This document discusses sources of drugs and active drug principles. It defines drugs and medicines, and outlines various sources including natural sources from plants, animals, and minerals; microbial sources; human sources; synthetic sources; and those produced through genetic engineering. The key active principles discussed are alkaloids, glycosides, oils, resins, gums, and tannins. Reliable sources of drug information are also listed.

1. Dr Bilal Ahmad MalikDr Bilal Ahmad Malik
Sources of DrugSources of Drug
&&
Active principle of DrugActive principle of Drug

2. ObjectivesObjectives
After completing the discussion, the student will be able toAfter completing the discussion, the student will be able to
 Define drug and medicineDefine drug and medicine
 Describe different sources of drugDescribe different sources of drug
 Identify the active principles of a drugIdentify the active principles of a drug
 Select authorative sources of drugSelect authorative sources of drug
information.information.

3. Do Drugs play any role in our lives ?

4. MedicinesMedicines
 Part of our way of LifePart of our way of Life
 Birth DeathBirth Death..

5.  Average family experiences illness onAverage family experiences illness on
one day in four.one day in four.
Between ages of 20-45 years a lowerBetween ages of 20-45 years a lower
middle class man experiences approx.middle class man experiences approx.
 one life endangering illnessone life endangering illness
 20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses
 200 non disabling illnesses200 non disabling illnesses
 1000 symptomatic episodes1000 symptomatic episodes
 12 years of bad health in an average life12 years of bad health in an average life
span.span.

6. What is Drug ?What is Drug ?
What is Medicine ?

7. Drugs/MedicinesDrugs/Medicines
WHO scientific group has defined a drug asWHO scientific group has defined a drug as
Any substance or product that is used or intended to
be used to modify or explore physiological systems
or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
A substance that changes the biological system by
interacting with it

8. A medicine is a substance or aA medicine is a substance or a
mixture of substances used inmixture of substances used in
restoring or preserving health.restoring or preserving health.

9.  A drug is a single chemical substanceA drug is a single chemical substance
that forms the active ingredient of athat forms the active ingredient of a
medicine.medicine.
 A medicine may contain many otherA medicine may contain many other
substances to deliver the drug in asubstances to deliver the drug in a
stable form, acceptable and convenientstable form, acceptable and convenient
to the patient.to the patient.
Drug vs Medicine?

10. Why do weWhy do we
need/ Useneed/ Use
Drugs/Drugs/
Medicines?Medicines?

11. Uses of drugs/MedicinesUses of drugs/Medicines
 To cure the disease
To suppress the disease
To prevent disease
To diagnose the disease

12. PharmacologyPharmacology

13. Study of pharmacology involves the study ofStudy of pharmacology involves the study of
 origin of drugsorigin of drugs
 Chemical and physical properties of drugsChemical and physical properties of drugs
 Physiologic effects and site of action in thePhysiologic effects and site of action in the
bodybody
 Absorption, distribution, metabolism, andAbsorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion.excretion.
 Safe/effective dosage regimen & route ofSafe/effective dosage regimen & route of
administration.administration.
 Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drugAdverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug
interactionsinteractions

14. Sources of DrugsSources of Drugs
 Naturally occurringNaturally occurring
 Modified natural drugsModified natural drugs
 Mineral sourcesMineral sources
 Microbial sourcesMicrobial sources
 Human sourcesHuman sources
 Synthetic sourcesSynthetic sources
 Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering

15. Active principles of drugActive principles of drug
A constituent of aA constituent of a drugdrug, upon the, upon the
presence of which thepresence of which the characteristiccharacteristic
therapeutictherapeutic actionaction of theof the substancesubstance
largely depends.largely depends.

16. ExamplesExamples
 AlkaloidsAlkaloids
 GlycodiesGlycodies
 TanninsTannins
 Oleo-resinsOleo-resins
 OilsOils
 GumsGums

17. Natural sources of drugsNatural sources of drugs
Animals
Plants

18. Plant SourcesPlant Sources

19. Plant SourcesPlant Sources
 Earliest sourceEarliest source
 GalenicalsGalenicals ------
Galen (GreekGalen (Greek
physician)physician)

20. Active PrinciplesActive Principles
inin
PlantsPlants

21. 1. Alkaloids1. Alkaloids
 organicorganic nitrogenousnitrogenous substancessubstances
 bitterbitter

insoluble in waterinsoluble in water

react with acids to form saltsreact with acids to form salts

salts are soluble in body fluidssalts are soluble in body fluids
Examples areExamples are
atropineatropine,, caffeinecaffeine,,,, morphinemorphine,, nicotinenicotine,, quininequinine,,
reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.

22. Morphine (opioid analgesic)
Heroin
codeine
unripe capsules papaver
somniferum (Opium Poppy).

23. Nicotine,Nicotine, thethe
active principlesactive principles
of tobaccoof tobacco

24. Caffeine (CNS Stimulant)Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) is the activeis the active
principle in tea, coffee.principle in tea, coffee.
CocaineCocaine is the active principle of theis the active principle of the
coca leaf, which is chewed as acoca leaf, which is chewed as a
stimulant-narcoticstimulant-narcotic

25. Atropine (Anticholinergic) ----
from leaves of atropa belladona.
Ephedrine (bronchodilator) ----
from plant Ephedra Vulgaris
Quinine (Antimalarial) ----
from bark of Cinchona.
Reserpine (Antihypertensive) ----
from roots of Rauwalfia serpentia

26. 2.2. GlycosidesGlycosides
AnyAny compoundcompound that contains athat contains a
carbohydratecarbohydrate molecule (sugar)molecule (sugar)
by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible intoby hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into
sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)
 glucoside (glucose),glucoside (glucose),
 pentosidepentoside (pentose),(pentose),
 fructoside (fructose) etcfructoside (fructose) etc

27. EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
DigoxinDigoxin (cardiac stimulant)(cardiac stimulant)------ leavesleaves
of digitalis purpurea or digitalisof digitalis purpurea or digitalis
lanatalanata
Anthraqinone glycosidesAnthraqinone glycosides ((laxativelaxative
action)action) ---------- senna,cascara,aloesenna,cascara,aloe

28. 3.3. OilsOils
 Fixed oils
 Volatile oils
 Mineral oils

29. Fixed oilsFixed oils
 Esters of fatty acid and glycerol
 Edible
Examples
 Coconut oil
 Mustard oil
 Olive oil
 Castor oil (Purgative)
 Cod liver oil (Vitamin A & D)
 Used in the preparation of ointments,
suppositories, Soaps

30. Volatile OilsVolatile Oils
Essential or flavoring oils.
EXAMPLES:
LIQUID
Clove oil (toothache)
Eucalyptus oil
Coriander oil
Dill oil
Ginger oil ( Carminative)
Terpentine oil ( counter irrritant )
SOLIDS
Camphor
Menthol (peppermint oil)

31. Mineral OilMineral Oil
Hydrocarbon
Obtained from petroleum
EXAMPLE: Liquid paraffin (Lubricant & Laxative)

32. 4.4. RESINSRESINS
Formed by :
Oxidation or polymerization of volatile oils
Amorphous, brittle, translucent, hard solids
Example:
Podophyllum (Purgative action),
Jalap ( hydragogue)
Toxicological importance

33. 5. OLIORESINS5. OLIORESINS
Mixtures of resins & volatile oils
Example:
Benzoin (Antiseptic)

34. 6. GUMS6. GUMS
Inert ----- emulsifying agents -Gum acacia,
Gum tragacanth
Active --------------------------------------- Agar
(Purgative)

35. 7. TANNINS7. TANNINS
 Mixture of esters of Gallic acid
+ Glucose
 Astringent action on MM
 Hemostatic

36. Animal SourcesAnimal Sources

37. Animal SourcesAnimal Sources
 HormonesHormones

InsulinInsulin (hypoglycemic)(hypoglycemic)
 Oils and fatsOils and fats

cod-liver oilcod-liver oil
 EnzymesEnzymes

Pancreatin, PepsinPancreatin, Pepsin
 VaccinesVaccines

killed, modified orkilled, modified or
attenuated virusesattenuated viruses

38. Mineral Sources of DrugsMineral Sources of Drugs

39. Mineral Sources of DrugsMineral Sources of Drugs
 Eg:Eg:
• Iron (Anemia)Iron (Anemia)
• Aluminum hydroxide (Antacid)Aluminum hydroxide (Antacid)
• IodineIodine ( Lugol’s iodine for thyrotoxicosis,( Lugol’s iodine for thyrotoxicosis,
tincture iodine as antiseptic )tincture iodine as antiseptic )
• Magnesium sulphate (Purgative)Magnesium sulphate (Purgative)
• Sulphur (Scabies)Sulphur (Scabies)
• Antimony salts (Kala Azar)Antimony salts (Kala Azar)
• Bismuth Salts (peptic Ulcer )Bismuth Salts (peptic Ulcer )

40. Microbial Sources

41. ExamplesExamples
AntibioticAntibioticss
Penicillin -----Penicillin -----
Penicillium chrysogenumPenicillium chrysogenum
Streptomycin, neomycin ----Streptomycin, neomycin ----
Actinomycetaceae.Actinomycetaceae.
EnzymesEnzymes
StreptokinaseStreptokinase (Fibrinolytic) ----(Fibrinolytic) ----
streptococcusstreptococcus

42. HUMAN SOURCES

43. Immunoglobulins ------------ from blood
Growth hormones ---------- anterior pituitary
Chorionic gonadotropin-- urine of pregnant women

44. SYNTHETIC SOURCES

45. Organic
e.g.: penicillin
Inorganic
 sulfonamide antibiotics
 oral contraceptives

46. GENETIC ENGINEERING

47. Laboratory Produced Drugs
Recombinant
drugs

48. And what,” you ask, “is aAnd what,” you ask, “is a
recombinantrecombinant drug?!”drug?!”

49. Recombinant DrugsRecombinant Drugs
 These are drugsThese are drugs
produced byproduced by
means ofmeans of
recombinantrecombinant
DNA technologyDNA technology
 It all starts with aIt all starts with a
gene that codesgene that codes
for a specificfor a specific
protein ...protein ...
DNA
RNA
Protein
(A drug)

50. How a recombinant drug is madeHow a recombinant drug is made ......
Plasmid
(a circular bit o’ DNA)
cDNA(codes for a protein)
E.COLI
HUMAN INSULIN

51. Example of a Recombinant DrugExample of a Recombinant Drug::
InsulinInsulin
 Most insulin isMost insulin is
now recombinantnow recombinant
 Consists of twoConsists of two
chains (A and B)chains (A and B)
 A and B chainsA and B chains
joined chemicallyjoined chemically
S
S
A
B

52. SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATIONSOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION

53. Sources of Drug InformationSources of Drug Information
 The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) andThe United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and
National Formulary (NF)National Formulary (NF)
 Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
 Drug Facts and ComparisonsDrug Facts and Comparisons
 TextbookTextbook
 JournalsJournals
 Continuing medical education programsContinuing medical education programs
 Drug company representativesDrug company representatives
 Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)
 InternetInternet

54. Helpful Internet SitesHelpful Internet Sites
 MedscapeMedscape
(http:/www.medscape.com)(http:/www.medscape.com)
 Food and Drug AdministrationFood and Drug Administration
(http:/www.fda.gov)(http:/www.fda.gov)
 PharmInfoPharmInfo
(http:/www.pharminfo.com)(http:/www.pharminfo.com)
 RxMedRxMed
(http:/www.rxmed.com)(http:/www.rxmed.com)