3. chickpea ppt 1

 B.N - Cicer arietinum
 Family – Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
 Chromosome no.- 14 , 16

 Gram is commonly known as chick pea, Bengal gram,
garbanzo bean, ceci bean, chana, .
 It is known as “King of Pulses”.
 Self pollinated crop.
 Long day & C3 plant.
 It is the most important pulse crop in India.
 India ranks 1st in the world in chick pea production.

 In India, Chick pea occupies about 38% of area under
pulses & contributes 50% of production.
 It is used for human consumption(as dal, vegetables,
snacks, sweets etc.) & for feeding to animals.
 The taste of the leaf of chick pea is sour due to the
presence of Maleic acid (90-96%); and Oxalic acid(4-
10%). Leaves are recommended for intestine disorder
patient.
 4-10 kg of these acids can be obtained from one ha crop.
 Germinated seeds can cure scurvy.

protein 17-23%
carbohydrate 61.5%
fat 4.5%
• It also contain Calcium of about 190 mg/100g;
• Iron 90.5 mg/100g.
• Phosphorus 280 mg/100g;
• Gram is rich source of calcium , iron and niacin.

 Gram has been known in this country for a long time. It is
said to be one of the oldest pulse known and cultivated
from ancient times both in Asia and Europe.
 The place of origin lies in south western asia, that is, in the
countries lying to the north-west of india such as
Afghanistan and persia)

Particular World India Madhya
Pradesh
Area(M. ha) 10 7.5 2.6
Production(M.t) 7.5 6.1 2.4
Productivity(kg/ha) 750 810 930
 On the basis of the cultivated area, chick pea is the 19th most
crop grown in the world.
 India is the largest producer of gram in the world sharing 65
% area & 70% of total global production.
 Important countries growing chick pea are Pakistan, India,
Turkey, Mexico, Burma, Ethiopia.
 In India, MP ranks 1st followed by MH.

Area 14.56 million hectares
Production 15.72 million tonnes
Productivity 1080 Kg/hec.
Sources: http://www.researchgate.net

Country Area(Lakh ha) Production
(lakh tan)
Productivity
(Kg /ha)
India 105.61 112.29 1063
Australia 10.69 20.49 1875
Pakistan 9.71 3.3 340
Iraq 5.66 2.71 480
Russia 4.57 4.18 916

State Area (M ha) Production (m
tan)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
Madhya Pradesh 3.22 3.55 1037
Maharashtra 1.95 1.65 846
Rajasthan 1.49 1.38 1076
Karnataka 1.25 0.39 735
Andhra Pradesh 0.35 0.43 1120
Sources: http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-and-distribution-chickpea

The CHICK PEA is classified in to 2 groups:
 Desi or brown gram (Cicer arietinum):
 Kabuli or white gram (cicer kabulium):

CHARACTERS DESI TYPE KABULI TYPE
Area under
cultivation
More area Less Area
Colour of the seed Yellow to dark brown White (or) Pale cream
Size of the seed Small Large ,bold and
attractive
Shape of the seed Irregular and
wrinkled
smooth
Plant structure Small and bushy Taller and erect.
Chromosome no. is 2n=14,16 2n=16.
Yield potential High yielders Low yielders

 Family: Fabaceae
 subfamily :Faboideae
 Small, much brunched herbaceous plant
 height 60cm.
 Root system: strong tap root
 Stem: the stem is branched produces not more then 1
secondary shoot.
 Leaves: the leaves are pinnately compound,& the colour
varies light green to dark with one terminal leaflet.
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob - 8381912586

One central tap root along with numerous lateral branches
that spread out in all directions in the upper layer of soils.
Nodules are found on these roots. Rhizobium bacteria found
on these nodules.

Greyish in appearance. The stem is branched with
granular hairs on it. The main branch in gram usually
produces not more than one secondary shoot, in some
types the main branches may produce numerous laterals
branches.

 The leaves are pinnately compound, usually with one terminal
leaflet. Number and size of leaflets may vary in different types.
 9-15 pairs leaflets are found.
 Leaflets are small with serrated edges.
 Colour vary from light green to green or dark green.
 Central type posses leaflets with red margins.

 Flowers: typical papilionaceous consisting five sepals, five
petal comprised of one standard, two wings and two keels,
ten stamens, nine fused to form one staminal column and
one free, and a carpel with the style borne laterally on the
ovary.
 Solitary flower present in axils of the leaves.
 white flowers with blue, violet or pink veins.
 Anthesis starts from 9:AM and 10 AM and may continue
up to 3 PM. Flowers remain open for two days, flowering
process being over early on the second day.
 Self pollination is the rule but cross pollination may occur
to the extent of about 5-10% due to agency of insects.

 The pod is about 2 cm long and usually contain two seeds.
 A plant produces about 50 to 150 pods.
Seed
 Spherical, wrinkled with a pointed beak
 Greatly vary in size and colour.
 The colour vary white, light fawn, yellowish-orange,
brown, dark brownish and with a little bluish tinge .
 Seed coat may be smooth or puckered and wrinkled.
 The cotyledons are thick and yellowish in colour

 Gram is winter season crop. Severe cold and frost are
injurious to it.
 Frost at the time flowering is injurious.
 Temparature:19-23º C.
 Generally grown as rainfed but gives good yield in
irrigated condition as well.
 Excessive rains soon after sowing or at flowering and
fruiting or hailstorms at ripening cause heavy loss.
 Best suited to the area having moderately rainfall of 60-
90 cm per annum.
 Elevation:1800MSL

 Grown on wide variety of soils.
 Generally grown on moderately heavy soils.
 Sandy loam to clay loam are best fit.
 Light alluvial soil is best with pH 6.0-7.5.
 Not suited >8.5.

Source Year of
Release
Area of adoption
Zone/State
Ave.
yield
(Q/ha)
Days to
maturit
y
Charecter
RAU,
Durgapur
a
1991 Rajasthan 20-23 135-150 to drought and frost, double
podded
CASUA
T
1992 NWPZ (Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi,
North Rajasthan
& West U.P.,
Bihar & West
Bengal).
20 135-140 Tolerant to root rot & wilt
stunt. Tolerant to pod borer.
Bold seeded.(late sown
ICRISAT 1992 SZ (A.P.,
Karnataka, Orissa
& Tamilnadu) CZ
(MP,Maharashtra,
Gujarat)
18-20 95-100 Resistant to Fusarium wilt
& dry root rot.
CSUAT 1992 Uttar Pradesh 21-23 145-150 Tolerant to wilt.
IARI 1993 NEPZ (East UP, 21-23 135-150 Moderately resistant to wilt,

eta
CV-2)
ICRISAT 1993 Maharashtra, A.P 12-13 80-90 Kabuli gram va
to wilt & Botryt
a -329 IARI 1993 NWPZ (Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi,
North Rajasthan &
West U.P)
21-23 145-155 Moderately resis
seeeded
ay (Phule
1-1-1)
MPKV 1994 CZ
(MP,Maharashtra,G
ujarat).
19-21 105-110 Resistant to wilt,
terminal moistur
gati (K-
6)
CSAUAT 1994 Uttar Pradesh. 17-21 140-145 Tolerant to wilt.
dan
NG663)
RAU,
Srigangana
gar
1995 NWPZ (Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi,
North Rajasthan &
West U.P).
22-25 150-155 Resistant to wilt

PF-2 (GF-89-
)
PAU 1995 NWPZ (Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi,
North Rajasthan
& West U.P).
21-23 152 Resistant to wilt &
tolerant to Ascochyta
blight. Seed yellowis
brown
sa-362 (BG-
2)
IARI 1995 NWPZ (Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi,
North Rajasthan &
West U.P)
23-24 145-150 Tolerant to wilt, Bold
seeded.
WR-108 CSAU
AT
1996 NEPZ (East Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar,
West Bengal).
21-23 130-135 Resistant to wilt, Seed
dark brown and small
shal (Phule
7207)
MPKV 1996 MP 18-19 115-120 Resistant to wilt, Tole
pod borer, Early matu
ok ( KGD-
68)
CSAU
AT
1996 NWPZ (Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi,
North Rajasthan &
West U.P).
19-20 135-140 NWPZ (Punjab, Hary
Delhi, North Rajastha
West U.P).

Recently released from IARI PDM-11, BG-2024
Popular variety from IARI Pusa-209
Desi variety CO-3, RS-10
Kabuli variety PUSA -1003, KAK2, HC-3
Early maturity and medium sized grain Chaff chaff, JG-62
Medium duration and high yielding RS-11, C-104
Late sown variety Radhey, Udai
Both early & late planting Mahamaya-2
heat tolerant variety: JG-14
Rainfed condition variety Vishal
Drought resistant variety NP-58 (Most suitable)
Resistant to blight Gourabh
Resistant to wilt Awarodhi, VISHAL
Resistant to pod borer PBG-3
RESISTANT TO DROUGHT & WILT JJ-11,G24
Mutant variety BGM48

 Singha (1987) suggested more attention by chickpea
breeders & conclude the following results.
I. Many characters such as large no. of primary
branches, seed size, tallness, cold tolerance &
resistance to blight can be transfer from kabuli
type to desi type.
II. The desi type can contribute large no. of
secondary branches, more pods/plant, more
seed/pod. Drought tolerance & resistance to
fusarium wilt.

 Improvement of yield & other characters was more
easily exceed by having 1 backcross in the direction
where the improvement was needed.
 Resistance to fusarium wilt can be transfer from desi
type to kabuli type.
 E.g.. (kabuli x desi ) x kabuli for improvement towards
kabuli type
 (kabuli x desi)x desi for improvement towards desi
type.

 Chick pea in rotation with cereal crops helps in controlling soil
born disease. The most common cropping system are
CROPPING SYSTEMS:
 Rice – Chick pea
 Cotton – chickpea
INTERCROPPING:
 Chick pea + Mustard
 Chick pea + Linseed
 Chick pea + Sunflower
 Chick pea + Coriander (for South zone)

1. Sorghum- Chickpea- Land fallow
2. Pearl millet- Chickpea- Sunflower
3. Sesamum- Chickpea- Land fallow
4. Sorghum- Chickpea- Maize

 Gram is highly sensitive to soil aeration and because of this
reason it is not grown on heavy soils and need special care
for seedbed preparation.
 One deep ploughing is required after kharif crops in summer
for larger conservation of rainwater in the soil profile for
subsequent use by the crop
 It requires a loose and well aerated seedbed
 Required rough seedbed rather than fine and compact.

 15 – 20th of October is the best time for chickpea sowing in northern India. Delay
will reduce the yield.
 In tarai, shallow water table and more winter rainfall area Ist FN of November is
most suitable.
 Early sowing of chick pea results in excessive vegetative growth & poor setting of
pods.
 Early sowing results more attack of wilt owing to high temperature at that time.
 The seed may be sown by seed drill; or local plough. Depth of sowing should be 6-8
cm, shallow sown crop is more liable to be damaged by wilt.
 Spacing : Desi type 30x10cm
Kabuli type 45x10cm.
 Seed rate : Early sown75-80 kg/ha.
Late sown: 80-100 kg/ha
 Seed should be sown after treatment with suitable fungicide.
Seed rate: Desi Type 65-70 kg/ha
Kabuli type 80-90 kg/ha

 Chick pea being a leguminous crop can fix atmospheric nitrogen
(75%) through symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
 NPK requirement: rainfed 12.5:25:25
 Irrigated: 25:50:50
 Bio-fertilizers: Seed treatment with the Rhizobium strain namely
Cicer rhizobium will increase the Nitrogen fixing ability of the
plant and thereby yield will be enhanced by 20-30%.
 Fungicides thiram , captan, carbendazim @2-3gm/kg seed.

 Chick pea is mostly sown as rain fed crop.
 Under drought conditions, the crop requires 2 irrigations at
critical stages .
 1) at Pre-flowering and
 2) at pod formation
 If water is adequate then four irrigations are recommended at:
 1) Sowing
 2) Branching
 3) Flowering
 4) Pod fill
 First irrigation not allowed to give before four weeks after
sowing.
 Irrigation not allowed at flowering.
 Excess irrigation enhances vegetative growth and depress gram
yield.

 One hand weeding or intercultural with hand hoe or wheel
hoe after 25-30 days.
 Fluchloralin 1kg a.i /ha in 800-1000lit water .
 Pre emergent application of Pendimethalin.
 Metribuzin or prometrynen @ of 1.0-1.5 kg a.i in 800-1000
lit water/ha
 Nipping: it is a process of plucking of apical buds to
increase branching and flowering.
 Hand weeding and interculture with the help of hoe is
always better than herbicide because it improve the
aeration.

Pendimethalin
Fluchloralin
Clodinafop
(control only
annual grasses)
Quizalofop
(control only
annual grasses)
1.0 kg a.i. / ha
0.75 kg a.i. / ha
0.06 kg a.i. / ha
0.05 kg a.i. / ha
Pre-emergence
Pre-plant
incorporation
Post emergence
Post emergence

Wilt: Fusarium
oxysporum
The leaves start yellowing and
afterwards drying. The plants too
become yellowish & dry out.
Control:treat the seed ith
benlate T or a mixture of
benlate of thiram (1:1).
SCLEROTI
NIA
BLIGHT
Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum
the diseases affects all the plant
parts except the roots. The affected
plants become yellow then brown &
ultimately dry out.
Control: use disease free
seeds.
Treat the soil with
brassicol and captan @
10kg / ha.
Grey mold Botrytis
cinerea
:brown necrotic spots appear on the
twigs, petioles, leaves & flowers.
The affected stem finally breaks
and the plant dies
Control: plant the crop
late. Spray the crop with
0.2% carbendazim.
Rust Uromyces
ciceris arietini
The symptoms are visible in early
February. Small, round to oval,
light or dark brown pustules on the
under surface of the leaves. The
pustules later turn black afterward
these pustules appear on the upper
surface of leaves. Affected leaves
pre maturely fall and thereby grain
yield reduced.
Spray Dithane m 45
(0.2%) followed by two
more spray at 10 days
interval.
Grow resistant varieties.

Ascochyta
Blight
Ascochyta
rabi
Fungus survive on plant debris left in the
soil. This disease is prevalent in Punjab
and himachal Pradesh. All plant parts
except roots are affected. Small, round,
yellowish-brown spots are seen on the
leaves in the month of Jan and Feb. spots
also spread to petioles and branches.
Affected parts finally dry up.
Use healthy seed
and treat the seed.
Follow three year
crop rotation.
Grow resistant
varieties.

CUTWORM Cutworm is a very serious pest in low
lying areas where fields are cloddy. The
caterpillar cut the plants at ground level.
The pest is sporadic in
nature and can be controlled
by the application of indene
6% granules @ 20-25kg/ha
Gram pod borer This is the most serious pest of chickpea
causing damage upto 75% reduction in
yield. the caterpillar defoliates the tender
leaves and makes holes in the pods.
1.Spray monocrotopphos 36
EC at the time of pod
formation @ 1ml in 1 litre
water.
2.Spray other suitable
insecticide

 Crops become ready for harvest when leaves turn
reddish brown and start shedding
 Plants are either plucked out by hand or cut with sickle.
 The crop is allowed to dry in sun on threshing floor for
about 5-6 days ; thereafter threshing is done by beating
the plant with sickle or by trampling under the feet or
bullocks.

Rain fed condition: 12-15 Q/ha
Irrigated condition: 20-25 Q/ha

1. Plant density
2. Number of pods per plant
3. Pods weight per plant
4. Number of seeds per pod
5. Number of seeds per plant
6. 100 seed weight
7. Harvest index
8. Biological yield per hectare
9. Seed yield per hectare

 The leaves and pods of Bengal gram on the growing
crop are coated with thin film of Maleic acid (90-96%);
oxalic acid (4-9%).
 They are encrusted on leaves and pods and dissolved
on dew and settles on plants during winter season due
to this the plants give sour taste.
 These Acids are considered to have some medicinal
properties and they maybe collected and stored.

1.Modern Techniques of Raising field crops -
Chhidda Singh, Prem Singh, Rajbir Singh
2.Textbook of field crop production - Rajendra
Prasad
3.Textbook of field crops - Mukund Joshi
4.http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/area-and-
distribution-chickpea
5.http://www.researchgate.net/

 PPT
 Submitted To – Dr. S.B singh
 Topic – Chickpea
 Prepared by – ( id – 1095 )
 Shiv Singh Yadav
 Emai: sapnacsauat@gmail.com
 Mob- 8381912586

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