This document describes the comparison-tree method for selecting superior trees for breeding programs. The method involves comparing candidate trees to nearby comparison trees of similar age and site conditions to account for environmental influences. If the candidate tree is superior to the comparison trees for traits of interest like growth, form, or disease resistance, it is designated as a plus tree suitable for the breeding program. Guidelines are provided for selecting stands and individual trees to identify the most genetically superior specimens while maintaining genetic diversity.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
Tree improvement | Techniques & PracticesAnand Charvin
Tree improvement relies on understanding and using variation that naturally occurs in tree populations.
This presentation aims to allow the users to learn about tree improvement and the techniques and practices.
Introduction to Agroforestry, Objectives of Agroforestry, Features of Agroforestry, Characteristics of Good Agroforestry systems, 4I system, Importance of Agroforestry etc
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
Tree improvement | Techniques & PracticesAnand Charvin
Tree improvement relies on understanding and using variation that naturally occurs in tree populations.
This presentation aims to allow the users to learn about tree improvement and the techniques and practices.
Introduction to Agroforestry, Objectives of Agroforestry, Features of Agroforestry, Characteristics of Good Agroforestry systems, 4I system, Importance of Agroforestry etc
Current applications of biotechnology to forestry are modest, especially when compared to agriculture or pharmaceuticals. However, the potential for application of biotechnology to forestry and forest plantations is great.
Mejoramiento genético de la especie eucalipto (Lineas híbridas interespecific...Apolinar Saldaña Tafur
Se plantea un plan de mejoramiento genético para la especie Eucalyptus sp. con el objetivo de incrementar la productividad en plantaciones comerciales destinadas a la producción de madera solida (aserrío) mediante la obtención de líneas hibridas interespecificas con el cruce de las especies de Eucalipto “Eucalyptus tereticornis” y “Eucalyptus pellita” buscando de este modo reunir características deseables como lo son la forma, densidad de madera, crecimiento, resistencia a plagas y enfermedades, y demás caracteres positivos de dos especies de valor forestal; con el añadido de experimentar superioridad híbrida por complementariedad (debida a genes de acción aditiva) cuando el híbrido combina características deseadas de ambos padres y heterosis o vigor híbrido (debida a genes de acción no aditiva).
Presented on February 15, 2016 to the U.S. Grains Council in Sarasota, FL. The presentation talks about modern methods of plant genetic improvement and how these strategies will be augmented with the next wave of breeding technologies, like CRISPR/cas9.
HDP in Fruit Crops (Sanjay Cherty).pptxsanjaychetry2
Accommodation of the maximum possible number of the plants per unit area to get the maximum possible profit per unit of the tree volume without impairing the soil fertility status is called the high-density planting. HDP orchards were first planted in Europe at the end of the 19th century and since then there is a decline in traditional orchards with low densities. The underlying principle of a HDP is to make the best use of vertical and horizontal space per unit time and to harness maximum possible return per unit of inputs which means “planting of more number of plants than optimum through manipulation of tree size”. UHDP or Meadow Orchard System is a new concept of planting which has been developed in guava for the first time in India at CISH, Lucknow. The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of various fruit cultivation using small or dwarf tree with modified canopy. Fertilizer dose, spacing, growth regulation by the training and pruning, use of the mechanical devices etc. may also be tried either singly or coupled with other crop management practices for a successful adoption of this concept. It also promotes rate of photosynthesis that leads to high yield per unit area.
Planting densities:
Low HDP <250 trees/ha
Moderate HDP 250 to 500 trees/ha
High HDP 500 to 1250 trees/ha
Ultra HDP >1250 trees/ha
Super HDP 20,000 trees/ha
Meadow Orchard >70,000 trees/ha
Advantages:
Efficient utilization of inputs (seeds, plants, manures, fertilizers, chemicals, pesticides, machineries, tools, labours etc.) and resources (soil, water, solar radiation etc.).
Higher yield
Higher economic return
Easy canopy management
Convenient farm mechanization
Easy harvest
Improved quality of harvest
Disadvantages:
Higher establishment cost
Professional and scientific approach
Less life spans
Labor intensive
Maintenance of plant architecture becomes a tedious job
Key aspects of High-Density Planting:
Use of dwarfing rootstock and scion cultivars
Clonal rootstock
Training system
Pruning of plants
Use of Growth retardants
Light interception
Planting density
Canopy management
Dwarfing Rootstock
Apple M27, M9, M26, M4, M7, MM106
Mango Vellaikolumbun, Olour
Guava Pusa srijan, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. pumilum
Ber Z. nummularia
Citrus Alemow, Trifoliate orange, Flying dragon
Pear Oregon 211, Oregon 249, Quince C
Plum St. Julien, Pixy
Dwarfing Scion
Apple Red Spur, Starkrimson, Gold Spur, Well, Spur, Oregon Spur, Silver Spur, Red Chief, Mango Amrapalli
Papaya Pusa Nanha
Peach Red Heaven
Sapota PKM 1 and PKM 1
Training and Pruning:
Training and pruning are important orchard operations. It is part and parcel of high-density planting without which HDP cannot be successfully followed. Both the processes form an indispensable operation having direct bearing on growth and vigour of plants besides on yield and quality of fruits. A properly trained and pruned plants sustain heavy crop load and produce bounteous harvest of quality.
Advancing knowledge in litchi tree architecture, growth physiology, possibility of using
growth retardants has enabled farmers to adopt closer planting and maintaining
reachable canopy. This system is popularly known as the High Density Planting (HDP).
It enables profitable cropping, high regular yields and improved farm management practices,
leading to higher productivity. Today new orchards of litchis are being attempted to plant in
this system with a view to produce higher fruit yield and increased profitably. Use of growth
retardants which restricts tree growth and encourages early flower induction, have also been
found helpful for these high-density planting systems.
High density planting technique is a modern method of litchi cultivation involving
planting of litchi trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees with modified canopy for better
light interception and distribution and ease of mechanised field operations. Control of pests
and diseases, weeds and pruning of tree canopy can be carried out by machine. Irrigation and
fertigation are automatically controlled. Such system produces precocious cropping, high and
regular yields of good quality fruits and low labour requirement to meet ever rising production
costs. Merit of HDP over Normal Planting
Increasing pressure on land owing to diversion of orchard lands to various other obvious
reasons as well as rising energy and land-costs, together with mounting demand for fruits have
made it imperative to achieve higher productivity of litchi from limited space. One should be
very conscious in case of high density litchi because closer spacing may bring negative impact
in growers’ fields if the complete package of high density has not been properly understood
and followed.
The normal planting distance in litchi has been 9-10 m. Such orchard takes 10-15 years
to provide economic returns depending upon the cultivar, and cultural practices. Due to poor
early returns and clash between the cultural requirements of the intercrop with main crop, litchi
orcharding so far is done by large farmers who can afford tall treesComponents of High Density Planting
There are four major components of high density planting system. These are:
1. Planting Density: Even though a small canopy with a high number of well-illuminated
leaves is efficient in photosynthesis but it is very poor in light interception, which leads
to low potential yield per hectare. Light interception could be improved by increasing
tree density. An optimum tree density is the level of density which is required to facilitate
optimum light distribution and interception leading to high photosynthesis. As a result,
yield per hectare is maximized. An optimum light interception is a factor of plant form,
planting density, tree arrangement and leaf response to light for photosynthesis. Optimum
light interception can be defined as a level of light intercepted by an orchard system
above or below which, the economic yield will be reduced.
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting ...AmanDohre
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting And Fruit Quality In Guava, Grapes, Pomegranate, Ber, Apple, Pear And Peach.
Canopy development and management significantly influence growth, flowering, fruiting, and fruit quality in guava, grapes, pomegranate, ber, apple, pear, and peach. Proper canopy management practices such as pruning, thinning, and trellising promote optimal light penetration, air circulation, and nutrient distribution within the canopy. This enhances photosynthesis, leading to improved vegetative growth, increased flower formation, and enhanced fruit set. Well-managed canopies also facilitate better fruit development, coloration, and sugar accumulation, resulting in superior fruit quality. Tailored canopy management approaches specific to each fruit crop ensure optimal growth, productivity, and fruit characteristics, ultimately maximizing yield and market value.
EVERYTHING UNDER PLANNING AND SEETING UP OF AN ORCHARD. A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR HORTICULTURE STUDENTS. VARIOUS PLANTING SYSTEMS, THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
Canopy management and high density plantations systems in apple for higher profitability. Different systems are described to elucidate their potential and feasibility under different conditions. Comparative economic analysis of canopy management systems is given for their motivative adoption. Role of rootstock and varieties for obtaining higher and quality returns under different canopy management systems is described.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. SELECTION
First step in any tree breeding/ improvement programs.
Choose most desirable individuals for use as parents in breeding
and production programs.
Enables to attain significant amount of genetic gain as quickly and
inexpensively as possible, at the same time maintaining a broad
genetic base to ensure future gains.
Selection methods depends on
Type of genetic variation in the population
Availability of pedigree information
Degree of urgency in establishing production seed orchards
Type of stand (plantations) and species characters
Condition of the forest
3. Selection of traits
1. Stem: height, diameter, forking, straightness, taper,
bark thickness
2. Branches: number, diameter, angle, distribution
3. Crown: length, width, symmetry, foliage
4. Wood: density, fibre dimensions, gain, workability
5. Phytochemicals: yield, composition, quality
6. Adaptation: effect of drought or other environmental factors,
tolerance to pest and pathogen attack
4. Selection criteria
Straight, cylindrical, non forking, non twisting bole
Fast growth
Narrow crown
Thin branches with wide branch angles
High wood density and long fibre
Resistance to pest and diseases
5. DEFINITIONS
Candidate tree
A tree that has been selected for grading because of its desirable
phenotypic qualities but that has not yet been graded or tested.
marked with yellow band of 5cm width, 5cm above breast height.
Select, Superior or Plus tree
A tree that has been recommended for production or breeding orchard
use following grading.
It has a superior phenotype and appears to be adaptable
it not been tested for its genetic worth, although the chances of its
having a good genotype are high for characteristics with a reasonable
heritability.
Marked by another yellow band (2) of 5 cm with, 5cm below breast
height.
6. Elite tree
Selected trees that have proven to be genetically superior by means of
progeny testing.
Tree is most suited for desired for use in mass production of seeds or
vegetative propagules.
Comparison or Check tree
Trees that are located in the same stand , are of nearly the same age,
are growing on the same or better site as the select tree and against
which the select tree is graded
7. Comparison/ check-tree method
Suitable for plantations and even aged natural stands
First selection of candidate tree – screened for traits in relation to
few surrounding trees
Comparison tree should be selected from dominant or co-dominant
crown with similar age and site conditions, approximately within
100m range from the candidate tree.
Superiority of the candidate tree over the average of the
comparison tree is worked out for each trait
Candidate tree is designated as plus tree if it proves superior to the
comparison trees; otherwise rejected.
Objective is to adjust or correct the phenotypic value of the
candidate tree for environmental effects common to that particular
stand.
8. Comparison tree may be related to the candidate tree – will
become with in family selection –result in reduction in genetic gain
Not bad trees are chosen but the good trees are discarded
Improved by increasing the number of comparison trees and by
using comparison trees not immediately adjacent to the candidate
tree
9. A candidate tree is compared with
its nearest neighbours in a stand
10.
11. Guidelines for selecting candidate
trees
1. Search should be concentrated on stands and plantations that are
average or better in growth and other characters of interest.
2. Stands in which candidate trees are sought should be located on
the same variety of sites where plantations from improved seed will
ultimately be established.
3. When selection are made from plantations, information about the
suitability of the seed source used in the planting should be
obtained.
4. In older stands, the search effort should be confined to trees that
have an age range of no more than 10 to 15 years younger or
older than the projected rotation age of the plantation that are to
be established.
12. 5. Selection should be made from stands that are pure in species
composition as possible.
6. Stands must be avoided that have been logged for poles or pilings or
that have been high graded or thinned from above.
7. The minimum size of a stand or plantation in which a candidate can
be located is immaterial.
8. Preferably only one select tree should be accepted from any one
small natural stand to reduce the possibility of obtaining candidate
tree that are close relatives. Not apply to plantations.
9. Highly desirable for candidate tree to exhibit a heavy flower or cone
crop
10. Once decision has been made to look over an area for candidate
trees, a through systematic search should be made.
11. Comparison or check tree selection should be used when feasible.
13. General precautions for candidate
tree selection
1. A systematic search for plus tree selection must concentrate on
average or good stand.
2. Selection should be done from uniform age and site conditions, similar
to where the plantation will be established.
3. Isolated trees or border trees in a stand should be excluded.
4. Age of tree should be more than half of the rotation age but less than
the rotation age of the species.
5. No more than 3 to 4 selections per hectare should be preferred.
6. Candidate tree should be selected from upper crown in a stand.
7. Comparison tree should be selected from the near vicinity of the
candidate tree.
8. The candidate tree should be 5% superior in height and 20% in dbh.
14. 9. The candidate tree must be free from apparent pest and disease
damage.
10. Stem should not have crooked bole.
11. Trees should have good seed production capacity.
12. Select few trees (30-40) from large part of species-distribution range
with utmost care to avoid the extra environmental advantage.
13. Traits of economic significance should be determined by the
objective of plus tree selection.
14. Traits for selection should be arranged according to economic
priority in descending order.
15. Record the ownership, geographical information and map of the
area of plus tree selection.
15. Reference
Zobel, B. and Talbert, J. 1984. Applied Forest Tree Improvement. The
Blackburn Press, USA, 505p.
Surendran, C., Sehgal, R. N. and Paramathma, M. 2003. Textbook of
Forest Tree Breeding. ICAR, New Delhi, 247p.
Manadal, A. K. and Gibson, G. L. 1998. Forest Genetics and Tree
Breeding. CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 268p.
Editor's Notes
Instance: difference in one or two age will made younger ones being suppressed
Ideal plus tree has
Most common method, Teak, sandal, bombax ceiba
Observations are recorded on the character of economic importance on the candidate tree report for the selection of candidate tree and the adjacent 4-5 comparison/ check trees.
Truly silvicultural and mechanically thinned can be selected