The document discusses various aspects of planning including:
- Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done, who is to do it, how it is to be done and when it is to be done. It involves determining objectives, developing programs/actions, assigning responsibilities.
- The key steps in planning are: establishing goals, planning premises, defining key areas, finding alternative courses of action, evaluating/selecting a course, developing derivative plans, and measuring/controlling progress.
- There are different types of plans like strategic plans, operational plans, long-term/short-term plans, directional/specific plans, single-use/standing plans based on their time frame and
The document discusses different management styles for projects. It describes top-down management where directions come from upper management, and bottom-up management where team members have input. It suggests that while top-down management can result in bottlenecks, bottom-up lacks clarity. The best approach is a collaborative mixed style that balances top-down control and bottom-up empowerment and creativity from teams.
The document discusses various aspects of planning including the nature, purpose, importance, forms, types, and steps involved in the planning process as well as its limitations. It describes planning as an intellectual process that helps managers set goals and make decisions. The key forms of planning discussed are strategic planning which is long-term and done at higher levels, and tactical planning which is short-term and done at lower levels. Important steps in planning include establishing goals, assumptions, alternative courses of action, evaluation and selection of the best course. Limitations include the time and cost of planning as well as difficulties maintaining flexibility.
Directing is a key function of management that ensures employees work efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals. It involves guiding, instructing, supervising, and motivating employees through leadership. Directing is critical because it activates plans by converting them into actions and performance. It also improves efficiency by helping employees maximize their potential, ensures coordination among staff, and facilitates change. Directing elements include supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication. Supervision entails overseeing employees' work through functions like planning, issuing instructions, guiding, motivating, maintaining discipline, and monitoring performance. The supervisor acts as a link between management and workers.
This document discusses key concepts related to organization and organizing. It defines organization as the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed in an effective manner. There are several types of organizational structures discussed such as line, line and staff, functional, committee, project, and matrix structures.
The principles of organizing discussed include chain of command, work specialization, authority, delegation of authority, span of management, and unity of command. Chain of command refers to the hierarchical order of authority within an organization. Work specialization involves dividing tasks into separate jobs completed by different individuals. Authority is the right to command and is delegated from superiors to subordinates. Delegation involves assigning responsibility, authority, and accountability to subordinates.
This document discusses the concepts of controlling and the relationship between planning and controlling. It defines controlling as a process of monitoring performance and taking action to ensure desired results. Controlling is a continuous, dynamic, action-oriented, and forward-looking process exercised at all levels of management. The key steps in controlling are establishing objectives and standards, measuring actual performance, comparing results to objectives, identifying deviations, and taking corrective action. Planning precedes controlling and provides the basis for it, while controlling ensures plans are implemented properly and kept on track. Planning and controlling are interdependent and mutually reinforcing functions.
Nature and Process of Planning, Strategic Planning
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These slides present the organizing part in Principles of Management that includes nature & purpose of organizing, formal and informal organization, organization chart and structure, line & staff authority, departmentalization, delegation of authority, training & development, performance management and career planning & management
Planning is deciding in advance what actions need to be taken to achieve organizational goals. It involves setting objectives and determining alternative courses of action. Planning reduces uncertainty, utilizes resources effectively, and increases organizational effectiveness. The key steps in planning are establishing objectives and planning premises, identifying alternative courses of action, evaluating alternatives, selecting a course of action, implementation, and follow-up. Planning is important as it helps coordinate activities, control performance, encourage innovation, and strengthen competitiveness.
The document discusses different management styles for projects. It describes top-down management where directions come from upper management, and bottom-up management where team members have input. It suggests that while top-down management can result in bottlenecks, bottom-up lacks clarity. The best approach is a collaborative mixed style that balances top-down control and bottom-up empowerment and creativity from teams.
The document discusses various aspects of planning including the nature, purpose, importance, forms, types, and steps involved in the planning process as well as its limitations. It describes planning as an intellectual process that helps managers set goals and make decisions. The key forms of planning discussed are strategic planning which is long-term and done at higher levels, and tactical planning which is short-term and done at lower levels. Important steps in planning include establishing goals, assumptions, alternative courses of action, evaluation and selection of the best course. Limitations include the time and cost of planning as well as difficulties maintaining flexibility.
Directing is a key function of management that ensures employees work efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals. It involves guiding, instructing, supervising, and motivating employees through leadership. Directing is critical because it activates plans by converting them into actions and performance. It also improves efficiency by helping employees maximize their potential, ensures coordination among staff, and facilitates change. Directing elements include supervision, motivation, leadership, and communication. Supervision entails overseeing employees' work through functions like planning, issuing instructions, guiding, motivating, maintaining discipline, and monitoring performance. The supervisor acts as a link between management and workers.
This document discusses key concepts related to organization and organizing. It defines organization as the process of identifying and grouping work to be performed in an effective manner. There are several types of organizational structures discussed such as line, line and staff, functional, committee, project, and matrix structures.
The principles of organizing discussed include chain of command, work specialization, authority, delegation of authority, span of management, and unity of command. Chain of command refers to the hierarchical order of authority within an organization. Work specialization involves dividing tasks into separate jobs completed by different individuals. Authority is the right to command and is delegated from superiors to subordinates. Delegation involves assigning responsibility, authority, and accountability to subordinates.
This document discusses the concepts of controlling and the relationship between planning and controlling. It defines controlling as a process of monitoring performance and taking action to ensure desired results. Controlling is a continuous, dynamic, action-oriented, and forward-looking process exercised at all levels of management. The key steps in controlling are establishing objectives and standards, measuring actual performance, comparing results to objectives, identifying deviations, and taking corrective action. Planning precedes controlling and provides the basis for it, while controlling ensures plans are implemented properly and kept on track. Planning and controlling are interdependent and mutually reinforcing functions.
Nature and Process of Planning, Strategic Planning
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Other Site You might be interested in: http://www.mrfitandrich.com
These slides present the organizing part in Principles of Management that includes nature & purpose of organizing, formal and informal organization, organization chart and structure, line & staff authority, departmentalization, delegation of authority, training & development, performance management and career planning & management
Planning is deciding in advance what actions need to be taken to achieve organizational goals. It involves setting objectives and determining alternative courses of action. Planning reduces uncertainty, utilizes resources effectively, and increases organizational effectiveness. The key steps in planning are establishing objectives and planning premises, identifying alternative courses of action, evaluating alternatives, selecting a course of action, implementation, and follow-up. Planning is important as it helps coordinate activities, control performance, encourage innovation, and strengthen competitiveness.
An organization is a group of individuals working together toward common goals. As an organization increases in size, the need for a well-defined structure also increases. Organizing involves deciding how to best group activities and resources, while organizational structure refers to the patterns and groups of jobs. There are various elements that make up organizational structure, including division of labor, chain of command, and span of control. Managers make design decisions around how to divide tasks, group jobs, set reporting relationships, and distribute authority.
Organizing involves dividing work into activities and groups, assigning responsibilities, and coordinating efforts to achieve goals. Key aspects of organizing include:
- Dividing work through departments and specialization so individuals gain expertise.
- Coordinating interdependent roles to complete work flowing from one person to the next.
- Establishing authority and responsibility relationships through a management hierarchy with clear reporting lines.
The organizing process involves determining objectives, dividing activities, assigning duties, and delegating authority. An organization structure illustrates these relationships through positions and reporting lines on an organizational chart. Both formal and informal organization structures guide how work gets done through defined and emergent relationships.
This document provides an overview of planning and control processes for an organization. It defines planning as preparing a blueprint that decides objectives, actions, timing, roles and locations in advance. Control is measuring performance against objectives and standards, comparing results, and taking corrective actions. The document outlines principles, essentials and methods of planning, as well as advantages, disadvantages and steps in the control process including establishing standards, measuring performance, comparing to standards, and correcting deviations.
This document discusses different types of organizational structures. It begins by describing a line or scalar organization, where authority flows vertically from top to bottom. It then explains functional organizations, where work is divided by specialized functions. The document also covers line and staff organizations, where line officers have decision-making authority and are assisted by staff officers who provide advice. It provides details on each type of organization, including their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for different business contexts.
The document discusses various concepts related to planning including:
1. Planning involves establishing goals and determining a course of action to achieve those goals through decision making.
2. There are different types of plans like strategic, tactical, and operational plans developed at the corporate, business, and functional levels.
3. Effective planning is goal-oriented, flexible, comprehensive, and economical. Barriers to planning include external factors and resistance to change.
Delegation of authority and decentralizationAMALDASKH
This document discusses delegation of authority and decentralization. It defines delegation as dividing authority and tasks among subordinates to achieve goals effectively. Decentralization systematically delegates authority at all levels except for major decisions. Key principles of delegation include clearly defining expected results, balancing authority and responsibility, and maintaining accountability. Delegation benefits include multi-tasking, speedy decisions, better coordination, and developing managerial skills, while limitations can arise from resistance to sharing authority or lack of trust/ability.
This document discusses planning, including its meaning, nature, importance, advantages, disadvantages, and process. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who to do it. It is goal-oriented, pervasive, efficient, helps with coordination and flexibility. Planning helps set objectives, avoid uncertainty, coordinate activities, and run organizations effectively. While planning is important, it can also be costly and delay action. The planning process involves analyzing internal and external environments, setting objectives and forecasts, identifying alternatives, and reviewing plans. There are different types of planning like corporate, divisional, group, and departmental planning.
This document discusses the organization of health services. It begins by introducing organizational structure and its importance through organizational charts or organograms. It then covers organizational theory, including classical and modern approaches. The document defines organizing and organization, and discusses the process of organizing which includes differentiation and integration of activities. It outlines principles of organizing according to EFL Brech, and covers the importance and types of organizational structures such as line, line and staff, and formal and informal structures. The importance of organizational structure through organograms is also highlighted.
The document discusses the concepts of organizing, including defining organizing as the process of arranging work, authority, and resources to achieve organizational goals. It covers principles of organization like unity of command and span of control, and different types of organizational structures such as functional, divisional, and matrix structures. The document also examines concepts related to organizing like responsibility, authority, and centralization versus decentralization.
This document discusses organizing as a function of management. It defines organizing and explains that it involves sub-dividing and grouping activities. Organizing becomes necessary when more than one person works together to achieve common objectives. The document then discusses the nature and purpose of organization, including specialization, orientation towards goals, and continuity. It also outlines the steps in the organizing process and discusses formal and informal organization structures. Finally, it covers different types of organizational structures like bureaucratic, functional, divisional, and matrix structures.
This document discusses key concepts related to organizing in organizations. It covers differentiation and integration as fundamental concepts of organizing that involve dividing labor into specialized tasks while still coordinating work. Various structures are described such as mechanistic versus organic, as well as functional, product, geographic, and matrix designs. Elements of structure like departmentalization, the chain of command, and span of control are also summarized. Factors that determine organizational design are environment, size, technology, and strategy.
This document discusses various aspects of planning in management. It outlines the key managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, and controlling. Planning involves determining future actions, including what will be done, how it will be done, and when. Important aspects of planning include providing direction, reducing risks and uncertainties, and establishing standards for control. The document also discusses types of plans like objectives, strategies, programs, budgets, policies, procedures, methods, and rules. It outlines the steps and characteristics of strategy formulation, including determining objectives, SWOT analysis, and consistency with the internal and external environment. Policy formulation and evaluation of strategies are also summarized.
A functional organization structure groups employees by specialty, while a matrix organization blends functional reporting with project management. A functional structure gives project managers little authority, while a matrix gives more power to balance priorities between projects and functions. A matrix can be weak, balanced, or strong depending on whether functional managers or project managers have more control over resources. Both structures have advantages and disadvantages related to coordination, focus, authority and efficiency.
It contains information about the basic concepts of management like what is management, functions of management, levels of management which is the basis for every management student.
Controlling refers to measuring performance against standards, identifying deviations, and taking corrective actions. It involves setting standards, measuring actual performance, comparing performance to standards, analyzing deviations, and making corrections. Controlling and planning are interrelated functions - planning provides the basis for standards while controlling improves future planning. The process of controlling involves ongoing measurement, evaluation, and adjustment to ensure organizational goals are achieved.
Planning is the process of making decisions about goals and activities for the future. It involves determining what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who will do it. Planning is important because it helps identify goals, ensures everyone understands the goals and their roles, and allows the organization to work towards goals in an accountable, resource-efficient way and to evaluate achievements. There are different approaches to planning like top-down, bottom-up, a composite approach, and a team approach. The composite approach combines top-down and bottom-up by having top executives provide guidelines and parameters for lower managers to formulate tentative plans, which are then reviewed and approved at the top. It engages more managers in
The document discusses various managerial skills including technical, human relations, conceptual, analytical, decision-making, digital, and communication skills. It explains that different levels of managers require different skill sets, with technical skills being most important for first-level managers and conceptual skills being most important for top-level managers. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key skills necessary for successful management at different levels within an organization.
Resource management involves the efficient deployment of an organization's resources to maximize utilization and achieve goals. It includes tangible resources like equipment, facilities, and supplies as well as intangible resources like ideas and human capital. Proper resource management in schools requires identifying both necessary and unnecessary items, storing only necessary supplies, and delegating responsibility over resources while monitoring performance. The school head is responsible for developing resource stewardship and ensuring resources are properly cared for, accounted for, and used to improve student learning.
This document discusses corporate planning and environmental analysis. It defines corporate planning as a systematic process that involves establishing objectives and premises, choosing alternative courses of action, formulating derivative plans, securing cooperation, and following up on plans. It also outlines the key elements of corporate planning like communication strategy, strategic planning task force, vision and mission statements, values, goals, objectives, tasks, and implementation strategy. The document then discusses the internal and external environmental analysis processes, including tools like PEST, SWOT, and analyzing markets, competitors, customers, suppliers, distributors, and publics.
Planning is a key management function that involves establishing objectives and strategies for achieving goals. It requires looking ahead to potential opportunities and challenges, and determining the best courses of action. The planning process includes setting objectives, analyzing the environment, identifying alternative strategies, choosing a strategy, developing plans, and monitoring implementation. Planning establishes direction and guides the other management functions of organizing, leading, and controlling. It is essential at all levels of management and in all departments to ensure efficient and effective operations.
An organization is a group of individuals working together toward common goals. As an organization increases in size, the need for a well-defined structure also increases. Organizing involves deciding how to best group activities and resources, while organizational structure refers to the patterns and groups of jobs. There are various elements that make up organizational structure, including division of labor, chain of command, and span of control. Managers make design decisions around how to divide tasks, group jobs, set reporting relationships, and distribute authority.
Organizing involves dividing work into activities and groups, assigning responsibilities, and coordinating efforts to achieve goals. Key aspects of organizing include:
- Dividing work through departments and specialization so individuals gain expertise.
- Coordinating interdependent roles to complete work flowing from one person to the next.
- Establishing authority and responsibility relationships through a management hierarchy with clear reporting lines.
The organizing process involves determining objectives, dividing activities, assigning duties, and delegating authority. An organization structure illustrates these relationships through positions and reporting lines on an organizational chart. Both formal and informal organization structures guide how work gets done through defined and emergent relationships.
This document provides an overview of planning and control processes for an organization. It defines planning as preparing a blueprint that decides objectives, actions, timing, roles and locations in advance. Control is measuring performance against objectives and standards, comparing results, and taking corrective actions. The document outlines principles, essentials and methods of planning, as well as advantages, disadvantages and steps in the control process including establishing standards, measuring performance, comparing to standards, and correcting deviations.
This document discusses different types of organizational structures. It begins by describing a line or scalar organization, where authority flows vertically from top to bottom. It then explains functional organizations, where work is divided by specialized functions. The document also covers line and staff organizations, where line officers have decision-making authority and are assisted by staff officers who provide advice. It provides details on each type of organization, including their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for different business contexts.
The document discusses various concepts related to planning including:
1. Planning involves establishing goals and determining a course of action to achieve those goals through decision making.
2. There are different types of plans like strategic, tactical, and operational plans developed at the corporate, business, and functional levels.
3. Effective planning is goal-oriented, flexible, comprehensive, and economical. Barriers to planning include external factors and resistance to change.
Delegation of authority and decentralizationAMALDASKH
This document discusses delegation of authority and decentralization. It defines delegation as dividing authority and tasks among subordinates to achieve goals effectively. Decentralization systematically delegates authority at all levels except for major decisions. Key principles of delegation include clearly defining expected results, balancing authority and responsibility, and maintaining accountability. Delegation benefits include multi-tasking, speedy decisions, better coordination, and developing managerial skills, while limitations can arise from resistance to sharing authority or lack of trust/ability.
This document discusses planning, including its meaning, nature, importance, advantages, disadvantages, and process. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who to do it. It is goal-oriented, pervasive, efficient, helps with coordination and flexibility. Planning helps set objectives, avoid uncertainty, coordinate activities, and run organizations effectively. While planning is important, it can also be costly and delay action. The planning process involves analyzing internal and external environments, setting objectives and forecasts, identifying alternatives, and reviewing plans. There are different types of planning like corporate, divisional, group, and departmental planning.
This document discusses the organization of health services. It begins by introducing organizational structure and its importance through organizational charts or organograms. It then covers organizational theory, including classical and modern approaches. The document defines organizing and organization, and discusses the process of organizing which includes differentiation and integration of activities. It outlines principles of organizing according to EFL Brech, and covers the importance and types of organizational structures such as line, line and staff, and formal and informal structures. The importance of organizational structure through organograms is also highlighted.
The document discusses the concepts of organizing, including defining organizing as the process of arranging work, authority, and resources to achieve organizational goals. It covers principles of organization like unity of command and span of control, and different types of organizational structures such as functional, divisional, and matrix structures. The document also examines concepts related to organizing like responsibility, authority, and centralization versus decentralization.
This document discusses organizing as a function of management. It defines organizing and explains that it involves sub-dividing and grouping activities. Organizing becomes necessary when more than one person works together to achieve common objectives. The document then discusses the nature and purpose of organization, including specialization, orientation towards goals, and continuity. It also outlines the steps in the organizing process and discusses formal and informal organization structures. Finally, it covers different types of organizational structures like bureaucratic, functional, divisional, and matrix structures.
This document discusses key concepts related to organizing in organizations. It covers differentiation and integration as fundamental concepts of organizing that involve dividing labor into specialized tasks while still coordinating work. Various structures are described such as mechanistic versus organic, as well as functional, product, geographic, and matrix designs. Elements of structure like departmentalization, the chain of command, and span of control are also summarized. Factors that determine organizational design are environment, size, technology, and strategy.
This document discusses various aspects of planning in management. It outlines the key managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, and controlling. Planning involves determining future actions, including what will be done, how it will be done, and when. Important aspects of planning include providing direction, reducing risks and uncertainties, and establishing standards for control. The document also discusses types of plans like objectives, strategies, programs, budgets, policies, procedures, methods, and rules. It outlines the steps and characteristics of strategy formulation, including determining objectives, SWOT analysis, and consistency with the internal and external environment. Policy formulation and evaluation of strategies are also summarized.
A functional organization structure groups employees by specialty, while a matrix organization blends functional reporting with project management. A functional structure gives project managers little authority, while a matrix gives more power to balance priorities between projects and functions. A matrix can be weak, balanced, or strong depending on whether functional managers or project managers have more control over resources. Both structures have advantages and disadvantages related to coordination, focus, authority and efficiency.
It contains information about the basic concepts of management like what is management, functions of management, levels of management which is the basis for every management student.
Controlling refers to measuring performance against standards, identifying deviations, and taking corrective actions. It involves setting standards, measuring actual performance, comparing performance to standards, analyzing deviations, and making corrections. Controlling and planning are interrelated functions - planning provides the basis for standards while controlling improves future planning. The process of controlling involves ongoing measurement, evaluation, and adjustment to ensure organizational goals are achieved.
Planning is the process of making decisions about goals and activities for the future. It involves determining what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who will do it. Planning is important because it helps identify goals, ensures everyone understands the goals and their roles, and allows the organization to work towards goals in an accountable, resource-efficient way and to evaluate achievements. There are different approaches to planning like top-down, bottom-up, a composite approach, and a team approach. The composite approach combines top-down and bottom-up by having top executives provide guidelines and parameters for lower managers to formulate tentative plans, which are then reviewed and approved at the top. It engages more managers in
The document discusses various managerial skills including technical, human relations, conceptual, analytical, decision-making, digital, and communication skills. It explains that different levels of managers require different skill sets, with technical skills being most important for first-level managers and conceptual skills being most important for top-level managers. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key skills necessary for successful management at different levels within an organization.
Resource management involves the efficient deployment of an organization's resources to maximize utilization and achieve goals. It includes tangible resources like equipment, facilities, and supplies as well as intangible resources like ideas and human capital. Proper resource management in schools requires identifying both necessary and unnecessary items, storing only necessary supplies, and delegating responsibility over resources while monitoring performance. The school head is responsible for developing resource stewardship and ensuring resources are properly cared for, accounted for, and used to improve student learning.
This document discusses corporate planning and environmental analysis. It defines corporate planning as a systematic process that involves establishing objectives and premises, choosing alternative courses of action, formulating derivative plans, securing cooperation, and following up on plans. It also outlines the key elements of corporate planning like communication strategy, strategic planning task force, vision and mission statements, values, goals, objectives, tasks, and implementation strategy. The document then discusses the internal and external environmental analysis processes, including tools like PEST, SWOT, and analyzing markets, competitors, customers, suppliers, distributors, and publics.
Planning is a key management function that involves establishing objectives and strategies for achieving goals. It requires looking ahead to potential opportunities and challenges, and determining the best courses of action. The planning process includes setting objectives, analyzing the environment, identifying alternative strategies, choosing a strategy, developing plans, and monitoring implementation. Planning establishes direction and guides the other management functions of organizing, leading, and controlling. It is essential at all levels of management and in all departments to ensure efficient and effective operations.
The document discusses various aspects of resource management including the management process, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It describes management as setting goals, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling activities to achieve objectives efficiently. Planning involves selecting objectives and actions to achieve them and is a decision-making process. Implementation is the execution of plans by carrying out activities and careful observation. Evaluation assesses whether objectives were met and determines if adjustments are needed to plans, implementation, or objectives.
Planning involves establishing objectives, considering alternative courses of action, and developing detailed derivative plans. It is a continuous process that includes establishing planning premises, choosing the best alternative, securing cooperation from those implementing plans, and following up on plans through appraisal. Planning provides direction, reduces uncertainties, and minimizes random decisions. It is important for achieving goals and gaining competitive advantages.
Planning is a crucial process in various aspects of life, from personal goal setting to business strategy development and project management. The stages of planning provide a structured framework for organizing thoughts, making informed decisions, and achieving desired outcomes. Here are outline the typical stages of planning in detail:
1. Identification of Goals and Objectives:
2. Determine Premises
3. Exploring Pathways: Uncovering Corporate Options
4. Assessing Options
5. Choose the Optimal Path (Top Alternative)
6. Crafting Supportive Strategies
7. Implementing the Plan
8. Analyzing the Complete Planning Journey
9. Documentation
This document discusses the management process of planning. It defines planning as deciding what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done and who is to do it. Planning is the first function of management and all other functions depend on it. The document outlines the nature, importance, principles, elements/components and steps involved in the planning process. It also discusses different types of planning such as directional, administrative and operational planning.
Planning is as intellectual process of thinking resorted to decide a course of action which helps to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the organization in future
The essence of management is planning. To start a new things every people and organization first set the planning process. It is one of the essential and major beginning functions of management.
UNIT - III: PLANNING AND CONTROL: Concept- Process and Types; Decision making
concept and process; Bounded rationality; Management by objectives; Corporate Planning;
Environment analysis and Diagnosis; Strategy Formulations; Managerial Control- Concept
and process - Designing an Effective Control System - Techniques - Traditional and Modern
(PERT and CPM).
This document discusses planning in management. It begins by defining the mission of planning as providing benefits to customers and helping achieve goals through effective resource use.
It then discusses the philosophy of planning, including that it requires flexibility and guidelines. Principles of planning include contributing to objectives, using resources efficiently, and having a policy framework.
Objectives, components, levels, and characteristics of planning are also outlined. Planning involves setting objectives and policies, developing procedures and budgets, and can be directional, administrative, or operational. It is an intellectual process that focuses on objectives and selects the best course of action.
This document provides an overview of the planning process. It begins by listing the names of five individuals who were involved in planning. It then provides definitions of planning, noting that planning bridges the gap from the present to the future. Goals are described as important for providing direction, focusing efforts, guiding decisions, and helping to evaluate progress. The nature, objectives, steps, importance, failures, advantages, and levels of planning are then outlined. Finally, it discusses operationalizing and institutionalizing strategy.
This document discusses planning and decision making. It defines planning as selecting objectives and deciding on actions to achieve them, requiring decision making by choosing among alternatives. Planning is the most basic managerial function involving deciding what, who, how, when and where in advance. Good plans are based on clearly defined objectives, are simple, comprehensive, flexible, balanced and utilize available resources. Planning establishes direction, coordination and helps accomplish budgets. Planning involves establishing objectives, developing premises, determining alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting a course, and formulating derivative plans. Management by objectives is a process where management and employees agree on and understand organizational objectives.
This document provides an overview of planning as a management process. It discusses planning as determining future courses of action, with consideration of objectives, activities, policies, and timing. Key features of planning discussed include it being a process, primarily concerned with the future, involving alternative selection, and undertaken at all organizational levels. The importance of planning is outlined in terms of primacy over other functions, offsetting uncertainty, focusing on objectives, coordination, and control. Steps in the planning process and types of plans are also summarized.
This wonderful and helpful
A company description is an overview of the company's plan, vision, and relationships. These documents typically include the company's name, business structure, mission statement, and an overview of the target mark
Communicate the story of your business and why you started it. Describe the customers or the cause that your business serves. Explain your business model or how your products are made. Put a face to your business, featuring the founders or the people on your team.
This document discusses planning and management by objectives. It defines planning as selecting objectives and deciding on actions to achieve them. Planning involves establishing objectives in a hierarchy from overall goals to specific departmental and individual objectives. The key steps in planning are establishing objectives, developing premises, determining alternative courses of action, evaluating alternatives, selecting a course, formulating supporting plans, and quantifying plans through budgeting. Management by objectives involves managers and employees agreeing to objectives to improve results-oriented planning, clarification of roles, and encouragement.
Planning is a key management process that involves defining an organization's goals and determining how to achieve them. It bridges the gap between the present and the future. Planning establishes direction for the organization and involves setting objectives, developing strategies, and outlining steps to execute the plans. Planning helps reduce risks and uncertainties, prevents wasteful activities, and facilitates decision making. While planning provides direction, it can also lead to rigidity if not adapted to changing conditions. Effective planning requires continuous monitoring and adjustment through the controlling process to ensure goals are actually achieved. Planning and controlling are inseparable functions that reinforce each other.
This document discusses the meaning and process of planning. It defines planning as selecting objectives and deciding on actions to achieve them through decision making. The key steps in planning are: 1) being aware of opportunities, 2) establishing objectives, 3) developing premises, 4) determining alternative courses of action, 5) evaluating alternatives, 6) selecting a course, 7) formulating derivative plans, and 8) quantifying plans through budgeting. Planning involves setting goals at different levels, from overall mission to operational plans, and is necessary for organizations to effectively organize resources to achieve objectives.
Planning is the primary function of management and involves deciding in advance what should be done. It bridges the gap between where an organization currently is and where it wants to go. There are various types of planning including strategic, tactical, long-term, medium-term, and short-term planning. Planning provides focus, avoids waste, and ensures efficiency. Some limitations include uncertainty and potential rigidity. Key elements in planning include objectives, strategies, policies, and budgets. Tools that assist with planning include Porter's Five Forces model and SWOT analysis.
This document discusses planning as the fundamental management function that precedes other functions like organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. It defines planning as anticipating the future and determining a course of action to achieve desired results. The document outlines the key characteristics of planning such as being goal-oriented, primary, all-pervasive, intellectual, continuous, forward-looking, involving choice, and integrated. It also discusses the purpose and principles of planning, including contributing to objectives efficiently. Planning premises are assumptions about the future environment used in planning and are classified as external/internal, tangible/intangible, and controllable/uncontrollable. The document concludes by stating there is no standard planning process and each enterprise develops its own
The document summarizes key aspects of India's annual Union Budget process. It explains that an interim budget is presented near elections when a full budget is not practical. An interim budget includes expenditures for the remaining months of the current government's term. It also notes regulations that prevent major new policy proposals in an interim budget that could unfairly influence voters. The document provides example statements that could be included in a budget, such as projected GDP growth, planned infrastructure spending, tax collection figures, and social program targets. It concludes by saying there will be no tax changes and small outstanding tax demands will be withdrawn.
The document summarizes the challenging business environment faced by airline managers. It notes that since 2001, the airline industry has been characterized by volatile demand and intense competition from low-cost carriers. Consumers select carriers based on lowest price, putting downward pressure on pricing. Additionally, airline costs are closely tied to unpredictable fuel prices. Labor unions also drive up costs. As a result of these conditions, many major airlines struggled financially between 2001 and 2004.
The document outlines the key functions and skills of a manager. It discusses the main functions managers perform, including planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. It also describes important skills managers require such as technical competence, self-awareness, interpersonal skills, emotional understanding, thinking skills, and political skills. Managers need a diverse set of abilities to effectively lead people and handle complex managerial responsibilities.
- Management has evolved since ancient civilizations, as seen in large construction projects like the Egyptian pyramids that required organizing thousands of workers.
- Scientific management emerged during the industrial revolution to address low productivity, worker dissatisfaction, and labor unrest. It aimed to apply scientific principles to management.
- Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He emphasized applying scientific methods to solve management problems rather than relying on trial and error. This included principles like job specialization, scientific worker selection and training, harmony between managers and workers, and maximizing output.
The document provides an overview of management as a concept. It discusses Pooja, a restaurant manager who oversees 100 employees. It then defines management according to various scholars and outlines its key concepts and functions. Management exists at multiple levels in organizations including top, middle, and lower levels. Effective management is important for achieving goals, utilizing resources efficiently, adapting to change, and ensuring smooth and profitable business operations through innovation.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
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- Stakeholder Analysis
- Strategy Decomposition
- Adoption of Business Frameworks
- Goal Setting
- Initiatives and Action Plans
- KPIs and Performance Metrics
- Learning and Adaptation
- Alignment and Cascading of Scorecards
Benefits:
- Systematic strategy formulation and execution.
- Framework flexibility and automation.
- Enhanced alignment and strategic focus across the organization.
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“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
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2. Most of us are fairly familiar with the meaning of 'Planning'
in our everyday life.
We do often decide in advance about the things to be done
on a busy working day.
As students, you may think in advance how to go ahead with
the preparation for your examination, how to make use of
your time in the best possible manner and so on.
3. Planning is the most fundamental function of
management
An organization can succeed in effective utilization
of its human financial and material resources only
when its management decides in advance its
objectives, and methods of achieving them.
4. Planning involves determination of objectives of the
business, formation of programmes and courses of
action for their attainment, development of
schedules and timings of action and assignment of
responsibilities for their implementation.
5. Planning thus precedes all efforts and action, as it is the
plans and programmes that determine the kind of
decisions and activities required for the attainment of the
desired goals.
It lies at the basis of all other managerial functions
including organizing, staffing, directing and controlling.
6. DEFINITION
Planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done,
who is to do it, how it is to be done and when it is to be done.
According to Koontz, O'Donnell and Weihrich, "Planning is an
intellectually demanding process; it requires the conscious
determination of courses of action and the basing of decisions on
purpose, knowledge and considered estimates".
7. Planning is thus deciding in advance the future state of business
of an enterprise, and the means of attaining it. Its elements are :
1. What will be done – what are the objectives of business in the
short and in the long run?
2. What resources will be required – This involves estimation of
the available and potential resources, estimation of resources
required for the achievement of objectives, and filling the gap
between the two, if any.
8. 3. How it will be done – This involves two things : (i) determination of
tasks, activities, projects, programmes, etc., required for the
attainment of objectives, and (ii) formulation of strategies, policies,
procedures, methods, standard and budgets for the above purpose.
4. Who will do it – It involves assignment of responsibilities to various
managers relating to enterprise objectives.
9. 5. When it will be done – It involves determination of the
timing and sequence, if any, for the performance of
various activities and execution of various projects and
their parts.
10. NATURE OF PLANNING
• Primacy of planning
• Planning as a process
• Pervasiveness
• Future orientation
• Information base
• Continuous process
11. 1. PRIMACY OF PLANNING
Planning precedes all other managerial functions.
The process of management begins with planning.
Planning is the prime function from which the other
functions get the necessary base.
12. 2. PLANNING AS A PROCESS
Planning is a process involving a few stages or steps.
The planning process begins with identification-of mission
and goals of the organisation and ends with making
arrangements for implementation of plans.
13. 3. PERVASIVENESS
Planning is a pervasive function of managers at all , levels
of the managerial hierarchy, right from the chief executive
down to the first line supervisor.
Planning is also pervasive across the various organisational
functional areas.
14. 4 FUTURE ORIENTATION
Planning is future-oriented.
Henri Fayol defined planning as the process of looking
ahead (thinking ahead) and making provision to tackle
future events and situations.
The concern for future makes sense to the extent that
planning is intended to cope with uncertainties and
unknowns
15. 5 INFORMATION BASE
Planning is backed by information.
Without information, planning exists in a vacuum.
Information on the past trends, current conditions and future
possibilities are essential for planning.
Information is needed to diagnose planning issues and problems,
to develop alternative courses of action, to evaluate them and to
make final choice of plans.
16. 6 CONTINUOUS PROCESS
Planner bases his plans on an informed and intelligent estimate of
the future, the future events may not turnout to be exactly as
predicted.
This aspect of planning makes it a continuous process.
Revisions are needed to be made in them in response to changes
taking place in the internal as well as external environment of
enterprise
18. I. PROVIDES DIRECTION
Planning provides a clear sense of direction to the
activities of the organisation and to the job behaviour of
managers and others.
It strengthens their confidence in understanding where the
organisation is heading
19. II. REDUCES UNCERTAINTIES
Planning forces managers to shake off their inertia and
insular outlook; it induces them to look beyond those
noses, beyond today and tomorrow, and beyond
immediate concerns
It encourages them to probe and cut through
complexities and uncertainties of the environment and to
gain control over the elements of change.
20. III. KING-PIN FUNCTION
Planning is a prime managerial function which provides the basis for
the other managerial functions
The organisational structure of task and authority roles is built around
organisational plans
The functions of motivation, supervision are addressed to
implementation of plans and achievement of organisational objectives
Managerial control is meaningless without managerial planning
21. IV. RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Planning is a means of judicious allocation of strategic and
scarce resources of the organisation in the best possible manner
for achieving strategic goals of the organisation.
If the organisation enjoys a distinct advantage in possession of
resources, a careful planning is essential to allocate them into
those lines which would strengthen the overall competitive
position of the organisation.
22. V. ENCOURAGES INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY
Planning is basically the deciding function of management.
It helps innovative and creative thinking among the managers
because many new ideas come to the mind of a manager when
he is planning.
It creates a forward looking attitude among the managers.
23. ESSENTIAL STEPS IN PLANNING
Establishing
Verifiable Goals
Establishing
Planning
Premises
Defining of key
areas and
issues
Findings
Alternative
Courses of
Action
Evaluating and
Selecting a
Course of
Action
Developing
Derivative
plans
Measuring and
Controlling the
Progress
24. 1. ESTABLISHING VERIFIABLE GOALS
The first step in planning is to determine the
enterprise objectives
These are most often set by upper level or top
managers, usually after a number of possible
objectives have been carefully considered.
25. There are many types of objectives managers
may select: a desired sales volume or growth
rate, the development of a new product or
service, or even a more abstract goal such as
becoming more active in the community.
The type of goal selected will depend on
number of factors.
26. 2. ESTABLISHING PLANNING PREMISES
The second step in planning is to establish planning
premises, i.e. certain assumptions about the future on the
basis of which the plan will be formulated.
Planning premises are vital to the success of planning as
they supply economic conditions, production costs and
prices, probable competitive behaviour, capital and
material availability, governmental control and so on.
27. In this step, top management in collaboration with
other managers, have to make an analysis of the
current state of affairs with the organisation
However, top management of the organisation is
vitally concerned with the analysis of external
environmental conditions for planning purposes.
This will enable the organisation to identify the
present and future opportunities and threats in the
various elements with which the organisation is
directly concerned.
28. 3. DEFINING OF KEY AREAS AND ISSUES
FOR PLANNING
The appraisal of internal and external environmental
conditions gives to the management an idea about what
tentative planning the organisation needs.
Managers have to ask themselves whether, in the light of
environmental appraisal, the existing businesses, products,
markets, processes and practices are relevant, and which
aspects of them have to be retained, strengthened and
modified.
29. The analysis also may reveal the need for new
directions to strengthen the competitive position of the
organisation, and to bring about a better alignment
between the organisation and the business environment.
30. 4. FINDINGS ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF
ACTION
The fourth step in planning is to search for
alternative courses of action.
For instance, technical know-how may be secured
by engaging a foreign technician or by training
staff abroad.
31. Similarly, products may be sold directly to
the consumer by the company's salesmen or
through exclusive agencies.
There is seldom a plan for which reasonable
alternatives do not exit, and quite often an
alternative that is not obvious proves to be
the best.
32. 5. EVALUATING AND SELECTING A COURSE
OF ACTION
Having sought alternative courses, the fifth step is to
evaluate them in the light of the premises and goals
and to select the best course or courses of action.
This is done with the help of quantitative techniques
and operations research.
33. 6. DEVELOPING DERIVATIVE PLANS
Once the plan has been formulated, its broad
goals must be translated into day-to-day operations
of the organization.
Middle and lower-level managers must draw up the
appropriate plans, programmes and budgets for
their sub-units.
These are described as derivative plans.
34. In developing these derivative plans, lower-level
managers take steps similar to those taken by upper-
level managers – selecting realistic goals, assessing
their sub-units particular strength and weaknesses
and analyzing those parts of the environment that
can affect them.
35. 7. MEASURING AND CONTROLLING THE
PROGRESS
Obviously, it is meaningless to let a plan run its course without
monitoring its progress.
Hence the process of controlling is a critical part of any plan.
Managers need to check the progress of their plans so that
they can (a) take whatever remedial action is necessary to
make the plan work, or (b) change the original plan if it is
unrealistic.
36. Types of Plans
The term 'plan' may be defined as a course
of action determined in advance by the
management.
A plan has a time frame.
It is a commitment to action and commitment
of resources.
It is also a package of decisions on intended
efforts to achieve some results.
37.
38. STRATEGIC PLAN
It involves analyzing competitive opportunities and threats, as well
as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and then
determining how to position the organization to compete
effectively in their environment.
Strategic planning has a long time frame, often three years or
more.
Strategic planning generally includes the entire organization and
includes formulation of objectives.
39. Strategic planning is often based on the organization’s
mission, which is its fundamental reason for existence.
An organization’s top management most often conducts
strategic planning.
40. OPERATIONAL PLAN
These plans generally assumes the existence of
organization-wide or subunit goals and objectives and
specifies ways to achieve them.
Operational planning is short-range (less than a year)
planning that is designed to develop specific action steps
that support the strategic and tactical plans.
43. DIRECTIONAL PLANS
When uncertainty is high and managers must be flexible in order
to respond
to unexpected changes, directional plans are preferable
Directional plans are flexible plans that set out general
guidelines.
They provide focus but don’t lock managers into specific goals or
courses of action.
For example, Mr. Kumar , president of T-Series , said he has a
simple goal—to “sign great artists.”
44. SPECIFIC PLANS
Specific plans are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation.
A specific plan states its objectives in a way that eliminates ambiguity
and problems with misunderstanding.
For example, a manager who seeks to increase his or her unit’s work
output by 8 Percent over a given 12-month period might establish
specific procedures, budget allocations, and schedules of activities to
reach that goal.
45. SINGLE-USE PLAN
A single-use plan is a one-time plan specifically designed to meet
the needs of a unique situation.
A single use plan is one which is specific to particular situations of
a non-repetitive nature.
It may not have use for different situations, It becomes obsolete
Once its purpose is over.
For instance, when Walmart wanted to expand the number of its
stores in China, top-level executives formulated a single-use plan
as a guide.
46. STANDING PLANS
As against single use plans, standing plans are those which are of a
relatively long
standing by nature and provide guidance for activities performed
repeatedly.
Standing plans include policies, rules, and procedures
An example of a standing plan is the sexual harassment policy
developed by the University
It provides guidance to university administrators, faculty, and staff.