Industrialization has become an important factor to the development of a country’s
economy, through the establishment of plants and factories. However, the waste or byproducts
discharged from them are severely disastrous to the environment consists various
kind of contaminant which contaminate the surface water, ground water and soil. There are a
number of reasons the waste are not safely treated. One of the reasons is mainly due to the
lacking of highly efficient and economic treatment technology. Ever since the Industrial
Revolution, industrial activities have been accompanied by a problem: industrial waste. The
commensurate increase in industrialization, urbanization and population growth are leading
to production of enormous quantities of industrial wastes that may cause degradation in
environment and health hazards. On the other hand, the desire for a healthy environment
increases, which leads to the need for better ways of waste minimization, pollution
prevention and better use of resources in achieving the required industrial and environmental
standards. During this research work various factors interrelated to industrial waste are being
identified and converted into questionnaire to carry out surveys. Software like Microsoft
Excel and SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) are adopted to
evaluate the responses collected from the people by frequency distribution analysis.
IRJET- Study on Concrete with E-Waste as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggreg...IRJET Journal
This document studies using e-waste as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. E-waste is a growing environmental issue as electronic products have shorter lifecycles. The study mixes concrete with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacement of coarse aggregate with crushed e-waste. It tests the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures at various ages when cured in normal water and sea water. The results showed the compressive strength was highest with a 10% replacement of coarse aggregate with e-waste. Using e-waste in concrete provides an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of e-waste while producing concrete with comparable or improved mechanical properties.
Development of a polythene recycling machine from locallyAlexander Decker
The document describes the design and development of a machine to recycle polythene and nylon wastes in Nigeria. The machine uses fixed and rotary blades powered by an electric motor to slit loaded waste materials. As the rotary blades rotate at 2880 rpm, the friction generates heat to soften the waste into small flakes averaging 35kg per hour. The machine was designed to address the problem of non-biodegradable plastic waste in Nigeria using locally available materials.
Efficiency of indoor environment for improving people's healtheSAT Journals
Abstract The main role of building is to provide shelter, security and healthy place for its occupants. As people spend most of their time in indoor space ( home, work, schools, etc.) therefore most of the hazards that affect human health is a result of poor indoor environment. Among many factors contribute to unhealthy indoor environment and affect people’ health are lack of maintenance, indoor air quality (IAQ) as a result of poor of ventilation, light, noise, etc. Nowadays, architects, and interior designers main objective is to promote comfort and healthy indoor building environment for its occupants through the design process of new building and provide proper design solutions for existing buildings. Therefore, the aim of this research is identify active factors related health that affect the indoor building environment. Strategies and recommendations to prevent or minimize hazards due to poor indoor environment will be also addressed. Keywords: sustainable, indoor air quality (IAQ), human health
This document discusses hazardous waste management in India and Iraq. It outlines the major sources of hazardous waste in each country such as industrial waste, medical waste, and waste from wars in Iraq. Current hazardous waste management practices face issues like improper disposal and lack of education. Key differences between the two countries include additional sources of contaminated rubble and oil spills in Iraq. The document proposes standard international solutions like regulation, proper treatment facilities, education, and polluter responsibility.
IRJET- Biofilter System for Air Pollution Control: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews biofilter systems for air pollution control. Biofilters use microorganisms to biologically degrade volatile organic compounds and odorous gases from industrial air streams in a cost-effective manner. Biofilters have advantages over other air pollution control technologies in that they can treat dilute gas streams while producing less secondary waste. The document discusses the history of biofilters, how they work by passing contaminated air through a bed of microorganisms, and their advantages in comparison to other air pollution control systems.
Waste Thermocol to Adhesive for Better EnvironmentAM Publications
Plastic waste causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding places for mosquito’s, being
eaten by cattle and wild animals to endanger their lives, where it lays it stop vegetation from growing, create obstructs
in drain and piping, etc. Now total consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused
significant depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas. Plastics make up almost 13 percent of
the municipal solid waste stream, a dramatic increase from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the
waste stream. 32 million tons of plastic waste was generated in 2011, representing 12.7 percent of total MSW.
Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every
minute. A work is carried out to convert waste thermocol to useful product i.e. Adhesive.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of building materials selection. It begins by noting that buildings are responsible for large portions of environmental impacts like energy usage and emissions. The document then examines specific impacts like air pollution, smog, ecological toxicity, and their health effects. Impacts on the environment like global climate change, acidification, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity are also reviewed. The energy usage of building materials during production, construction, use and demolition is assessed. The conclusion advocates selecting materials based on their full life cycle impacts to minimize environmental degradation and maximize resource savings, energy efficiency, and human health.
Rising Need for Environment Sustainable Responsibility by the Firmspaperpublications3
Abstract: The need for environmental sustainable responsibility by firms has risen on an altogether new level as the year 2011 ended with the largest ever jump in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The bitter truth is that the carbon intensity of the world’s fastest growing economies is only rising despite futile efforts of UN climate talks.
It is imperative for an organization to work collectively towards reorganizing the world’s systems of energy and agricultural production by optimizing its capabilities, assets and even by flexing its political muscle to directly influence inadequate policies.
Practically this is rare as companies tend to “greenwash” their image by misrepresentation of facts to popularity & profits. On the other hand companies such as Google & IBM have been genuinely effective in playing their part in environment sustainability.
IRJET- Study on Concrete with E-Waste as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggreg...IRJET Journal
This document studies using e-waste as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete. E-waste is a growing environmental issue as electronic products have shorter lifecycles. The study mixes concrete with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacement of coarse aggregate with crushed e-waste. It tests the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths of the concrete mixtures at various ages when cured in normal water and sea water. The results showed the compressive strength was highest with a 10% replacement of coarse aggregate with e-waste. Using e-waste in concrete provides an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of e-waste while producing concrete with comparable or improved mechanical properties.
Development of a polythene recycling machine from locallyAlexander Decker
The document describes the design and development of a machine to recycle polythene and nylon wastes in Nigeria. The machine uses fixed and rotary blades powered by an electric motor to slit loaded waste materials. As the rotary blades rotate at 2880 rpm, the friction generates heat to soften the waste into small flakes averaging 35kg per hour. The machine was designed to address the problem of non-biodegradable plastic waste in Nigeria using locally available materials.
Efficiency of indoor environment for improving people's healtheSAT Journals
Abstract The main role of building is to provide shelter, security and healthy place for its occupants. As people spend most of their time in indoor space ( home, work, schools, etc.) therefore most of the hazards that affect human health is a result of poor indoor environment. Among many factors contribute to unhealthy indoor environment and affect people’ health are lack of maintenance, indoor air quality (IAQ) as a result of poor of ventilation, light, noise, etc. Nowadays, architects, and interior designers main objective is to promote comfort and healthy indoor building environment for its occupants through the design process of new building and provide proper design solutions for existing buildings. Therefore, the aim of this research is identify active factors related health that affect the indoor building environment. Strategies and recommendations to prevent or minimize hazards due to poor indoor environment will be also addressed. Keywords: sustainable, indoor air quality (IAQ), human health
This document discusses hazardous waste management in India and Iraq. It outlines the major sources of hazardous waste in each country such as industrial waste, medical waste, and waste from wars in Iraq. Current hazardous waste management practices face issues like improper disposal and lack of education. Key differences between the two countries include additional sources of contaminated rubble and oil spills in Iraq. The document proposes standard international solutions like regulation, proper treatment facilities, education, and polluter responsibility.
IRJET- Biofilter System for Air Pollution Control: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews biofilter systems for air pollution control. Biofilters use microorganisms to biologically degrade volatile organic compounds and odorous gases from industrial air streams in a cost-effective manner. Biofilters have advantages over other air pollution control technologies in that they can treat dilute gas streams while producing less secondary waste. The document discusses the history of biofilters, how they work by passing contaminated air through a bed of microorganisms, and their advantages in comparison to other air pollution control systems.
Waste Thermocol to Adhesive for Better EnvironmentAM Publications
Plastic waste causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding places for mosquito’s, being
eaten by cattle and wild animals to endanger their lives, where it lays it stop vegetation from growing, create obstructs
in drain and piping, etc. Now total consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused
significant depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas. Plastics make up almost 13 percent of
the municipal solid waste stream, a dramatic increase from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the
waste stream. 32 million tons of plastic waste was generated in 2011, representing 12.7 percent of total MSW.
Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every
minute. A work is carried out to convert waste thermocol to useful product i.e. Adhesive.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of building materials selection. It begins by noting that buildings are responsible for large portions of environmental impacts like energy usage and emissions. The document then examines specific impacts like air pollution, smog, ecological toxicity, and their health effects. Impacts on the environment like global climate change, acidification, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity are also reviewed. The energy usage of building materials during production, construction, use and demolition is assessed. The conclusion advocates selecting materials based on their full life cycle impacts to minimize environmental degradation and maximize resource savings, energy efficiency, and human health.
Rising Need for Environment Sustainable Responsibility by the Firmspaperpublications3
Abstract: The need for environmental sustainable responsibility by firms has risen on an altogether new level as the year 2011 ended with the largest ever jump in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The bitter truth is that the carbon intensity of the world’s fastest growing economies is only rising despite futile efforts of UN climate talks.
It is imperative for an organization to work collectively towards reorganizing the world’s systems of energy and agricultural production by optimizing its capabilities, assets and even by flexing its political muscle to directly influence inadequate policies.
Practically this is rare as companies tend to “greenwash” their image by misrepresentation of facts to popularity & profits. On the other hand companies such as Google & IBM have been genuinely effective in playing their part in environment sustainability.
Review on Biodegradation of Plastic Waste by Micro Organismsijtsrd
Plastics are light weighted, durable, corrosion resistant materials, strong, and inexpensive. Scientists have reported many adverse effects of the plastic in the environment and human health. The plastics at room temperatures are not considered as toxic. The toxic properties are found in plastics, when heat is released from the food material in which they are covered and then they produce serious human health problems. This review article covers the list of plastics, plastic degrading efficiency by microbes and their involvement to degrade the plastic waste. Christian Venisha V | Saraf Meenu S | Thakkar Aarti V "Review on Biodegradation of Plastic Waste by Micro-Organisms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38160.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38160/review-on-biodegradation-of-plastic-waste-by-microorganisms/christian-venisha-v
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses making an adhesive from waste thermocol and petrol. It begins by introducing the problems caused by increasing plastic waste. The main aim is to create a useful product from thermocol waste by making an adhesive. It describes mixing thermocol and petrol to form a chemical product that acts as an adhesive and can be used in construction. The adhesive is tested on samples of brick, concrete brick and marble. The methodology explains the process of adding thermocol to petrol to create the adhesive. Statistical analysis provides data on amounts of materials used. Future applications are discussed like reducing construction costs and pollution by using the adhesive. In conclusion, the adhesive allows reuse of thermocol waste and reduces fuel needed to dispose of it while helping control pollution.
This document discusses plastic waste and its impacts. It provides background on plastics, describing their history and production levels over time. Several types and categories of plastics are identified. Sources of plastic waste include various consumer and industrial products. The impacts of plastic waste include harm to the environment, wildlife, and potentially human health. Methods for managing plastic waste include recycling, incineration, landfilling, and emerging technologies like plasma pyrolysis. Future trends in plastic waste are also addressed.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on applying research results ethically. The presentation was given by 5 students and covered topics like environmental impacts, ethics, copyright, intellectual property rights, and plagiarism. It emphasizes that research results should not harm the environment or violate ethics. Researchers must properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism. Environmental impacts of concern include plastic waste, e-waste, depletion of the ozone layer, industrial waste, and global warming. The presentation also discusses data protection, informed consent, research on embryos/fetuses, dual use of technology, animal research, and research involving developing countries.
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor that was heated in a furnace to about 500°C. Vapors produced were condensed to obtain an oil that has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using oil from recycled plastic waste helps address the problems of plastic pollution while providing an alternative to existing solvent
IRJET - Air Pollution a Major Threat to the People of Khrew (J&K)IRJET Journal
This document discusses air pollution in Khrew, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that air pollution is a major threat to the people of Khrew, mainly affecting children. The main sources of air pollution are the approximately 6 cement plants in the area, which emit around 100,000 kg of toxic gases per day. This high level of air pollution has led to decreased production of saffron, fruits, and vegetables over time as well as decreased water levels. It is also linked to increased respiratory diseases and deaths among the local population. The document recommends various safety measures that can be taken to reduce air pollution, such as using cleaner fuels, limiting private transport, planting more trees, and locating cement plants further away from
The study revisits the environmental and health effects of the Nichemtex textile industry on local residents 10 years after a previous study. It finds that liquid waste constitutes the highest waste generated at 51.5% and is discharged into a local river without adequate treatment. A survey of 200 residents finds high rates of environmental problems like surface water pollution (4.28 rating) and offensive odors (4.29 rating). Common health issues reported include skin rashes, malaria, typhoid fever. The study concludes the industry's effluent discharge and other pollution remains high and has likely contributed to ongoing environmental health problems for residents.
This document summarizes an article that discusses building material passports for hot climates. It begins by introducing the concept of vernacular building materials and how they were traditionally used in a sustainable way. It then discusses how a building material passport can document the material composition of a building and its environmental impacts. The document evaluates methods for analyzing the environmental profile of building materials using factors like greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. It examines sections that should be included in a building material passport, such as health and safety information. The overall goal is to determine the most suitable building material passports and materials for buildings in hot climates.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using ornamental plants to improve air quality in cities. It discusses the importance of air quality to human and plant health, sources and types of air pollution, effects of air pollution on people and plants, and criteria for selecting plant species well-suited for controlling urban air pollution. It provides examples of research assessing how urban trees and greenery remove air pollutants. The document concludes that strategic planting of indigenous, pollution-tolerant species can help clean the air and create healthier urban environments.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources. Major human-made pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds which are emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can cause health issues like heart and lung diseases. Governments establish regulations and industries use control technologies to reduce air pollutant emissions and improve air quality.
This document provides an overview of biodegradable polymers. It begins by defining biodegradable polymers as polymeric materials that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi into carbon dioxide, water and biomass. It then discusses the history of biodegradable polymers and describes the three main classes: conventional non-biodegradable plastics, partially degradable plastics containing natural fibers, and completely biodegradable plastics derived from natural sources like starch. The document also outlines the types of biodegradable polymers including naturally occurring resins like starch and proteins, and biodegradable synthetic resins. Finally, it discusses applications of biodegradable polymers in packaging.
Resource book plastic waste management (1)TCEENVIS
The document provides an implementation framework for plastic waste management in rural India. It summarizes that plastic waste generation is increasing in rural areas due to growing retail penetration. Current disposal practices are unsafe and unsustainable. It outlines the need for a comprehensive plastic waste management system in rural India. The document then discusses the existing policy landscape around plastic waste management in India, including the Plastic Waste Rules 2016, state-level bans on thin plastic bags, and extended producer responsibility policies. It also discusses technical options and case studies from other countries that can provide lessons. The overall aim is to provide guidance to states and districts on implementing plastic waste management programs tailored to rural contexts.
The document discusses various methods of managing solid waste including reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, pyrolysis, and landfilling. It explains the benefits of reducing pollution by recycling materials like plastic, aluminum, paper, and glass which can be recycled repeatedly. Landfilling is commonly used but can contaminate air and water if not done properly. Composting and incineration are other options to manage organic waste. Electronic waste requires special handling due to toxic materials. Plastic waste is a major global problem due to increased production and single-use items. Water and air pollution must be prevented through proper waste management.
A VALUE ADDED STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAWMATERIA...A Makwana
Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as
engineering materials. It is necessary for an engineer to become conversant with the
properties of such materials. The service condition of buildings demand a wide range of
materials and various properties are to be studied before making final selection of any
building material for a particular use. Various building materials form the living environment
of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an
important symbol of humans’ material civilization. Building materials develop with the
improvement of the productivity and living standards. Variety of materials are used for
building construction. Strength and stability of any building depends upon construction
material. Building construction cost includes cost of material. As per type of finishing
material and interior decoration this cost may extend up to 55% or more. Generally locally
and easily available materials are used in construction work. Transportation cost of material
may increase the cost of material.
This document outlines a lecture on environmental engineering at the University of Baghdad College of Engineering. It introduces chemical engineering and its role in applying science to industrial processes. The course objectives are to provide an understanding of environmental pollution, its impacts, and prevention/control methods. Recommended textbooks and a weekly schedule are included, covering topics like ecosystems, health effects, pollution types, measurements, and water/air treatment technologies. The introduction defines engineering and chemical engineering, and their applications.
INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS ...A Makwana
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
Review on Biodegradation of Plastic Waste by Micro Organismsijtsrd
Plastics are light weighted, durable, corrosion resistant materials, strong, and inexpensive. Scientists have reported many adverse effects of the plastic in the environment and human health. The plastics at room temperatures are not considered as toxic. The toxic properties are found in plastics, when heat is released from the food material in which they are covered and then they produce serious human health problems. This review article covers the list of plastics, plastic degrading efficiency by microbes and their involvement to degrade the plastic waste. Christian Venisha V | Saraf Meenu S | Thakkar Aarti V "Review on Biodegradation of Plastic Waste by Micro-Organisms" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38160.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38160/review-on-biodegradation-of-plastic-waste-by-microorganisms/christian-venisha-v
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses making an adhesive from waste thermocol and petrol. It begins by introducing the problems caused by increasing plastic waste. The main aim is to create a useful product from thermocol waste by making an adhesive. It describes mixing thermocol and petrol to form a chemical product that acts as an adhesive and can be used in construction. The adhesive is tested on samples of brick, concrete brick and marble. The methodology explains the process of adding thermocol to petrol to create the adhesive. Statistical analysis provides data on amounts of materials used. Future applications are discussed like reducing construction costs and pollution by using the adhesive. In conclusion, the adhesive allows reuse of thermocol waste and reduces fuel needed to dispose of it while helping control pollution.
This document discusses plastic waste and its impacts. It provides background on plastics, describing their history and production levels over time. Several types and categories of plastics are identified. Sources of plastic waste include various consumer and industrial products. The impacts of plastic waste include harm to the environment, wildlife, and potentially human health. Methods for managing plastic waste include recycling, incineration, landfilling, and emerging technologies like plasma pyrolysis. Future trends in plastic waste are also addressed.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on applying research results ethically. The presentation was given by 5 students and covered topics like environmental impacts, ethics, copyright, intellectual property rights, and plagiarism. It emphasizes that research results should not harm the environment or violate ethics. Researchers must properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism. Environmental impacts of concern include plastic waste, e-waste, depletion of the ozone layer, industrial waste, and global warming. The presentation also discusses data protection, informed consent, research on embryos/fetuses, dual use of technology, animal research, and research involving developing countries.
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor that was heated in a furnace to about 500°C. Vapors produced were condensed to obtain an oil that has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using oil from recycled plastic waste helps address the problems of plastic pollution while providing an alternative to existing solvent
IRJET - Air Pollution a Major Threat to the People of Khrew (J&K)IRJET Journal
This document discusses air pollution in Khrew, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It finds that air pollution is a major threat to the people of Khrew, mainly affecting children. The main sources of air pollution are the approximately 6 cement plants in the area, which emit around 100,000 kg of toxic gases per day. This high level of air pollution has led to decreased production of saffron, fruits, and vegetables over time as well as decreased water levels. It is also linked to increased respiratory diseases and deaths among the local population. The document recommends various safety measures that can be taken to reduce air pollution, such as using cleaner fuels, limiting private transport, planting more trees, and locating cement plants further away from
The study revisits the environmental and health effects of the Nichemtex textile industry on local residents 10 years after a previous study. It finds that liquid waste constitutes the highest waste generated at 51.5% and is discharged into a local river without adequate treatment. A survey of 200 residents finds high rates of environmental problems like surface water pollution (4.28 rating) and offensive odors (4.29 rating). Common health issues reported include skin rashes, malaria, typhoid fever. The study concludes the industry's effluent discharge and other pollution remains high and has likely contributed to ongoing environmental health problems for residents.
This document summarizes an article that discusses building material passports for hot climates. It begins by introducing the concept of vernacular building materials and how they were traditionally used in a sustainable way. It then discusses how a building material passport can document the material composition of a building and its environmental impacts. The document evaluates methods for analyzing the environmental profile of building materials using factors like greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. It examines sections that should be included in a building material passport, such as health and safety information. The overall goal is to determine the most suitable building material passports and materials for buildings in hot climates.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on using ornamental plants to improve air quality in cities. It discusses the importance of air quality to human and plant health, sources and types of air pollution, effects of air pollution on people and plants, and criteria for selecting plant species well-suited for controlling urban air pollution. It provides examples of research assessing how urban trees and greenery remove air pollutants. The document concludes that strategic planting of indigenous, pollution-tolerant species can help clean the air and create healthier urban environments.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources. Major human-made pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds which are emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can cause health issues like heart and lung diseases. Governments establish regulations and industries use control technologies to reduce air pollutant emissions and improve air quality.
This document provides an overview of biodegradable polymers. It begins by defining biodegradable polymers as polymeric materials that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi into carbon dioxide, water and biomass. It then discusses the history of biodegradable polymers and describes the three main classes: conventional non-biodegradable plastics, partially degradable plastics containing natural fibers, and completely biodegradable plastics derived from natural sources like starch. The document also outlines the types of biodegradable polymers including naturally occurring resins like starch and proteins, and biodegradable synthetic resins. Finally, it discusses applications of biodegradable polymers in packaging.
Resource book plastic waste management (1)TCEENVIS
The document provides an implementation framework for plastic waste management in rural India. It summarizes that plastic waste generation is increasing in rural areas due to growing retail penetration. Current disposal practices are unsafe and unsustainable. It outlines the need for a comprehensive plastic waste management system in rural India. The document then discusses the existing policy landscape around plastic waste management in India, including the Plastic Waste Rules 2016, state-level bans on thin plastic bags, and extended producer responsibility policies. It also discusses technical options and case studies from other countries that can provide lessons. The overall aim is to provide guidance to states and districts on implementing plastic waste management programs tailored to rural contexts.
The document discusses various methods of managing solid waste including reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, pyrolysis, and landfilling. It explains the benefits of reducing pollution by recycling materials like plastic, aluminum, paper, and glass which can be recycled repeatedly. Landfilling is commonly used but can contaminate air and water if not done properly. Composting and incineration are other options to manage organic waste. Electronic waste requires special handling due to toxic materials. Plastic waste is a major global problem due to increased production and single-use items. Water and air pollution must be prevented through proper waste management.
A VALUE ADDED STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAWMATERIA...A Makwana
Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as
engineering materials. It is necessary for an engineer to become conversant with the
properties of such materials. The service condition of buildings demand a wide range of
materials and various properties are to be studied before making final selection of any
building material for a particular use. Various building materials form the living environment
of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an
important symbol of humans’ material civilization. Building materials develop with the
improvement of the productivity and living standards. Variety of materials are used for
building construction. Strength and stability of any building depends upon construction
material. Building construction cost includes cost of material. As per type of finishing
material and interior decoration this cost may extend up to 55% or more. Generally locally
and easily available materials are used in construction work. Transportation cost of material
may increase the cost of material.
This document outlines a lecture on environmental engineering at the University of Baghdad College of Engineering. It introduces chemical engineering and its role in applying science to industrial processes. The course objectives are to provide an understanding of environmental pollution, its impacts, and prevention/control methods. Recommended textbooks and a weekly schedule are included, covering topics like ecosystems, health effects, pollution types, measurements, and water/air treatment technologies. The introduction defines engineering and chemical engineering, and their applications.
INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS ...A Makwana
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
The document discusses solid waste management and classification of wastes. It defines solid waste as materials such as household garbage, food waste, yard waste, and construction debris that are not liquid or gaseous. The document classifies wastes according to their properties, effects on health and environment, and origin. Wastes are categorized as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, non-hazardous, nuclear, thermal, plastic, biomedical, municipal, and agricultural wastes. Improper management of wastes can negatively impact health, socio-economic conditions, coastal environments, climate, and groundwater.
This document discusses the environmental pollution caused by the large number of garment industries located around Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India. The effluents from over 750 dyeing and bleaching units, containing various chemicals, are dumped untreated into the Noyyal River. This highly polluted water flows into the Orathapalayam Dam and has contaminated both surface and ground water in the region, rendering the water unfit for drinking or irrigation. Release of water from the dam in 1997 caused significant damage to crops, soil and animals. The dam itself may also collapse due to structural problems caused by the pollution.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Need of sustainable development and related issues pertaining to process indu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Journals
Abstract This research paper is focused on the study of various environmental aspects and their impacts arising from the Indian manufacturing industries. Our environment is being polluted day by day due to rapid industrialization. Today the delicate ecosystem of our planet is facing a danger of destruction on a scale as never before in the history of mankind. Forests are diminishing at an alarming rate, landmasses are getting eroded, climate in different parts of the world is undergoing a change due to global warming and clean air and water are increasingly becoming rare commodities. So it is high time to be aware and alert about environmental protection which cannot be done without understanding the environmental aspects. Present study tried to explain the significant environmental aspects arising from Indian manufacturing industries by analyzing the data collected through questionnaire survey. It is observed from collected data that emission to air is most significant environmental aspect in Indian manufacturing industries in respect to severity i.e. the effect of this environmental aspect is more harmful for human beings. Noise environmental aspect is having more efficiency, probability and duration, it means this environmental aspect is produced in each and every manufacturing company and affects the environment. Emission to water is second most important environmental aspect with respect to severity, probability and frequency. The degradation of Land Environmental Aspect effects the environment after the emission to water environmental aspect. But acid deposition, use of hazardous substances and production of toxic waste etc. environmental aspects have moderate significance as they have less probability, less frequency and less duration. So, Manufacturing Industries have to make monitoring plan for all these environmental aspects preferably for emission to air, release to water and noise. Key words: Environmental Aspects, Severity, Duration, Probability and Frequency, Degradation of Land, Hazardous Substances.
An analysis of environmental impacts of various environmental aspects for ind...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a student research paper on the benefits of urban forests. It discusses the environmental, social, aesthetic, and economic benefits that trees provide in cities. It also profiles 4 cities - Sacramento, Portland, New York, and Sydney - that have highly successful urban forestry programs due to factors like community support, sufficient budgets, and comprehensive management plans. Finally, it compares the urban forestry plans of Chico, CA to these other cities and identifies ways Chico's plans could be strengthened.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines solid waste management as the process of controlling waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal in a way that considers public health, conservation and the environment. The document outlines the history of solid waste management, categories and sources of waste, effects of poor management, and common management methods like sanitary landfilling, incineration, composting and recycling. The goals of management are to reduce waste impacts on human health and the environment in an efficient, low-cost manner.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study of Solid Waste Management in Mangalore City-Case...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Mangalore City, India. It finds that Mangalore generates approximately 226 tons of solid waste per day, with per capita waste generation of 0.4524 kg per day and household per capita generation of 0.2095 kg per day. Though generation levels are not alarming, waste management practices need improvement. Currently there is some segregation, door-to-door collection, and processing via windrow composting and vermicomposting. However, most waste is ultimately landfilled. The study calls for better segregation, collection, and use of decentralized waste-to-energy technologies to reduce burden on landfills and improve sustainability of Mangalore's solid waste
Industrial hazards arise from mass production and can occur at any stage, from extraction to disposal. They generally involve releasing damaging substances or energy from facilities into the environment. While malfunctions cause some hazards, the risks also depend on complex interactions between industrial systems, human factors, and the environment. Key areas of risk include manufacturing, material handling and storage, transportation, and damage can be done to the environment, infrastructure, health, and local economies.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
This document is the introduction to a textbook on environmental engineering. It defines environmental engineering as applying scientific principles to protect the environment, including both living and non-living components. It discusses how environmental engineering deals with issues like water supply, wastewater treatment, solid waste management, and air pollution control. The introduction also emphasizes the importance of sustainable development and balancing rapid changes in technology with protecting life on Earth.
Waste is generated from human activities and comes in various forms. The document discusses different types of wastes like solid, liquid, hazardous, and non-hazardous wastes. It also explains the causes of waste generation like population growth, urbanization, and lack of proper waste management systems. Further, it categorizes wastes based on their properties as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and their potential effects on the environment. The key types discussed are municipal solid waste, clinical waste, hazardous waste, and industrial waste. Proper waste management and disposal is important to address environmental pollution and impacts.
The document provides an overview of the environmental industry, which focuses on environmental civil engineering and environmental chemical engineering. It discusses the fields of environmental engineering and how they study technological impacts on the environment. The environmental industry is defined as activities related to environmental protection, compliance, pollution control, waste management, and remediation. It generated over $315 billion in revenues in 2010 globally. The industry is comprised of 14 segments across services, equipment, and resources categories. Environmental technologies apply environmental science and monitoring to conserve resources and curb human impacts, and include areas like renewable energy, water purification, and waste management.
Environmental Protection - an educational session for Indian studentsSridhar Rudravarapu
This educational presentation on environmental protection is made for the Indian School children with a representative back drop of an Indian city, Hyderabad. It explains the various factors of local environmental pollution and details the various necessary measures of environmental protection at individual level.
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES FROM LANDFILL DISPOSAL AND INCINERATION OF WASTEIAEME Publication
In the modern world, the concerns of the environment have been increased and also, the environmental commissions are developing tools for launching new regulations and directives concerning to the environment. Most of the studies are conducted in the field of waste management and restricted to the analysis of cost and benefits of environmental externalities from landfill disposal and incineration of waste. The study aims to review the comprehensive ways of analyzing the important aspects of environmental externalities from landfill disposal and incineration of waste. In a specific manner, it has also provided an overview of environmental externalities that are evaluated in context to different policies of waste management and their integration with the environment. The study explains the concept of externalities, waste management system, receptors, and damages
Similar to PIONEERING APPROACH FORINDUSTRIAL WASTE BY FREQUENCY ANALYSIS THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT (20)
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
This document summarizes a research study on the use of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks in construction projects in India. The study involved surveying engineers, consultants, and traders using a questionnaire to understand their perceptions of AAC blocks compared to clay bricks. The collected data was analyzed using the chi-square test through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of the chi-square tests showed that for contractors in Rajkot, engineers in Surat, and contractors in Vadodara, the majority of variables accepted the null hypothesis that AAC block quality is much better than clay bricks. However, for engineers in Vadodara, one variable rejected the null hypothesis. Overall, the
This document provides an overview of brick manufacturing and fly ash utilization. It discusses the constituents of brick earth and fly ash, as well as the manufacturing process which involves preparing clay, molding bricks, drying, and burning. Field testing methods for bricks are outlined. Characteristics of a first class brick and quality testing methods are also described. The document then covers how fly ash is disposed of from power plants and potential applications in construction, including advantages and disadvantages of fly ash use. Fly ash bricks are one highlighted application.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
This document discusses making concrete more economical by using stone chip aggregates from marble, granite, and kotastone cutting waste. It aims to reduce both environmental impacts and production costs of concrete by utilizing industrial waste from stone processing plants. The authors explore using stone chip aggregates generated as waste from cutting marble, granite, and kotastone in the construction industry.
This book discusses bacterial concrete as a new construction material. It explores how certain bacteria can help concrete self-heal micro-cracks by precipitating minerals to plug cracks. The book examines how bacteria that precipitate calcite could provide a sustainable and embedded mechanism for autonomously repairing cracks in concrete and preventing structural failure. It also presents case studies on this novel biomineralization technique of using specific bacteria in concrete.
This research book analyzes risk in Public Private Partnership projects using Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods. It identifies the main risk categories and factors of PPP projects through MCDM to help with proper risk management, which is important for the success of PPPs. MCDM approaches are useful for complex decision problems and are applied here to evaluate risks and determine the best alternatives for PPP projects.
This research examines eco-friendly mortar by partially replacing cement with carbon black powder at percentages ranging from 0-30%. Compression strength, water absorption, split tensile strength, and durability tests were conducted on mortar samples cured for 7, 14, 28, and 56 days to determine the optimum replacement percentage. The aim is to investigate how carbon black powder replacement affects the behavior and strength of mortar.
This research book provides information on identifying risk factors and perceptions of construction practitioners in India regarding risks in high-rise construction projects. It examines the importance of different construction risks and how risks should be assigned between contract parties. The book discusses how all construction projects face risks that can cause time and cost overruns if not properly managed through identification, assessment, response, and control.
This document defines infrastructure as the basic facilities and installations that help governments and communities function, such as roads, schools, utilities, and housing. It provides examples of infrastructure like roads, power lines, ports, and telecommunications, which are essential for economic development. The document also notes that housing, education, and health services are part of infrastructure development, as they improve people's quality of life. It concludes by listing the academic credentials of the authors of the book on infrastructure engineering and management.
Utilization of Industrial Waste in Pervious ConcreteA Makwana
This book examines the use of industrial waste materials as partial replacements for cement in pervious concrete. Pervious concrete contains coarse aggregate but little to no fine aggregate, cement, and water. It allows water to pass through easily. The study partially replaces cement in pervious concrete with waste glass powder, ceramic waste, agricultural waste, and paper waste. The goal is to examine strength and permeability properties while reducing cement usage and costs and utilizing industrial waste materials. Pervious concrete with glass powder provided the highest compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability compared to conventional concrete and other waste material mixtures.
Ready Mixed Concrete Selection through Management ApproachA Makwana
The document discusses the need for a scientific approach for selecting ready mixed concrete. The ready mixed concrete industry is growing worldwide but current selection approaches lack methodology and consideration of multiple criteria. The researchers plan to develop a mathematical selection approach using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution methods. This will help decision makers systematically understand the problem and select the best ready mixed concrete considering all aspects of the process.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
The document discusses expansion joints in civil engineering structures. It defines expansion joints as gaps provided in structures to allow for movement due to temperature changes and prevent cracking. It describes the different types of joints used in concrete and factors that affect the need for expansion joints like material properties and building size. The document outlines best practices for expansion joint design, including proper spacing and installation. It discusses common expansion joint materials like joint fillers, sealing compounds, and water bars used to make the joints watertight. The document also presents a case study on issues with untreated or poorly installed expansion joints like leakage and cracking.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
POSTER PRESENTATION_BRICKS SELECTION THROUGH MANAGEMENT APPROACH BY AHP, RII,...A Makwana
The document describes criteria for selecting between different types of bricks for construction. It evaluates clay bricks, fly ash bricks with and without human hair, and sugarcane bagasse ash bricks. The criteria considered are cost, time, quality, and quantity. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), relative importance index (RII), and importance index (IMP.I.) methods are used to rank the brick types based on each criterion. Based on the analysis, fly ash bricks rank highest overall with cost as the most important factor by AHP and delivery time as most important by RII. The study aims to provide a management approach for brick selection using multiple criteria analysis techniques.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
PIONEERING APPROACH FORINDUSTRIAL WASTE BY FREQUENCY ANALYSIS THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT
1. Journal of International
Academic Research for Multidisciplinary
ISSN 2320 -5083
A Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, Monthly, Open Access, Online Research Journal
Impact Factor – 1.393
VOLUME 1 ISSUE 11 DECEMBER 2013
A GLOBAL SOCIETY FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
www.jiarm.com
A GREEN PUBLISHING HOUSE
2. Editorial Board
Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D
Curriculum Developer,
American College of Technology,
Missouri, USA.
Er.Chandramohan, M.S
System Specialist - OGP
ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.
Dr. S.K. Singh
Chief Scientist
Advanced Materials Technology Department
Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. Jake M. Laguador
Director, Research and Statistics Center,
Lyceum of the Philippines University,
Philippines.
Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D
Dean. Faculty of Law,
Karnatak University Dharwad,
Karnataka, India
Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD,
FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India
Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health,
Kashmir, India
Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS
Research Officer
State Institute of Health & Family Welfare
Jaipur, India
Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D
Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany,
Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.
Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D
Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram,
Memorial College,
SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia,
West Bengal. India
Dr. S.Raja Ph.D
Research Associate,
Madras Research Center of CMFR ,
Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Chennai, India
Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D,
Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management
Rajkot, India.
Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT
Highway Engineer, Infrastructure,
Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Sanda Maican, Ph.D.
Senior Researcher,
Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation
Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy,
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia
Professor, Graduate School &
College of Education, Arts and Sciences
Lyceum of the Philippines University
Philippines
Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana
Senior Scientist
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)
Hyderabad, A.P, India
PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S
Head - Department of Anatomy,
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karnataka, India.
Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology
Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D
Officiating Principal
Army Inst. Of Education
New Delhi, India
Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D
Associate Professor,
Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science
Research (On Deputation},
Department of Economics,
Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India
M. Suresh Kumar, PHD
Assistant Manager,
Godrej Security Solution,
India.
Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D
Assistant Professor,
Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work,
S.V.University, Tirupati, India.
3. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
301
www.jiarm.com
PIONEERING APPROACH FORINDUSTRIAL WASTE BY FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE IN CHAROTAR REGION OF CENTRAL GUJARAT
VIRENDRAKUMAR B. BHATT*
ASHISH H. MAKWANA**
JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA***
*Final Year B. E. Civil Engg., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
** Final Year M.E. C. E. & M., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
***Assistant Professor & Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
Industrialization has become an important factor to the development of a country’s
economy, through the establishment of plants and factories. However, the waste or by-
products discharged from them are severely disastrous to the environment consists various
kind of contaminant which contaminate the surface water, ground water and soil. There are a
number of reasons the waste are not safely treated. One of the reasons is mainly due to the
lacking of highly efficient and economic treatment technology. Ever since the Industrial
Revolution, industrial activities have been accompanied by a problem: industrial waste. The
commensurate increase in industrialization, urbanization and population growth are leading
to production of enormous quantities of industrial wastes that may cause degradation in
environment and health hazards. On the other hand, the desire for a healthy environment
increases, which leads to the need for better ways of waste minimization, pollution
prevention and better use of resources in achieving the required industrial and environmental
standards. During this research work various factors interrelated to industrial waste are being
identified and converted into questionnaire to carry out surveys. Software like Microsoft
Excel and SPSS Statistics (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) are adopted to
evaluate the responses collected from the people by frequency distribution analysis.
KEYWORDS: Construction Activity, Construction and Demolition, Environment,
Construction Industry, Technology, Industrial Revolution, Industrial Wastes.
INTRODUCTION
Waste is an unavoidable by-product of most human activity. Economic development
and rising living standards have led to increases in the quantity and complexity of generated
waste, whilst industrial diversification and the provision of expanded health-care facilities
have added substantial quantities of industrial hazardous waste and biomedical waste into the
waste stream with potentially severe environmental and human health consequences.
4. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
302
www.jiarm.com
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that
is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, mills and mines.
It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution. Sewage treatment can be used to
clean water tainted with industrial waste. Some examples of industrial waste are paints, sand
paper, paper products, industrial by-products, metals, radioactive wastes, etc.
Toxic waste, chemical waste, Industrial solid waste and Municipal solid waste are
designations of industrial waste. Sewage treatment can be used to clean water tainted with
industrial waste.
TYPES AND DETAILS OF WASTES
Construction and demolition waste: It is made up of two individual components:
construction waste and demolition waste. It arises from activities such as the construction of
buildings and Civil Infrastructure, total or partial demolition of Buildings and Civil
Infrastructure, Road Planning and Maintenance. In some countries even materials from land
levelling are regarded as construction and demolition waste.
Construction and Demolition waste makes up approximately 25% of all waste generated with
a large proportion arising from the demolition and renovation of old buildings. It is made up
of numerous materials including concrete, bricks, wood, glass, metals, plastic, solvents,
asbestos and excavated soil, many of which can be recycled in one way or another.
Municipal waste: It is generated by households, commercial activities and other sources
whose activities are similar to those of households and commercial enterprises. It does not
include other waste arising e.g., from mining, industrial or construction and demolition
processes.
Fig. 1: Demolition Wastes of Construction
Industry
(Source: http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/themes/waste)
Fig. 2: Composition of Municipal Wastes
(Source: http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/themes/waste)
Municipal waste is made up to residual waste, bulky waste, secondary materials from
separate collection (e.g., paper and glass), household hazardous waste, street sweepings and
litter collections. It is made up of materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, textiles,
5. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
303
www.jiarm.com
organics (food and garden waste) and wood. Municipal waste represents approximately 14%
of all waste generated.
Manufacturing industry waste: It comprises many different waste streams arising from a
wide range of industrial processes which are metals, food, beverage and tobacco products,
wood and wood products and paper and paper products.
Hazardous waste: It arises from a wide range of different sources including households,
commercial activities and industry. The main disposal route for hazardous waste is landfill,
incineration and physical or chemical treatment. On the recovery side, a significant
proportion of hazardous waste is recycled or burned as a fuel.
Mining waste: It arises from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of minerals. It
has been shown that approximately 50% of the material extracted during extraction and
mining activities. It is made up of topsoil, overburden, waste rock, and waste from the
processing of the ore body (tailings) which may also include process water, process
chemicals and portions of the remaining materials.
Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW): It is waste from households and commercial
activities that is capable of undergoing biological decomposition. Food waste and garden
waste, paper and cardboard are all classified as biodegradable municipal waste.
Packaging is defined as any material which is used to contain, protect, handle, deliver and
present goods. Items like glass bottles, plastic containers, aluminium cans, food wrappers,
timber pallets and drums are all classified as packaging. Packaging waste can arise from a
wide range of sources including supermarkets, retail outlets, manufacturing industries,
households, hotels, hospitals, restaurants and transport companies.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Industrial liquid effluents can be traced as far back as the nineteenth century. If researchers
define pollution as that amount of industrial contamination that causes interference with the
best usage of the receiving water, researchers can probably agree that this type of pollution
did not begin until the turn of the twentieth century. Basic industries such as coal, power
production, dairy, textile, cannery, tannery, and paper, which produce goods necessary for the
sustenance of life, were the first to face the pollution problem.
Chemical industries, mainly inorganic, such as salt and salt degradation products including
chlorine, lye, and soda ash, were next chronologically and in importance. These were
followed by basic organic chemical plants, such as sugar, starch, and cellulosic wastes.
6. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
304
www.jiarm.com
In the 1930s, all these industries began to be aware of the eventual danger of their wastes
when sent untreated into waterways. It was natural for industry at that time to follow the lead
of municipalities in using similar treatments to attempt to resolve their pollution problems.
Then came World War II and its accelerated industrial production activity. New products and
new wastes evolved and the quantity of older ones, such as metal plating, oil refining, and
textiles increased tremendously. Radioactivity, petrochemical, and synthetic organic
chemicals were largely developed and surfaced in the environment in the 1940s and 1950s.
During this period, major environmental problems surfaced with rapid and serious
consequences.
ABOUT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Definition: A frequency distribution is the organizing of raw data in table form, using classes
and frequencies.
The next step after the completion of data collection is to organize the data into a meaningful
form so that a trend, if any, emerging out of the data can be seen easily. One of the common
methods for organizing data is to construct frequency distribution. Frequency distribution is
an organized tabulation/graphical representation of the number of individuals in each
category on the scale of measurement. It allows the researcher to have a glance at the entire
data conveniently. It shows whether the observations are high or low and also whether they
are concentrated in one area or spread out across the entire scale. Thus, frequency distribution
presents a picture of how the individual observations are distributed in the measurement scale.
A Frequency Distribution is a table that divides a set of data into a suitable number of classes,
showing also the number of items belonging to each class. Such a table sacrifices some of the
information contained in the data. Properties of frequency distribution relating to their shape
are best exhibited through the use of graph.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Regarding Construction Industry waste questionnaires are designed with the suitable criteria
with the expert advice. Then this survey questionnaire was supplied to Contractor, Consultant
for getting opinion for this research work. Collected research data are analyzed with the
Frequency Distribution Method.
Frequency Distribution Pie Charts are mentioned below where research data analysis is based
on respondents’ opinion.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
1. As per Fig.3, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
available type of industrial waste are 60% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which
7. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
305
www.jiarm.com
frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (Construction debris) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
2. As per Fig.4, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
disposal amount of Industrial wastes in India are 73% (250 – 300 million) at opinion
no. 1 which frequency is 22 (highest) and 3% (400 – 450 million and 450 – 500
million) at opinion no. 4 and 5 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
3. As per Fig.5, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
recyclable amount of Industrial wastes are 53% (3.05 – 3.10 MT) at opinion no. 2
which frequency is 16 (highest) and 7% (3.20 – 3.25 MT) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
4. As per Fig. 6, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
construction Industry waste are 60% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which frequency
is 18 (highest) and 7% Foundry sands) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
5. As per Fig.7, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards amount
of wasted materials during construction are 70% (10 – 15%) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 21 (highest) and 3% (15 – 20%) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
6. As per Fig.8, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
occurrence Amount of waste in year 2002 are 63% (8 – 12 billion) at opinion no. 1
which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (14 – 16 billion) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
7. As per Fig.9, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
occurrence amount of waste in year 2025 are 67% (8 – 12 billion) at opinion no. 1
which frequency is 20 (highest) and 3% (14 – 16 billion) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
8. As per Fig.10, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
benefits of recycling Industrial waste are 70% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 21 (highest) and 7% (Market opportunity) at opinion no. 3which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
9. As per Fig.11, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
occurrence amount of construction waste by building demolition per year are 60%
8. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
306
www.jiarm.com
(100 – 120 MT) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (180 – 200
MT) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
10. As per Fig. 12, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards types
of wastes used in concrete pavement are 63% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 19 (highest) and 10% (Recycled concrete aggregate) at opinion no. 1
which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
11. As per Fig. 13, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount (%) of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) & Fine Aggregate (FA) used in
concrete agreement are 70% (20 – 30%, 10 – 20%) at opinion no. 4 which frequency
is 21 (highest) and 3% (50 – 60%, 40 – 50%) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
12. As per Fig. 14, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
product used for reused Water treatment sludge are 73% (Hollow concrete blocks) at
opinion no. 1 which frequency is 22 (highest) and 3% (Aerated concrete blocks) at
opinion no. 2 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
13. As per Fig. 15, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards main
four sectors of Industrial waste are 67% (All of them) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 20 (highest) and 3% (Transportation waste) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
14. As per Fig. 16, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards types
of reused construction wastes are 70% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 21 (highest) and 3% (Fly ash) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
15. As per Fig. 17, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of wasted tires per year are 57% (1 – 10 billion) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 17 (highest) and 7% (10 – 20 million) at opinion no. 2 which frequency
is 2 (lowest) respectively.
16. As per Fig. 18, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
utilized areas of reused tire rubber are 60% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (Embankments) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is
2 (lowest) respectively.
17. As per Fig. 19, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
utilized amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement in asphalt pavement in 2009___MT
9. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
307
www.jiarm.com
and in 2010___MT are 60% (56, 62.1) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 18
(highest) and 7% (51.5, 61) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
18. As per Fig.20, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards full
form of HMA are 73% (Hot Mix Aggregate) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 22
(highest) and 3% (Huge mixer for asphalt) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
19. As per Fig.21, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of generated plastic waste per year are 67% (30 – 35 MT) at opinion no. 2
which frequency is 20 (highest) and 3% (45 – 50 MT) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
20. As per Fig. 22, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards area
of application of plastic strips are 70% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 21 (highest) and 3% (Reinforcement of soils) at opinion no. 2 which
frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
21. As per Fig. 23, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards area
of application of Cement kiln dust are 57% (None of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 17 (highest) and 7% (Soil stabilization, Asphalt pavement) at opinion no.
1 and 2 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
22. As per Fig. 24, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
beneficial applications of foundry sands are 67% (All of above) at opinion no. 5
which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (Mortar mixes, Portland cement concrete,
Retaining walls) at opinion no. 2, 3 and 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
23. As per Fig. 25, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
byproduct of fly ash are 63% (Coal combustion) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is
19 (highest) and 7% (Power plant) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
24. As per Fig. 26, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
permissible replacement amount of fly ash in concrete materials for parking lots,
driveway are 67% (75%) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7%
(25%, 100%) at opinion no. 1 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
25. As per Fig. 27, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
characteristics of expanded slags are 63% (Low density) at opinion no. 1 which
10. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
308
www.jiarm.com
frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (High density, all of above) at opinion no. 4 and 5
which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
26. As per Fig. 28, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
recycled waste commonly reused in Industries are 57% (Recycled concrete) at
opinion no. 1 which frequency is 17 (highest) and 7% (All of above) at opinion no. 5
which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
27. As per Fig. 29, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
percentage level of Industries which does not utilized recycling wastes are 67% (16 –
18%) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (10 – 12%, 19 – 21%,
22 – 25%) at opinion no. 1, 4 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
28. As per Fig.30, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
percentage level of Industries which does not utilized recycling wastes due to cost are
67% (22 – 25%) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 3% (≤19 – 21%)
at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
29. As per Fig.31, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
reasons for not using industrial waste are 57% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 17 (highest) and 7% (Quality of the materials, Performance) at opinion
no. 2 and 3 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
30. As per Fig. 32, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
products of mineral waste are 73% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is
22 (highest) and 3% (Lightweight aggregate) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
31. As per Fig. 33, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
utilization area of reused Marble Industries wastes are 63% (All of above) at opinion
no. 5 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 3% (Concrete) at opinion no. 2 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
32. As per Fig. 34, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
released amount of coal combustion residue from thermal plants are 67% (110 – 115
MT) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (120 – 135 MT, 140 –
145 MT, 150 – 155 MT) at opinion no. 3, 4 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
33. As per Fig. 35, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards area
of application of Bauxite red mud are 73% (Making bricks) at opinion no. 1 which
11. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
309
www.jiarm.com
frequency is 22 (highest) and 7% (Making concrete, Making cement) at opinion no. 2
and 3 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
34. As per Fig. 36, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards main
government project completed using fly ash as building material are 73% (National
highway authority of India) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 22 (highest) and 3%
(Golden quadronal) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
35. As per Fig. 37, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash used in making NH-1 in Delhi are 63% (1,00,000 – 5,00,000 cu.m)
at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (10,00,000 – 15,00,000 cu.m,
20,00,000 – 25,00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 3 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
36. As per Fig. 38, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash proposed to use in Durgapur express way are 63% (5,00,000 –
10,00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 3% (15,00,000 –
20,00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
37. As per Fig. 39, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
quantity produced (in India) of fly ash per anumum in MT are 73% (100 - 199) at
opinion no. 2 which frequency is 22 (highest) and 7% (10 – 99, 200 – 299, 300 – 399,
400 - 499) at opinion no. 1, 3, 4 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
38. As per Fig.40, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
source of wastage produced of Industry kiln dust are 60% (Cement plants) at opinion
no. 2 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (Power plants) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
39. As per Fig.41, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
quantity of kiln dust per anumum in MT are 60% (1.5 – 1.7) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (2.4 – 2.6) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
40. As per Fig. 42, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
applications of red mud are 70% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 21
(highest) and 7% (In floor tiles) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
41. As per Fig. 43, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
utilized amount of fly ash in India are 60% (11 – 14 MT) at opinion no. 1 which
12. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
310
www.jiarm.com
frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (22 – 25 MT, 26 – 29 MT) at opinion no. 4 and 5
which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
42. As per Fig. 44, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
waste material of Minning are 73% (Baggage) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 22
(highest) and 7% (Waste gypsum, all of above) at opinion no. 3 and 4 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
43. As per Fig. 45, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards area
of application of Minning wastes are 803% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 24 (highest) and 7% (Bricks, Tiles, Lightweight aggregates) at opinion
no. 1, 2 and 3 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
44. As per Fig. 46, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards type
of hazardous waste are 83% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 25
(highest) and 3% (Galvanizing waste) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
45. As per Fig. 47, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards area
of application of Hazardous waste are 63% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (Bricks, Tiles) at opinion no. 2 and 3 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
46. As per Fig. 48, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of hazardous waste generates per year in India are 60% (4 – 5 MT) at opinion
no. 1 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (10 – 11 MT) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
47. As per Fig. 49, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of recyclable hazardous waste are 67% (1.5 – 2.0) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 20 (highest) and 3% (2.0 – 2.5) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1
(lowest) respectively.
48. As per Fig.50, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash generates in southern zone of India are 63% (10 – 15 MT) at
opinion no. 1 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (20 – 25 MT, 30 – 35 MT) at
opinion no. 3 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
49. As per Fig.51, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash generates in western zone of India are 60% (15 – 20 MT) at opinion
13. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
311
www.jiarm.com
no. 2 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (25 – 25 MT, 30 – 35 MT) at opinion
no. 4 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
50. As per Fig. 52, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash generates in central zone of India are 63% (15 – 20 MT) at opinion
no. 2 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (21 – 25 MT) at opinion no. 3 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
51. As per Fig. 53, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash generates in eastern zone of India are 60% (10 – 15 MT) at opinion
no. 1 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 10% (15 – 20 MT, 21 – 25 MT, 26 – 30 MT,
30 – 35 MT) at opinion no. 2, 3, 4 and 5 which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
52. As per Fig. 54, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash generates in northen zone of India are 70% (15 – 20 MT) at opinion
no. 2 which frequency is 21 (highest) and 3% (30 – 35 MT) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
53. As per Fig. 55, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash reused in haldia port connectivity project are 70% (11, 00,000 – 13,
00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 21 (highest) and 3% (22, 00,000 –
23, 00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is1 (lowest) respectively.
54. As per Fig. 56, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash used in NH-2 in the state UP are 60% (3,00,000 – 4,00,000 cu.m) at
opinion no. 3 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (4,00,000 – 5,00,000 cu.m) at
opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
55. As per Fig. 57, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash proposed to be used in Allahabad bypass on NH-2 are 73%
(65,00,000 – 65,00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 22 (highest) and 3%
(75,00,000 – 80,00,000 cu.m) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
56. As per Fig. 58, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards a
Company where completed first concrete road by using fly ash are 70% (Gujarat
ambuja cements ltd.) at opinion no. 21 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7%
(National highway authority of India, IRB, ) at opinion no. 2, 3 and 5 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
14. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
312
www.jiarm.com
57. As per Fig. 59, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards a
State where first concrete road completed by using high volume fly ash (HVFA) are
60% (Gujarat) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (Bihar) at
opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
58. As per Fig.60, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards a City
where roller compacted concrete technology with higher dose of fly ash used are 67%
(Nasik) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (Mumbai, Vadodara)
at opinion no. 2 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
59. As per Fig.61, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards 59:
Major components of fly ash are 70% (SiO2, CaO) at opinion no. 1 which frequency
is 21 (highest) and 3% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
60. As per Fig. 62, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards 60:
Particles size of fly ash are 63% (0.5 – 300 µm) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is
19 (highest) and 7% (0.8 – 400 µm) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
61. As per Fig. 63, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of the ash (for use in cement replacement) have a fineness of 45 µm or less
are 60% (75 %) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 3% (55 %) at
opinion no. 3 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
62. As per Fig. 64, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
maximum amount of carbon content for reuse of fly ash are 63% (4 %) at opinion no.
2 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 3% (10 %) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is
1 (lowest) respectively.
63. As per Fig. 65, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards two
types of fly ash are 67% (Class F, Class C) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 20
(highest) and 7% (Class A, Class B and Class D, Class E) at pinion no. 2 and 3 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
64. As per Fig. 66, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
amount of fly ash bricks which reduces the embodied energy of masonry construction
are 67% (90 %) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 3% (76 %) at
opinion no. 5 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
15. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
313
www.jiarm.com
65. As per Fig. 67, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards price
of Fly ash per ton are 63% (Rs.500 – Rs.700) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 19
(highest) and 3% (Rs.300 – Rs.1100) at opinion no.5 which frequency is 1 (lowest)
respectively.
66. As per Fig. 68, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
rupees saved when 1000 MW plant burning coal with 40% ash and sell the fly ash at
only Rs. 300 per ton are 67% (Rs.12 – 13 crore) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is
20 (highest) and 7% (Rs. 16 – 17 crores, Rs. 18 – 19 crore) at opinion no. 4 and 5
which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
67. As per Fig. 69, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
recent annual demand of fly ash for production of PPC in Gujarat are 67% (1 – 5 MT)
at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (11 – 15 MT, 16 – 20 MT) at
opinion no. 3 and 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
68. As per Fig.70, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
characteristics of cement kiln dust are 77% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 23 (highest) and 7% (Solid, Highly alkaline) at opinion no. 2 and 3
which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
69. As per Fig.71, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
workability of rubberized concrete when 10% content of TYRE chips are 67% (100
mm slump) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (124 mm slump,
136 mm slump and 190 mm slump) at opinion no. 3, 4 and 5 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
70. As per Fig. 72, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
workability of rubberized concrete when 15 % content of TYRE chips are 60% (125
mm slump) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (175 mm slump)
at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
71. As per Fig. 73, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
workability of rubberized concrete when 67% content of TYRE chips are 67% (150
mm slump) at opinion no. 5 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (110 mm slump,
130 mm slump, 140 mm slump) at opinion no. 1, 3 and 4 which frequency is 2
(lowest) respectively.
72. As per Fig. 74, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards area
of application of waste TYRE are 67% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
16. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
314
www.jiarm.com
frequency is 20 (highest) and 7% (Aggregate in Portland cement) at opinion no. 3
which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
73. As per Fig. 75, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards main
reason of Rubberized asphalt utilization are 63% (High durability) at opinion no. 2
which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (All of above) at opinion no. 3 and 5 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
74. As per Fig. 76, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards a
leading Country where first utilization of rubberized asphalt are 63% (Arizona) at
opinion no. 1 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 7% (India, Sri lanka) at opinion no.
4 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
75. As per Fig. 77, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
reduction amount of road noise achieved by Rubberized asphalt utilization are 63%
(12 db) at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 19 (highest) and 3% (14 db) at opinion no.
3 which frequency is 1 (lowest) respectively.
76. As per Fig. 78, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
byproduct of Silica fume are 60% (Silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production) at
opinion no. 1 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 10% (Thermal Plant) at opinion no.
2 which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
77. As per Fig. 79, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
average particles diameter of silica fume are 73% (120 – 130 mm) at opinion no. 2
which frequency is 22 (highest) and 7% (100 – 110 mm, 140 – 150 mm, 160 -170 mm
and 180 -190 mm) at opinion no. 1, 3, 4 and 5 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
78. As per Fig.80, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards first
conducted testing of silica fume in Portland cement based on concrete are 60% (1952)
at opinion no. 2 which frequency is 18 (highest) and 7% (1947) at opinion no. 1 which
frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
79. As per Fig.81, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards bulk
density of silica fume are 60% (130 – 600 kg/m3
) at opinion no. 1 which frequency is
18 (highest) and 7% (130 – 400 kg/m3
) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
80. As per Fig. 82, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
specific gravity of silica fume are 60% (2.2 – 2.3) at opinion no. 3 which frequency is
17. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
315
www.jiarm.com
18 (highest) and 7% (3.2 – 3.5) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
81. As per Fig. 83, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
properties improved by adding silica fume in PCC are 67% (All of above) at opinion
no. 4 which frequency is 20 (highest) and 10% (Compressive strength, Abrasion
resistance) at opinion no. 1 and 3 which frequency is 3 (lowest) respectively.
82. As per Fig. 84, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
constituents of Cement kiln dust are 70% (All of above) at opinion no. 4 which
frequency is 21 (highest) and 10% (Particularly calcined and unreacted raw feed,
Clinker dust, Fuel ash) at opinion no. 1, 2 and 3 which frequency is 3 (lowest)
respectively.
83. As per Fig. 85, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards
characteristics of Cement Kiln Dust are 70% (All of above) at opinion no. 5 which
frequency is 21 (highest) and 7% (Swell, Stiffness, and Durability) at opinion no. 2, 3
and 4 which frequency is 2 (lowest) respectively.
84. As per Fig. 86, Respondents’ maximum and minimum level of opinions towards no.
of days for CKD samples (to determine the strength of CKD) compacted and cured in
moisture room are 63% (28 days) at opinion no. 4 which frequency is 19 (highest) and
7% (22 days, 24 days) at opinion no. 2 and 3 which frequency is 2 (lowest)
respectively.
Fig.3: Available type of Industrial waste Fig.4: Occurrence amount of Industrial
wastes in India
Fig.5: Recyclable amount of Industrial
wastes
Fig.6: Construction Industry waste
Fig.7: Amount of wasted materials
during construction
Fig.8: Occurrence Amount of waste in year
2002
18. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
316
www.jiarm.com
Fig. 9: Occurrence amount of waste in
year 2025
Fig.10: Benefits of recycling Industrial
waste
Fig.11: Occurrence amount of
construction waste by building
demolition per year
Fig. 12: Types of wastes used in concrete
pavement
Fig. 13: Amount (%) of Recycled
Concrete Aggregate (RCA) & Fine
Aggregate (FA) used in concrete
agreement
Fig. 14: Product used for reused Water
treatment sludge
Fig. 15: Main four sectors of Industrial
waste
Fig. 16: Types of reused construction wastes
Fig. 17: Amount of wasted tires per year Fig. 18: Utilized areas of reused tire rubber
Fig. 19: Utilized amount of reclaimed
asphalt pavement in asphalt pavement in
2009___MT and in 2010___MT
Fig.20: Full form of HMA
Fig.21: Amount of generated plastic
waste per year
Fig. 22: Area of application of plastic strips
19. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
317
www.jiarm.com
Fig. 23: Area of application of Cement
kiln dust
Fig. 24: Beneficial applications of foundry
sands
Fig. 25: Byproduct of fly ash
Fig. 26: Permissible replacement amount of
fly ash in concrete materials for parking
lots, driveway
Fig. 27: Characteristics of expanded slags
Fig. 28: Recycled waste commonly reused in
Industries
Fig. 29: Percentage level of Industries
which does not utilized recycling wastes
Fig.30: Percentage level of Industries which
does not utilized recycling wastes due to
cost
Fig.31: Reasons for not using Industrial
waste
Fig. 32: Products of mineral waste
Fig. 33: Utilization area of reused Marble
Industries wastes
Fig.34: Released amount of coal combustion
residue from thermal plants
Fig. 35: Area of application of Bauxite
red mud
Fig.36: Main government project completed
using fly ash as building material
20. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
318
www.jiarm.com
Fig. 37: Amount of fly ash used in
making NH-1 in Delhi
Fig. 38: Amount of fly ash proposed to use
in Durgapur express way
Fig. 39: Quantity produced (in India) of
fly ash per anumum in MT
Fig.40: Source of wastage produced of
Industry klin dust
Fig.41: Quantity of kiln dust per anumum in
MT Fig. 42: Applications of red mud
Fig. 43: Utilized amount of fly ash in
India
Fig. 44: Waste material of Minning
Fig. 45: Area of application of Minning
wastes Fig. 46: Type of hazardous waste
Fig. 47: Area of application of Hazardous
waste
Fig. 48: Amount of hazardous waste
generates per year in India
Fig. 49: Amount of recyclable hazardous
waste
Fig.50: Amount of fly ash generates in
southern zone of India
Fig.51: Amount of fly ash generates in
western zone of India
Fig. 52: Amount of fly ash generates in
central zone of India
Fig. 53: Amount of fly ash generates in
eastern zone of India
Fig. 54: Amount of fly ash generates in
northern zone of India
21. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
319
www.jiarm.com
Fig. 55: Amount of fly ash reused in
haldia port connectivity project
Fig. 56: Amount of fly ash used in NH-2 in
the state UP
Fig. 57: Amount of fly ash proposed to be
used in Allahabad bypass on NH-2
Fig. 58: A Company where completed first
concrete road by using fly ash
Fig. 59: A state where first concrete road
completed by using high volume fly ash
(HVFA)
Fig.60: A City where roller compacted
concrete technology with higher dose of fly
ash used
Fig.61: Major components of fly ash Fig. 62: Particles size of fly ash
Fig. 63: Amount of the ash (for use in
cement replacement) have a fineness of
45 µm or less
Fig. 64: Maximum amount of carbon
content for reuse of fly ash
Fig. 65: Two types of fly ash
Fig. 66: Amount of fly ash bricks which
reduces the embodied energy of masonry
construction
Fig. 67: Price of Fly ash per ton
Fig. 68: Rupees saved when 1000 MW plant
burning coal with 40% ash and sell the fly
ash at only Rs. 300 per ton
Fig. 69: Recent annual demand of fly ash for production of PPC in
Gujarat Fig.70: Characteristics of cement kiln dust
22. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
320
www.jiarm.com
Fig.71: Workability of rubberized
concrete when 10% content of TYRE
chips
Fig. 72: Workability of rubberized concrete
when 15 % content of TYRE chips
Fig. 73: Workability of rubberized
concrete when 30% content of TYRE
chips
Fig. 74: Area of application of waste TYRE
Fig. 75: Main reason of Ruberised
asphalt utilization
Fig. 76: A leading Country where first
utilization of ruberised asphalt
Fig. 77: Reduction amount of road noise
achieved by Rubberized asphalt
utilization
Fig. 78: Byproduct of Silica fume
Fig. 79: Average particles diameter of
silica fume
Fig. 80: First conducted testing of silica
fume in Portland cement based on concrete
Fig. 81: Bulk density of silica fume Fig. 82: Specific gravity of silica fume
Fig. 83: Properties improved by adding
silica fume in PCC
Fig. 84: Constituents of Cement kiln dust
Fig. 85: Characteristics of Cement Kiln Dust
Fig. 86: No. of Days for Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)
samples compacted and cured in moisture room for
determine the strength of CKD
23. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
321
www.jiarm.com
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn from this research work which is based on respondents’ opinion.
Available types of Industrial waste are Coal combustion residues, Steel slag, Bauxite red
mud, Construction debris and many Industrial waste which utilized in construction
Industry such as Fly ash, Cement kiln dust, Foundry sands, and Mill tailings and approx.
250 - 300 million Industrial waste occurs in India and approx. 3.05 – 3.10 MT Industrial
waste is recycle.
Approx. 0 – 15% materials are wasted during construction and approx. 8 – 12 billion
waste occurs in year 2002 and predicted amount of Industrial waste is approx. 8 – 12
billion which occurs in year 2025.
Benefits of recycling Industrial waste are Reduce cost, Tax deduction, Market
opportunity.
Approx. 100 – 120 MT construction waste occurs by building demolition per year.
Recycled concrete aggregate, Fly ash, Ready mixed concrete types waste can be used in
concrete pavement.
Approx. 20 – 30% Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and 10 – 20% Fine Aggregate
(FA) can be used in concrete agreement.
There are main four sectors for Industrial waste such as Composite waste, Municipal
waste, Transportation waste, Sector waste.
Such construction waste can be reused which are Cement kiln dust, Foundry sand, Fly
ash, and Silica fume.
Approx. 1 – 10 billion TYRES are wasted per year and their utilization areas are Dock
bumpers, Asphalt mix, Concrete, Embankments.
In 2009 the amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement used in asphalt pavement was 56 MT
and in 2010 it was 62.1 MT.
Approx. 30 – 35 MT plastic waste generated per year and their utilization areas are Soil
embankments, Reinforcement of soils, Hot Mix Aggregate.
Utilization areas of cement kiln dust are Soil stabilization and Asphalt pavement.
Beneficial applications of foundry sands are Asphalt mixtures, Mortar mixes, Portland
cement concrete, Retaining walls.
Coal combustion is byproduct of Fly ash and approx. 75% Fly ash is allow to
replacement in concrete materials for parking lots, driveways
Expanded slags possesses low density characteristic
Recycled concrete can be reused in Construction Industries.
24. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
322
www.jiarm.com
Percentage level of Industries which does not utilized recycling wastes is approx. 16 –
18% and Percentage level of Industries which does not utilized recycling wastes due to
cost is approx. 22 -25%
There are several reasons which restrict utilization of Industrial waste are not aware of
the availability and Lack of Information regarding Quality of the materials, Performance,
Cost saving.
There are many mineral waste products such as Bricks, Tiles and Lightweight aggregate.
Utilization areas of reused marble wastes are road construction, concrete, Cement,
Building materials etc.
Approx. 110 – 115 MT coal combustion residue are releases from thermal plants.
Bauxite red mud is used for bricks production.
National highway authority of India’s government project is completed by Fly ash as
building material and approx. 1,00,000 – 5,00,000 cu.m Fly ash is utilized for NH-1 in
Delhi and approx. 5,00,000 – 10,00,000 cu.m Fly ash is utilized in Durgapur express way
and approx. 100 – 199 MT Fly ash is producing per year in India.
Cement plants is the source of wastage produced of Industry kiln dust and approx. 1.5 –
1.7 MT kiln dust is producing per year.
There are many application areas of red mud such as binder, in floor tiles, in slab work etc.
There are approx. 11 -14 MT Fly ash utilized in India.
There are many applied areas of mining waste such as Bricks, Tiles, Lightweight
aggregates etc. and Coal washeries waste is a type of mining waste
There are many types of hazardous wastes such as Metallurgical residues, Galvanizing
waste, Tannery waste etc. and their application areas are Cement, Bricks, Tiles, Cement
and board etc. and approx. 4 – 5 MT hazardous waste generates per year in India and
approx. 1.5 – 2.0% hazardous waste is recyclable.
There are approx. 10 – 15 MT Fly ash generates in southern and eastern zone of India,
approx. 15 -20 MT Fly ash generates in western and central zone of India, approx.
There are approx. 11,00,000 – 13,00,000 cu.m Fly ash is reused in haldia port
connectivity project and approx. 3,00,000 – 4,00,000 cu.m Fly ash is used in NH-2 in the
state UP and approx. 65,00,000 – 70,00,000 cu.m Fly ash is used in Allahabad bypass on NH-2.
Gujarat ambuja cement ltd has constructed first concrete road by using Fly ash and in
Nasik city higher dose of fly ash is used for roller compacted concrete technology and its
price is approx. between Rs.500 – 700.
25. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013
323
www.jiarm.com
Class F and Class C are two category of Fly ash and their main components are Silica
Oxides (SiO2) and Calcium Oxides (CaO).
Approx. particles size of Fly ash is 0.5 to 300 µm and approx. 75% ash used in cement
replacement which have fineness of 45 µm or less and approx. carbon content for reuse
of Fly ash is 24% and approx. 90% Fly ash can reduce the embodied energy of masonry
construction.
If a 1000 MW plant burning coal with 40% ash and sell the fly ash at only Rs. 300 per
ton then Rs. 12 -13 crore can be saved.
There is approx. 1 – 5 MT annual demand of fly ash for production of PPC in Gujarat
There are many characteristics of cement kiln dust such as fine grained, solid, highly
alkaline etc.
During slump test of rubberized concrete, 100 mm slump is achieved when 10% TYRE
chips mixed and 125 mm slump is achieved when 15% TYRE chips mixed and 150 mm
slump is achieved when 30% TYRE chips mixed.
There are many uses of waste TYRE such as hot melt asphalt, crumb rubber modifier
recycled asphalt pavement, aggregate in Portland cement etc. and the main reason of
Rubberized asphalt utilization is High durability.
Arizona is a first leading country which ustilized ruberised asphalt and approx. 12 DB
reduction of road noise can be achieved by its utilization.
By product of Silica fume is Silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production and first testing of
silica fume in Portland cement based concrete is conducted in the year 1952.
The bulk density of silica fume is 130 to 600 kg/m3
and its specific gravity is 2.2 – 2.3
and by its utilization many characteristics can be improved in PCC which are
Compressive strength, Bond strength, Abrasion resistance.
The constituents of Cement kiln dust are calcined, unreacted raw feed, Clinker dust, Fuel
ash and it possesses characteristics such as strength, swell, stiffness, durability etc.
There are 28 days Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) samples compacted and cured in moisture
room for determine the strength of CKD.