This document discusses sources of drugs and active drug principles. It defines drugs and medicines, and outlines various sources including natural sources from plants, animals, and minerals; microbial sources; human sources; synthetic sources; and those produced through genetic engineering. The key active principles discussed are alkaloids, glycosides, oils, resins, gums, and tannins. Reliable sources of drug information are also listed.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plantsDr. Pritam Juvatkar
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry- II/ semester V/ Unit I/Basic metabolic pathway/ Primary metabolites/ secondary metabolites/ formation secondary metabolites/ Formation of amino acid / role of enzyme/ role of coenzyme
Pharmacognostic study of Saponin glycosides,
Pharmacognostic study of Liquorice, Pharmacognostic study of Ginseng, Pharmacognostic study of Sarasaprilla
Secondary metabolites from plants like Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Resins, Volatile oils and Flavonoids. with definition, introduction, Chemical properties, Classification and Identification test
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry- II/ semester V/ Unit I/Basic metabolic pathway/ Primary metabolites/ secondary metabolites/ formation secondary metabolites/ Formation of amino acid / role of enzyme/ role of coenzyme
Pharmacognostic study of Saponin glycosides,
Pharmacognostic study of Liquorice, Pharmacognostic study of Ginseng, Pharmacognostic study of Sarasaprilla
Secondary metabolites from plants like Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Resins, Volatile oils and Flavonoids. with definition, introduction, Chemical properties, Classification and Identification test
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Science in Everyday Life is a series of 11 books written in simple English and illustrated with relevant pictures and diagrams to enhance the general knowledge of science.
The content of each book in the series are designed to excite and motivate the readers to develop a keen interest in the phenomena of everyday sciences.
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
Sources of drug for Undergraduate MBBS studentsSarju Zilate
--> Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources
.Plant sources
.Animal sources
.Mineral/ Earth sources
.Microbiological sources
.Synthetic sources
.Semi synthetic sources
.Human sources
.Genetically engineered
Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem.
Leaves
Digitoxin and Digoxin
Hyoscine
Nicotine
Atropine
Oil of Eucalyptus
Animal source
Heparin - Leech
Pepsin - stomach of cow
Human source
HCG - Pregnant women
Urokinase - human kidney cell
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
Sources of Drugs: Drugs are substances that are used or intended to be used in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment or cure of diseases. In early times, these substances were derived from natural sources, of which plants took up the major share. With the introduction of technology, most drugs today are manufactured synthetically in the laboratory. The major sources of drugs can be grouped into the following
1. Dr Bilal Ahmad MalikDr Bilal Ahmad Malik
Sources of DrugSources of Drug
&&
Active principle of DrugActive principle of Drug
2. ObjectivesObjectives
After completing the discussion, the student will be able toAfter completing the discussion, the student will be able to
Define drug and medicineDefine drug and medicine
Describe different sources of drugDescribe different sources of drug
Identify the active principles of a drugIdentify the active principles of a drug
Select authorative sources of drugSelect authorative sources of drug
information.information.
5. Average family experiences illness onAverage family experiences illness on
one day in four.one day in four.
Between ages of 20-45 years a lowerBetween ages of 20-45 years a lower
middle class man experiences approx.middle class man experiences approx.
one life endangering illnessone life endangering illness
20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses
200 non disabling illnesses200 non disabling illnesses
1000 symptomatic episodes1000 symptomatic episodes
12 years of bad health in an average life12 years of bad health in an average life
span.span.
7. Drugs/MedicinesDrugs/Medicines
WHO scientific group has defined a drug asWHO scientific group has defined a drug as
Any substance or product that is used or intended to
be used to modify or explore physiological systems
or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
A substance that changes the biological system by
interacting with it
8. A medicine is a substance or aA medicine is a substance or a
mixture of substances used inmixture of substances used in
restoring or preserving health.restoring or preserving health.
9. A drug is a single chemical substanceA drug is a single chemical substance
that forms the active ingredient of athat forms the active ingredient of a
medicine.medicine.
A medicine may contain many otherA medicine may contain many other
substances to deliver the drug in asubstances to deliver the drug in a
stable form, acceptable and convenientstable form, acceptable and convenient
to the patient.to the patient.
Drug vs Medicine?
10. Why do weWhy do we
need/ Useneed/ Use
Drugs/Drugs/
Medicines?Medicines?
11. Uses of drugs/MedicinesUses of drugs/Medicines
To cure the disease
To suppress the disease
To prevent disease
To diagnose the disease
13. Study of pharmacology involves the study ofStudy of pharmacology involves the study of
origin of drugsorigin of drugs
Chemical and physical properties of drugsChemical and physical properties of drugs
Physiologic effects and site of action in thePhysiologic effects and site of action in the
bodybody
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, andAbsorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion.excretion.
Safe/effective dosage regimen & route ofSafe/effective dosage regimen & route of
administration.administration.
Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drugAdverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug
interactionsinteractions
14. Sources of DrugsSources of Drugs
Naturally occurringNaturally occurring
Modified natural drugsModified natural drugs
Mineral sourcesMineral sources
Microbial sourcesMicrobial sources
Human sourcesHuman sources
Synthetic sourcesSynthetic sources
Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
15. Active principles of drugActive principles of drug
A constituent of aA constituent of a drugdrug, upon the, upon the
presence of which thepresence of which the characteristiccharacteristic
therapeutictherapeutic actionaction of theof the substancesubstance
largely depends.largely depends.
21. 1. Alkaloids1. Alkaloids
organicorganic nitrogenousnitrogenous substancessubstances
bitterbitter
insoluble in waterinsoluble in water
react with acids to form saltsreact with acids to form salts
salts are soluble in body fluidssalts are soluble in body fluids
Examples areExamples are
atropineatropine,, caffeinecaffeine,,,, morphinemorphine,, nicotinenicotine,, quininequinine,,
reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.
24. Caffeine (CNS Stimulant)Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) is the activeis the active
principle in tea, coffee.principle in tea, coffee.
CocaineCocaine is the active principle of theis the active principle of the
coca leaf, which is chewed as acoca leaf, which is chewed as a
stimulant-narcoticstimulant-narcotic
25. Atropine (Anticholinergic) ----
from leaves of atropa belladona.
Ephedrine (bronchodilator) ----
from plant Ephedra Vulgaris
Quinine (Antimalarial) ----
from bark of Cinchona.
Reserpine (Antihypertensive) ----
from roots of Rauwalfia serpentia
26. 2.2. GlycosidesGlycosides
AnyAny compoundcompound that contains athat contains a
carbohydratecarbohydrate molecule (sugar)molecule (sugar)
by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible intoby hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into
sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)
glucoside (glucose),glucoside (glucose),
pentosidepentoside (pentose),(pentose),
fructoside (fructose) etcfructoside (fructose) etc
27. EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
DigoxinDigoxin (cardiac stimulant)(cardiac stimulant)------ leavesleaves
of digitalis purpurea or digitalisof digitalis purpurea or digitalis
lanatalanata
Anthraqinone glycosidesAnthraqinone glycosides ((laxativelaxative
action)action) ---------- senna,cascara,aloesenna,cascara,aloe
48. And what,” you ask, “is aAnd what,” you ask, “is a
recombinantrecombinant drug?!”drug?!”
49. Recombinant DrugsRecombinant Drugs
These are drugsThese are drugs
produced byproduced by
means ofmeans of
recombinantrecombinant
DNA technologyDNA technology
It all starts with aIt all starts with a
gene that codesgene that codes
for a specificfor a specific
protein ...protein ...
DNA
RNA
Protein
(A drug)
50. How a recombinant drug is madeHow a recombinant drug is made ......
Plasmid
(a circular bit o’ DNA)
cDNA(codes for a protein)
E.COLI
HUMAN INSULIN
51. Example of a Recombinant DrugExample of a Recombinant Drug::
InsulinInsulin
Most insulin isMost insulin is
now recombinantnow recombinant
Consists of twoConsists of two
chains (A and B)chains (A and B)
A and B chainsA and B chains
joined chemicallyjoined chemically
S
S
A
B
53. Sources of Drug InformationSources of Drug Information
The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) andThe United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and
National Formulary (NF)National Formulary (NF)
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
Drug Facts and ComparisonsDrug Facts and Comparisons
TextbookTextbook
JournalsJournals
Continuing medical education programsContinuing medical education programs
Drug company representativesDrug company representatives
Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)
InternetInternet
54. Helpful Internet SitesHelpful Internet Sites
MedscapeMedscape
(http:/www.medscape.com)(http:/www.medscape.com)
Food and Drug AdministrationFood and Drug Administration
(http:/www.fda.gov)(http:/www.fda.gov)
PharmInfoPharmInfo
(http:/www.pharminfo.com)(http:/www.pharminfo.com)
RxMedRxMed
(http:/www.rxmed.com)(http:/www.rxmed.com)