones are part of thyroglobulin molecule which is
formed in the microsomes of the follicular cells.
Thyroxine and tri-iodotyrosine are the principal thyroid hormones.
Chemically they are amino acid containing iodinated diphenyl
ethers.
tri-iodotyrosine is more active then Thyroxine
These hormones necessary for
1- oxygen consumption, heat production and metabolism of carbohydrate, fats
and proteins
2- proper functioning of gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, reproductive,
skeletal and neuromuscular system.
3- optimal functioning of catecholamine, antidiuretic hormones.
4- normal growth and differentiation.
4.
5. Biosynthesis , storage and metabolism of thyroid
hormones.
The biosynthesis of thyroid hormones is regulated by variations in
the plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) from the
anterior pituitary gland.
The conversion of inorganic iodide to thyroid hormones involves
following steps-
1- iodine uptake by the gland
2- oxidation of iodine and iodination of tyrosyl groups
3- formation of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine from iodotyrosines
4- release of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine.
6.
7. SAR
1- the two phenyl rings must be connected by an ether, thioether
or methylene linkage in order to maintain the activity.
2- a carboxyl group must be present in aliphatic side chain.
3- halogen and methylene substituent's may be placed at 3 and 5
position.
4- the 3 monosubstituted analogs are more active than the 3, 5
disubstituted compounds.
5- for maximal activity, position 4 should be occupied by a hydroxyl
group
6- the bulky and lipophilic group at 3 position enhance the activity.
8. Antithyroid drugs
These drug act by inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
They exert immediate effects since they act at the first stage of
iodine incorporation by the gland.
They are categorized as under
1) Thiomides
2) Aniline derivative
3) polyhydric phenols
4) ionic inhibitors that block the uptake of iodine by the gland
5) Miscellaneous agents.
1) Thiomides- thiourea and thiouracil derivative are among the
primary drugs to treat thyroid hyperactivity.
9. The methyl and propylthiouracil are effective drug. Skin rashes are
the most common side effects of these drugs.
10. 2)Aniline derivative-
These agents interfere with some of the processes catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase
like, iodide oxidation, organification and coupling of iodotyrosines.
11. 3) Polyhydric Phenols-
The only clinical agents from this category is resorcinol.
4) Ionic inhibitors-
These anions resemble iodide ions and affects the power of thyroid gland to
accumulate iodide.
e.g. Potassium perchlorate, thiocyanate.
5) miscellaneous agents-
Lithium carbonate- lithium appears to prevent the release of both hormonal
and non-hormonal iodine from the thyroid gland.