This documents provides a glance on the planning activity by illustrating the associated concepts such as,
Nature of Planning
Importance and purpose of planning process
Steps in Planning and Planning Premises
Types of plans
Objectives
Decision Making
Types of planning
Hierarchy of plans
Planning is an essential function of management. Effective planning results in early achievement of objectives.
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Planning is an essential function of management. Effective planning results in early achievement of objectives.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
The document provides an introductory glimpse of management and the history of its evolution.The document also illustrates the nature, characteristics and importance of management. Various levels of management and managerial skills are also illustrated. The document also provides information to distinguish management and administration. Certain theories of pioneers are also mapped onto the document.
Budgeting is a process of looking at a business estimated incomes and expenditures over a specific period in the future. It allows a business to see if they will be able to continue operating at their expected level with these projected incomes and expenditures
budgeting required in nursing
DEFINITION: Budgeting is an operational plan, for a definite period usually a year. Expressed in financial terms and based on the expected income and expenditure. Or Budgeting is a concrete precise picture of the total operation of an enterprise in monetary terms. By: H.M. Donovan
3. PURPOSE OF BUDGETING: Mechanism for translating fiscal objectives into projected monthly spending pattern. Enhances fiscal planning and decision making. Clearly recognizes controllable and uncontrollable cost areas.
4. Offers a useful format for communicating fiscal objectives. Allows feedback of utilization of budget. Helps to identify problem areas and facilitates effective solution. Provides means for measuring and recording financial success with objectives of organization.
5. PERQUISITES OF BUDGETING: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: Need a sound organizational structure with clear line of authority and responsibility. NON-MONETARY STATISTICAL DATA: Such as number of admissions, average length of stay, percentage of occupancy and number of patient’s days. Used for planning and budgetary process
What is a Importance of Planning in business organisation, point to point define here, planning reduces uncertainty, make objective clear, provide basic control,
The slide provides an insight towards management activities like directing, leadership, communication, coordination and controlling. The slide also illustrates the scheduling of activities in a network and computation of critical path.
The document provides an introductory glimpse of management and the history of its evolution.The document also illustrates the nature, characteristics and importance of management. Various levels of management and managerial skills are also illustrated. The document also provides information to distinguish management and administration. Certain theories of pioneers are also mapped onto the document.
Budgeting is a process of looking at a business estimated incomes and expenditures over a specific period in the future. It allows a business to see if they will be able to continue operating at their expected level with these projected incomes and expenditures
budgeting required in nursing
DEFINITION: Budgeting is an operational plan, for a definite period usually a year. Expressed in financial terms and based on the expected income and expenditure. Or Budgeting is a concrete precise picture of the total operation of an enterprise in monetary terms. By: H.M. Donovan
3. PURPOSE OF BUDGETING: Mechanism for translating fiscal objectives into projected monthly spending pattern. Enhances fiscal planning and decision making. Clearly recognizes controllable and uncontrollable cost areas.
4. Offers a useful format for communicating fiscal objectives. Allows feedback of utilization of budget. Helps to identify problem areas and facilitates effective solution. Provides means for measuring and recording financial success with objectives of organization.
5. PERQUISITES OF BUDGETING: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: Need a sound organizational structure with clear line of authority and responsibility. NON-MONETARY STATISTICAL DATA: Such as number of admissions, average length of stay, percentage of occupancy and number of patient’s days. Used for planning and budgetary process
What is a Importance of Planning in business organisation, point to point define here, planning reduces uncertainty, make objective clear, provide basic control,
The slide provides an insight towards management activities like directing, leadership, communication, coordination and controlling. The slide also illustrates the scheduling of activities in a network and computation of critical path.
Slides deal about the Unit 2 of Principles of Management.Steps n planning, Setting Objectives are dealt. Strategic planning and its processes. TOWS, Portfolio matrix, Decision making and its types are dealt.
Planning is as intellectual process of thinking resorted to decide a course of action which helps to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the organization in future
The project entitled “A Study on Training and Development Program in Airport Authority of
India, Chennai” is our study. During the completion of the project, I had the honor of meeting more than 100
employees of the Airport Authority of India and studied the various training and development procedures they
went through from that we inferred that knowledge based training and development procedures escalate the
performance and overall efficiency of the employees. Training improves changes and moulds employee’s
knowledge, skills, behaviors, aptitude and attitude towards the requirement of the job and organization. The
research design adopted in this study is descriptive analysis. The opinion of the employees in the training
programme was obtained through the structured questionnaire and interaction with them. A questionnaire is
prepared for the employees, to suit their expectation and needs.
This presentation discusses and explains various function of Management. The topics covered are Planning Definition, Steps in Planning Function, Characteristics of Planning, and Types of Plans. Organising, Concept or Nature of Organizing, Formal and Informal Organization, Advantages of Formal Organisation, Disadvantages of Formal Organisation, Features of informal Organisation, Advantages of Informal Organisation, Disadvantages of Informal organisation. Staffing and Factors Affecting Staffing. Directing, Characteristics of Directing, Principles of Directing. Motivation, Motivation Process, Benefits of Motivation, Importance of Motivation, Types of Motivation. Leadership, Types of leaders, leadership theory. Controlling, Process of Controlling and Techniques of Controlling.
Management Concepts & Framework in EducationTimothy Wooi
Goal / Purpose
To critically review essential Management Concepts and Framework anchored on Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling.
Objectives
To understand Management concepts of POLC in School Management and Operations.
To explore opportunities of applying Management Concepts functions in school Human
Resource Management & Professional
Development
ORGANIZATIONAL AND RESOURCE DIMENSIONS IN IMPLEMENTATIONTANKO AHMED fwc
Strategy implementation has resource management as pivotal challenge where planning assumptions faces situational realities of organizations. This paper discusses organizational and resource dimensions in strategy implementation process. It defines and describes the often neglected dynamic, iterative and complex nature of implementation process in the difficult terrain of actualizing organizational goals. Literature in organizational and management studies often under conceptualizes implementation as plain execution process with implications for inadequacy in strategic context. However, theories of organization, resource management and strategy implementation tend to accommodate an integrative framework for the hierarchy of strategic and managerial decisions and actions. The paper investigates into this literature deficit to enhance the strategic aptitude of middle and higher executives in handling organizational and resource dimensions in implementation. A simulation exercise is designed for participants of the Policy Strategy and Leadership Course to practice on the application of strategy implementation in real world situations.
Software Engineering - Modelling Concepts + Class Modelling + Building the An...Prakhyath Rai
Software Engineering - Part 2 which describes the following topics:
Introduction, Modelling Concepts and Class Modelling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO Modelling history. Modelling as Design technique: Modelling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modelling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams.
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data Modelling Concepts.
Software Engineering - Introduction + Process Models + Requirements EngineeringPrakhyath Rai
Software Engineering - Part 1 which describes the following topics:
Introduction: The evolving role of software, The changing nature of software, Software engineering, A Process Framework, Process Patterns, Process Assessment, Personal and Team Process Models, Process Technology, Product and Process.
Process Models: Prescriptive models, Waterfall model, Incremental process models, Evolutionary process models, Specialized process models.
Requirements Engineering: Requirements Engineering Task, Initiating the Requirement Engineering process, Eliciting Requirements, developing use cases, Building the analysis model, Negotiating Requirements, Validating Requirements, Software Requirement Document.
Ethics, Professionalism and Other Emerging TechnologiesPrakhyath Rai
The Slide focusses on providing insights on following topics,
* Technology and Ethics
* Digital Privacy
* Accountability and Trust
* Threats and challenges
* Block Chain Technology
* Cloud and Quantum Computing
* Autonomic Computing
* Computer Vision
* Cyber Security
* 3D Printing
The Slide focusses on providing insights on following topics,
* Overview of IoT
* History of IoT
* Advantages of IOT
* Challenges of IOT
* Architecture of IOT
* Devices and Network
* Applications of IOT
* IOT Tools and Platforms
The slide helps to get an insight on the concepts of Artificial Intelligence.
The topics covered are as follows,
* Concept of AI
* Meaning of AI
* History of AI
* Levels of AI
* Types of AI
* Applications of AI - Agriculture, Health, Business (Emerging market), Education
* AI Tools and Platforms
The slide aids to understand and provide insights on the following topics,
* Overview for Data Science
* Definition of Data and Information
* Types of Data and Representation
* Data Value Chain - [ Data Acquisition; Data Analysis; Data Curating; Data Storage; Data Usage ]
* Basic concepts of Big Data
Emerging Exponential Technologies - History & IntroductionPrakhyath Rai
The Slide focusses on providing insights on following topics,
* Evolution of Technologies
* Introduction to Industrial Revolution
* Historical Background of the Industrial Revolution
* Introduction to Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
* Role of Data for Emerging Technologies
* Enabling Devices and Networks for Emerging Technologies (Programmable Devices)
* Human to Machine Interaction
* Future Trends in Emerging Technologies
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Contents
Nature
Importance and purpose of planning process
Steps in Planning and Planning Premises
Types of plans
Objectives
Decision Making
Types of planning
Hierarchy of plans
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 2
3. Planning (also called forethought) is the process of
thinking about and organizing the activities required to
achieve a desired goal.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 3
4. “If you don't have daily objectives, you qualify as a
dreamer.” - Zig Ziglar
“Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It
involves the selection of objectives, policies, procedures
and programs from alternatives” - M E Harley
“Planning is a trap laid down to capture the future” - Allen
“If you don't know where you are going, how can you
expect to get there?” - Basil S. Walsh
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 4
5. Nature or Features or Characteristics of Planning
Planning is goal oriented
Plans are made in order to seek certain predetermined goals.
Planning is a primary function
“Planning provides the basic foundation from which all
future management functions arise”
Planning is a thinking process
Involves imagination, foresight and sound judgement.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 5
6. Planning is flexible
Planning should not be rigid.
Planning is all-pervasive
Planning is an on-going activity at all levels of an
organizational hierarchy, right from CEO to first line
managers.
Planning is a continuous process
Planning involves continuous assessment and reassessment
of the resources, directions, opportunities and problems of
the organization while converting them to achieve goals.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 6
7. Planning involves choice
Planning always involves choices among various alternatives.
If there is only one way of doing something, there is no need
for planning, planning arises only when there are alternatives
available.
Planning is rational
Planners should be objective and unemotional in their
approach to planning.
Aim would be to achieve efficiency and effectiveness while
optimally deploying resources.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 7
8. Planning is an integrated process
Plans are structured in a logical way such that every lower
level plan serves as a means to accomplish higher level
plans.
Plans are inter-related, interdependent and mutually
supportive.
Planning is futuristic
Planning attempts to peep into the future, analyses it and
prepare for it.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 8
9. Importance and Purpose of Planning
Planning provides direction
Planning provides clear sense of direction and purpose of
activities of an organization.
Planning minimizes risk and uncertainty
In fast changing organizations, planning based on hard facts
and data help managers to reduce risk and uncertainties.
Planning ensures co-ordination
Planning helps to establish co-ordinated efforts from various
divisions, departments and people.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 9
10. Planning leads to economy
Planning helps accomplish an optimal utilization of physical
and human resources, leading towards cost reduction, higher
efficiency and productivity which lead to better economy.
Planning facilitates decision-making
Planning helps in providing guidelines and thus facilitate
decision-making.
Planning reduces overlapping and wastage of efforts
Planning avoids duplication of efforts, and overlapping of
tasks and responsibilities, reducing wastage.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 10
11. Planning encourages innovation and creativity
Planning helps to remain competitive.
Innovation and creativity are like ‘trump cards’ in
competitive world.
Planning facilitates control
Control is key to success of any organization, and in order to
control there has to be a plan.
Planning improves morale
If Employees participate in planning process it boosts their
morale and develops a broad mentality and thinking of
achieving organizational goals.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 11
12. Step 1: To establish objectives which are verifiable
Step 2: To establish planning premises
Step 3: To determine alternative course of action
Step 4: To evaluate the alternatives and select the best
Step 5: To formulate derivative plans
Step 6: To secure co-operation and participation of all
employees
Step 7: To measure and control the progress through follow-up
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 12
Steps in Planning
13. Steps in Planning
Step 1: To establish objectives which are verifiable
Identify goals of the organization
Internal(Financial position of company, human
resources available, manufacturing facility, company
image, etc.) and external environment(Government
rules and regulations, Socio-economic condition of the
society, competition level, suppliers reliability) of the
organization has to be studied
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 13
14. Step 2: To establish planning premises
Planning premises are assumptions of future market
conditions which become the basis for current planning
process.
Planning premises usually relate to cost and availability
of raw materials, labour, power, product demands,
population trends, technology growth, government
policies etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 14
15. Step 3: To determine alternative course of action
Search and list all possible alternatives in order to be
compared and analytically evaluated.
Step 4: To evaluate the alternatives and select the best
Select most suitable and best course of action.
Alternatives have to be compared and evaluated with respect
to their expected contribution to organizational goals.
Evaluation and selection is often done with the help of
quantitative techniques and operations research.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 15
16. Step 5: To formulate derivative plans
Management has to formulate derivative plans or
secondary plans to support the basic plan.
Derivative plans are sub plans or departmental plans.
For Example, if the production plan of TATA MOTORS
is to produce a million of Nano’s in the next five years,
the derivative plans would be plans for various
departments like fabrication, forging, casting, purchase,
assembly etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 16
17. Step 6: To secure co-operation and participation of all
employees
Involving employees in planning process enhances their co-
operation and participation.
Continuous suggestions, complaints and criticisms must be
solicited from the employees.
Step 7: To measure and control the progress through
follow-up
Continuous evaluation of plans help in identifying recurring
mistakes and avoiding them in future.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 17
18. Planning Premises
Planning premises are assumptions of future market
conditions which become the basis for current planning
process.
Planning premises have to be established even before
planning.
To establish planning premises means to forecast future
business conditions under which a plan has to operate.
Planning premises provide bedrock upon which the plans are
based.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 18
19. Classification of Planning Premises
1. Internal and External premises
2. Tangible and Intangible premises
3. Controllable, Semi-controllable and Uncontrollable
premises
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 19
20. Internal premises
Internal premises are those factors which exist within
organization and are generally under the control of management.
Internal premises include – men, money, machinery, materials and
methods.
External premises
External premises are those factors which exist outside the
purview of the organization and are generally not under the
control of the management.
External premises include government policies, general economy
of country, technological trends, climatic conditions etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 20
Internal and External Premises
21. Tangible premises
Tangible premises are those which are quantifiable in nature.
For Example, production quality, quality standards, capital
required, machinery to purchase.
These info. Is needed for planning and are quantifiable and
measurable in nature.
Intangible premises
Intangible premises are those which are abstract and non-
quantifiable in nature.
For Example, company image, brand loyalty, political situation
etc., are needed for planning but are qualitative in character.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 21
Tangible and Intangible Premises
22. Controllable premises
Controllable premises are those factors which are said to be
completely under the control of management.
For Example, Managerial policies, rules and regulations etc.
Semi-controllable premises
Controllable premises are those which management has
partial control.
For Example, workers attitude and efficiency, firms pricing
policy, firms marketing programs, raw materials etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 22
Controllable, Semi-controllable and Uncontrollable Premises
23. Uncontrollable premises
Internal premises are those factors over which management
has absolutely no control.
For Example, Natural calamities, new inventions, wars,
strikes imposition of emergency, government etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 23
24. Types of Plans
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 24
Plans
Standing Plans Single Use Plans
Objectives
Policies
Strategies
Procedures
Methods Rules
Programmes
Schedules
Projects
Budgets
25. Objectives
Objectives, goals, aims, purposes, missions are the terms with
same meaning.
Objectives are goals or end-points towards which all business
activities are directed.
Objectives or goals are the desirable end results planned by the
management or administration and expected to be achieved by
the organization.
Objectives are the products of specific, concrete thinking, they
commit employees and organization to verifiable
accomplishments.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 25
26. Characteristics of Objectives
i. Objectives are multiple in nature
Organizations have multiple objectives due to many areas of
business operations where organizations try to set their
goals.
Key areas for setting objectives of performance are;
• Market Standing of the company
• Innovation achieved by the company
• Productivity in various parameters
• Physical and financial resources
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 26
27. • Profitability of business
• Managerial performance and development
• Worker performance and attitude
• Fulfillment of public responsibility
Objectives are always multiple in nature in order to get a
right balance.
ii. Objectives have a hierarchy
we have corporate objectives of the total enterprise at the
top, followed by divisional or departmental objectives, then
each section and finally individual objectives. Objectives at
all levels serve as an end and as a means.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 27
28. iii. Objectives form a network
Objectives of the organization across various dept. and
along the hierarchy are all inter-related and independent.
iv. Objectives may be long-range or short-range
Long range objectives are vague. For Example, survival
and growth of the company, diversification plans,
expansion plan etc.
Short range objectives are specific and definite. For
Example, Profit maximization, inventory control, ensuring
adequate cash flows etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 28
29. v. Objectives are either tangible or intangible
Objectives could be tangible which means they could
be quantifiable. For Example, productivity, profitability
etc.
Objectives could be intangible which means they are
qualitative in nature and cannot be quantified. For
Example, Workers morale, company image etc.
vi. Objective have priority
vii. Objectives some times clash with each other
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 29
30. Importance or Advantages of Objectives
Objectives provide directions to the individual efforts and
activities of an organization.
Provide strong basis for determining policies, procedures,
strategies, programs, budgets and other plans.
Help in effective delegation of authority.
Serve as standards for the evaluation of actual performance.
Help in coordinating the efforts of various departments and
people.
Help in achieving personal goals.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 30
31. Policies
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 31
Policies are guidelines set up by the company for managerial
decision making.
‘A policy is a verbal, written or implied overall guide setting
up boundaries that supply the general limits and directions in
which managerial actions will take place’.
For Example,
Policy of recruiting only MBA’s from top 10 institutes.
Policy of promotion of in-house employees.
Policy on selling goods only for cash and not credit.
32. Strategies
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 32
Strategies specify the route taken to achieve company
objectives and policies.
Strategy comprises of;
a course of action
a commitment of resources
a detailed blue print of all moves, initiatives, responses with
timing concern.
Strategy is a unified and critical plan of action to achieve a
goal
33. 33
A Strategy is a master plan for moving the organization
towards its objectives through the complex and volatile
environment of market forces.
Strategy involve innovation and creativity.
For Example;
Strategy for wining an approval in the board meeting.
Strategy to make the best use of media coverage.
Strategy to convince the lecturer that he should let you free
in the class! etc.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007
Strategies Cont.
34. Procedures
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 34
Procedures are action guidelines which specify how particular
activity has to take place.
Procedures provide chronological step-by-step sequence of
required actions in order to achieve a certain goal or policy.
A procedure lays down the manner and method by which work
is to be performed in a standard or uniform way.
Procedure ensures higher than average level performance,
which results in work simplification and eliminates duplication
of efforts.
35. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 35
A good procedure should be;
Purposeful and functional
In written form
Simple and clear
Flexible
Exposed to periodic review
For Example;
Procedure for recruitment of employees.
The CET procedure for engineering admission.
Procedure for processing customer complaints.
Procedures Cont.
36. Methods
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 36
Methods are basically sub-units of procedure.
Break-up of each steps of a procedure into sub-steps.
Methods indicate the simplified and standardized techniques to
be employed in carrying out a particular task in the best way.
Methods are products of research, experimentation and analysis.
For Example;
Method of conducting a written test for recruitment.
Method employed for failure analysis.
Method employed for distracting the professor.
37. Rules
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 37
Rules are standard guidelines which specify what is good and
what is bad for an employee/organization.
Rules are always established to direct or restrict action in order
to govern the behavior of individuals.
Rules if violated are viewed seriously and penalties are imposed.
For Example;
Rule of ‘No Smoking’
Rule of formal dressing
Rule of not using cell phones in academic promises.
38. Programmes
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 38
A program is a precise plan which lays down the operations to
be carried out to accomplish a given work.
Program is aggregate of several related action plans that have
been designed to accomplish a mission within specified time.
A program is a comprehensive plan that includes a complex set
of goals, procedures, methods, strategies etc.
For Example;
Program of organizing an international seminar.
An Expansion program for a company.
39. Schedules
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 39
Schedules are time-tables which clearly specify when, what
and where each element of work is carried out.
Aim of scheduling is to plan the sequences of work so that all
units of work can be systematically arranged towards their
completion by due date.
40. Projects
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 40
Project is small program. Several projects may also make up a
program.
Projects are individual portions of a general program which
clear-cut and relatively distinct.
For Example;
A Software project part of a larger program.
SPSS Project work
Demolition Project as part of a encroachment-removal
program.
41. Budgets
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 41
A Budget is a written plan of future activities of the company
in monetary terms.
Budgets are managerial tools for planning, programming, and
controlling business activities.
Budget defines the anticipated cost of attaining an objective.
For Example;
Sales Budget
Production Budget
Advertising Budget
42. Budgets Cont.
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 42
General features of budget are:
It is statement in terms of money.
It is prepared for a definite future period.
It is prepared in advance.
It gives an overall view of the business in terms of sales,
production and expenditure.
It helps in anticipation and control of financial requirements
of different branches of business.
43. Decision Making
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 43
In an organization decisions are routinely taken in operations,
marketing, maintenance, R & D, transportation, finance, human
resource etc.
Decision making is the cognitive process leading to the
selection of a course of action among alternatives.
Every decision making process produces a final choice. It can
be an action or an opinion.
44. Characteristics of Decision Making
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 44
Decision making is goal oriented
Decision making involves alternatives
Decision making is an analytical intellectual process
Decision making is a continuous activity
Decision making is an all pervasive function
Decision making is situational and dynamic.
45. Decision Making Process
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 45
Organizational
Objectives
Define the
Objectives
Establish
Criteria
Formulate
Model
Select the best
Alternative
Generate
Alternatives
Evaluate
Alternatives
Implement the
Decision
46. Decision Making Process
Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 46
To define the problem and parameters influencing it
To establish criteria for decision making
To formulate a model considering all decision variables
Physical model – architects idea of a building
Computer Model – CAD model of cars and machines
Mathematical Models – Forecasting model, simplex
model, transportation model etc.
Verbal Models – Words and description
47. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 47
To generate alternatives solution by varying parameters
By varying the values of the parameters several alternatives
can be framed.
Evaluate all alternatives – Selecting the course of action
that best satisfies the criteria
Select the best alternatives
Implement the decision and monitor the result.
Decision Making Process
48. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 48
Engineers and managers are expected to use a number of
quantitative technique to serve as basis for decision making.
Type of quantitative technique depends on nature of variables
influencing the problem.
In some cases,
All information about decision variables are known
Some information about decision variables are known
No information about decision variables are known
Decision Methodology
49. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 49
Variables with complete certainty
For Example: Break-even analysis, Scheduling, Linear and
Non-linear programming, Dynamic programming, Cost benefit
analysis etc.
Variables with risk and partial certainty
For Example: Forecasting, Simulation, Queueing theory,
Decision trees, Regression, Aggregate planning etc.
Variables with extreme uncertainty
For Example: Game theory, Flip of coin, Astrology etc.
Several Quantitative Techniques
50. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 50
Types of Planning
52. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 52
Strategic Planning Tactical Planning Operational Planning
Long range plans Intermediate range plans Short range plans
Time Frame: 3 or more
years
Time Frame: 2-3 years Time Frame: one year
Responsibility of top
Management
Responsibility of middle
management
Responsibility of lower
level management
Concerned with
objectives, policies,
programmes
Concerned with
procedures, projects and
strategies
Concerned with
schedules and methods
Responsible for overall
progress of the company
Responsible for
integrating the work of
various department of the
organization
Responsible for covering
day-to-day operation and
implementing internal
goals
Focus on planning and
forecasting
Focus on co-ordination
Focus on directing and
controlling
53. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 53
Types of Planning
54. Prakhyath Rai, Asst. Professor, Department of ISE, SCEM, Mangaluru-575007 54
Hierarchy of Plans
Organizational Goals
Operational Plans
Tactical Goals
Strategic Goals Strategic Plans
Tactical Plans
Operational Goals