The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Different breeding techniques for development of varities and hybrids that are allowed according to IFOAM Norms and need for development of varities specific for organic conditions. Importance of organic foods in current situation in context with health befits and environmental safety as well. To prevent health and environmental side effects form harmful chemicals.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
Present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse cropsmamatassubedi14
The slide share describes the present status and future plans for hybrid development in pulse crops.
Since hybrid development in pulses is difficult, only a very small number of hybrids have been released to date.
The hinderance to developing hybrid pulse is due to its floral structure.
However, male sterility has been utilized to develop hybrids in the pulse crops
CGMS is found to be very effective for commercial hybrid seed production in pulses.
Moreover, in future, next-generation sequencing, including genome selection and gene editing, can be utilized to develop hybrids in pulse crops.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. BULK METHOD
The bulk method of breeding was first used by
Nilson – Ehle in 1908.
This method is also known as “Mass Method”
or the “The Population Method”.
Bulk population breeding is a strategy of crop
improvement in which the natural selection
effect is solicited more directly in the early
generations of the procedure by delaying
stringent artificial selection until later
generations.
3. In the bulk method , F2 and subsequent
generations are harvested in mass or as bulks to raise
the next generation.
At the end of bulking period , individual plants are
selected and evaluated in a similar manner as in
pedigree method.
The duration of bulking may vary from 6-7 to 30 or
more generations.
During bulking period, artificial selection may or
may not be practiced , but natural selection plays an
important role in shifting gene frequencies.
When desirable purposes are fulfilled , bulking is
stopped and individual plants are selected and
evaluated.
4.
5. ADVANTAGES
Less record keeping than pedigree which saves
time & labour.
Very simple, convenient & less expensive.
Natural selection increases the frequency of
superior genotypes in the population.
More useful than pedigree method with lower h2
traits
There is greater chance for isolation of
transgressive segregates than in pedigree method
due to large population.
Most suitable for improvement of small grains.
6. DISADVANTAGES
1.Environmental changes from season to season so adaptive
advantages shift
2. It takes much longer time to develop a new variety.
3. Not useful in selecting plant types at a competitive
disadvantage (dwarf types)
4.Final genotypes may be able to withstand environmental
stress, but may not be highest yielding
5. If used with a cross pollinated species, inbreeding
depression may be a problem
6. It provides little opportunity for breeder to exercise his skill
or judgement in selection.
7. APPLICATIONS
The bulk method is suitable for handling the
segregating generations of cereals, small millets,
grain legumes and oilseeds. It may be for
different purposes like :-
1) Isolation of homozygous lines with a
minimum efforts and expenses.
2) Waiting for the opportunity for selection ,
natural /suitable environmental condition.
3) To provide opportunity for natural selection
to change the composition of the population.
8. PEDIGREE METHOD
The method was first described by H. H. Lowe in
1927.
Pedigree : “A description of the ancestors of an
individual and it generally goes back to some
back to some distant ancestors in the past”
Thus, a pedigree would describe the parents ,
grand parents , great grand parents and so on.
The pedigree is helpful in finding out if two
individuals are related by descent their
ancestry, and therefore, are likely to have some
genes in common.
9. PEDIGREE RECORD
In pedigree method, a detailed record of the
relationships between the selected plants and
their progenies is maintained.
As a result, each progeny in every generation
can be traced back to the F2 plants from which
it is originated such a record is known as
Pedigree- Record.
10. PROCEDURES
In pedigree method, individual plants are
selected from F2 and the subsequent
generations, and their progenies are tested.
During the entire operation a pedigree
record is kept.
Individual plant selection is continued till
the progenies show no segregation. At this
stage , selection is done among the progenies
because there would be no genetic variation
within the progenies.
11.
12. ADVANTAGES
1. Record keeping provides a catalog of genetic
information of the cultivar.
2. Selection is based not only on phenotype but
also on genotype (progeny row).
3. Using the records, the breeder is able to
advance only the progeny lines in which
plants that carry the genes for the target traits
occur.
4. A high degree of genetic purity is produced in
the cultivar.
5. The breeding value of value of selected
plants is ascertained by progeny test.
13. DISADVANTAGES
1. Record keeping is slow, tedious, time-
consuming, and expensive.
2. The method is not suitable for species in which
individual plants are difficult to isolate and
characterize.
3. Pedigree selection is a long procedure, requiring
about 10–12 years or more to complete, if only
one growing season is possible.
4. Since large number of progenies are rejected in
this method, there are chances of elimination of
some valuable material.
14. APPLICATIONS
For the improvement of self pollinated species
for the development of new pure line varieties.
This method is also used in cross pollinated
species for the development of inbred lines.
Used for polygenic traits than oligogenic.
It is used to correct some specific weakness of
an established variety with aims to improve the
yield and quality parameters.
It is also useful in the selection of new superior
recombinants from segregating population.
15. ACHIEVEMENTS
Crop Examples
Rice Krishna,Sarbarmati,Ratna,Padma,Jaya,Bala,Kaveri
Wheat HD 2281, HD2285,HD2380, ND 2402 , Janak , Pratp,
Raj 2535
Cotton LH 900, LH 1556, F 846, F 1054, F 1378, HS 6, Vikas,
Sharda , MCU 9, MCU 11, LRA 5166
Pigeon pea T 21, Prabhat
Green gram T2, T 44 , T51, Sheela
Chickpea T1, T2, T3, T5 , Radhey
Pea Pant Matar 2, Jawahar Matar 1, Jawakar Matar 4
16. Pedigree Method Bulk Method
1 Most widely used Breeding
method
Used only to a limited extent
2 Individual plants are selected
in F2 & subsequent
generations and individual
plant progenies are grown
F2 and subsequent generations are
grown in bulk
3 Artificial selection ; artificial
disease epidemics etc. are an
integral part of the method
Mainly natural selection. In certain
cases artificial selection may be
essential
4 Pedigree Records have to be
maintained which is often time
consuming &laborious
No pedigree records are maintained
5 Generally its taken 12-13
years to release new variety
Takes more than 15 years.
6 Requires close attention of
breeder from F2 onwards
It is quite simple and does not
require much attention
17. LINE BREEDING
Three types of line Breeding Approaches in
Line Breeding
1. One Line Approach
2. Two Line Approach
3. Three Line Approach
18. ONE LINE BREEDING - APOMIXIS
Apomictic lines are those lines which are developed
without means of sexual reproduction and they have
different component ways in producing like
parthenogenesis, apogamy, apospory,and adventive
embryony .
Since these lines are capable of maintaining genetic
purity over generations there is high regard for these to
produce hybrid.
Apomixis is effective means for rapid production of
pure lines
19. APOMIXIS
Haploid parthenogenesis give rise to haploid plants
which upon colichine treatment will produce diploid
pure lines that can be used in plant breeding
programmes.
A superior plant type which produce seed by apomictic
means will usually bread true for the characteristics of
mother plant
Thus apomixis is useful in maintaining the
characteristics of mother plant from generation to
generation.
20. TWO LINE BREEDING
Two line
Approach
Cytoplasmic
Male
Sterility
Genetic
Male
Sterility
21. GENETIC MALE STERILITY
The male sterile line (ms ms ) is allowed to be
cross pollinated with a male fertile (Ms Ms )
that combines well with the male sterile line,
the seed produced on the male sterile line is the
hybrid seed, the hybrid is male fertile (Ms ms )
It commercially exploited in castor and pigeon
pea.
GMS presents a serious problem , in the female
parent , 50 % is male fertile which is identified
and eliminated before they shed pollen.
22. THIS PROBLEM IS OVERCOME BY PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVE OR
TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY . HOW IT IS
WORKS IS SHOWN UNDER.
23. CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY
This type of male sterility is determined by the cytoplasm.
Since the cytoplasm of a zygote comes primarily from egg
cell, the progeny of such male sterile plants would always be
male sterile.
Nuclear genotype of male sterile line would be almost
identical to that of the recurrent pollinator strain.
The male sterile line is maintained by crossing it with the
pollinator strain used as the recurrent parent in the
backcross programme since its nuclear genotype is identical
with that of this new male sterile line.
such a male fertile line is known as the maintainer line or B
line as it is used to maintain the male sterile line is also
known as the A line
24. Cytoplasmic male sterility may be utilized for
producing hybrid seed in certain ornamental
species, or in species where a vegetative part is
of economic value.
But in those crop plants where seed is the
economic part, it is of no use because the hybrid
progeny would be male sterile.
Cytoplasmic male sterility is not influenced by
environmental factors such as low or high
temp.,in other words the sterility is stable.
25. THREE LINE BREEDING -- CGMS
This is a case of cytoplasmic male sterility where a
nuclear gene for restoring fertility in MS line is known.
This system involves
1. Cytoplasmically determined MS plants known as A line
in the genetic constitution.
2. Fertile counter parts of A line known as maintainer line
or B line with the genetic constitution.
3. Restorer plants used to restorer the fertility in
commercial seed plots known as R lines in the genetic
constitution.
26. Maintenance of Male Sterile Line or A line:
Since A line does not produce pollen, seed is not formed for
maintaining A line. It has to be crossed with its fertile
counter part having similar nuclear genes with fertile
cytoplasm which is known as B-line.
Production of Hybrid seed:
• For production of hybrid seed, A-line has to be kept as
female parent and the pollen parent should posses the
restorer genes in order to induce fertility and seed
development in the next generation.
• Such line is known as restorer line and denoted as ‘R’ line.
• The A line & R line should be of different genetic
constitution and should be able to give maximum
heterosis.
27.
28. LIMITATIONS IN USING MALE STERILE
SYSTEMS:
1. Existence and maintenance of A, B & R Lines is
laborious and difficult
2. If exotic lines are not suitable to our conditions, the
native/adaptive lines have to be converted into MS lines
3. Adequate cross pollination should be there between A
and R lines for good seed set.
4. Synchronization of flowering should be there between
A & R lines.
5.Fertility restoration should be complete otherwise the F1
seed will be sterile Isolation is needed for maintenance
of parental lines and for producing hybrid seed.