In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials. Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design, construction, and maintenance.

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Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D
Curriculum Developer,
American College of Technology,
Missouri, USA.
Er.Chandramohan, M.S
System Specialist - OGP
ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.
Dr. S.K. Singh
Chief Scientist
Advanced Materials Technology Department
Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
Dr. Jake M. Laguador
Director, Research and Statistics Center,
Lyceum of the Philippines University,
Philippines.
Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D
Dean. Faculty of Law,
Karnatak University Dharwad,
Karnataka, India
Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD,
FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India
Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health,
Kashmir, India
Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS
Research Officer
State Institute of Health & Family Welfare
Jaipur, India
Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D
Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany,
Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.
Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D
Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram,
Memorial College,
SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia,
West Bengal. India
Dr. S.Raja Ph.D
Research Associate,
Madras Research Center of CMFR ,
Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Chennai, India
Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D,
Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management
Rajkot, India.
Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT
Highway Engineer, Infrastructure,
Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Sanda Maican, Ph.D.
Senior Researcher,
Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation
Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy,
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia
Professor, Graduate School &
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Lyceum of the Philippines University
Philippines
Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana
Senior Scientist
Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)
Hyderabad, A.P, India
PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S
Head - Department of Anatomy,
Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences,
Karnataka, India.
Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD,
Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology
Government Medical College, Srinagar, India.
Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D
Officiating Principal
Army Inst. Of Education
New Delhi, India
Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D
Associate Professor,
Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science
Research (On Deputation},
Department of Economics,
Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India
M. Suresh Kumar, PHD
Assistant Manager,
Godrej Security Solution,
India.
Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D
Assistant Professor,
Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work,
S.V.University, Tirupati, India.

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INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW
MATERIALS USING CHI-SQUARE TEST THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE
ASHISH H. MAKWANA*
JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA**
*Final Year M.E. C. E. & M., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
**Assistant Professor & Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
ABSTRACT
In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are
essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction
engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure
includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and
processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and
construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the
design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these
responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.
Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic
understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a
fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,
construction, and maintenance.
KEYWORDS: Construction, Civil Engineering, Raw Materials, Infrastructure, Responsibilities.
INTRODUCTION
In the general environment for humans’ survival, all the materials or products used in
structures or buildings are called building materials which are the material foundation for all
the construction engineering.
Building materials are the material foundation for all the construction engineering. Building
materials industry which is one of the important basic industries of national economy
promotes the development of the construction industry.
Various buildings and structures are constructed by all kinds of building materials on the
basis of reasonable design. The varieties, specifications and qualities of building materials are
directly related to the applicability, artistry and durability of buildings and also to the cost of
projects. A large number of high-quality industrial and civil buildings need to be built for the
development of society. Meanwhile, a great deal of water conservancy projects, traffic

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engineering and port projects need to be built to adapt to the rapid development of the
national economy. It requires lots of high-quality building materials which accords with the
application environment of projects. Therefore, building materials industry is usually
considered as the basic industry for the construction engineering.
Building materials not only have a large consumption, but also are expensive. In the total cost
of the construction, the cost of building materials often accounts for about 50 percent. Thus, it
is significant to properly choose and reasonably utilize building materials in the construction
for the reduction of costs and the improvement of investment benefits.
A large number of new building materials continue to emerge, often promoting the
innovation and development of construction techniques. For example, the emergence of clay
bricks contributes to the brick-timber structure; the reinforced concrete structure comes from
concrete and steel bar; light high-strength materials promote the development of modem
buildings and high-rise buildings; the application of various functional materials in the
construction industry continues to create diversified comfortable living and production
environment and to conserve energy.
In short, the application of building materials in the projects must possess the following
characteristics: the function required by projects, the durability proper for the environmental
conditions, the rich resources to meet the needs of construction, and low price.
In the building environment, the ideal building materials should be light, high-strength,
aesthetic, heat-insulating, sound-absorbing, waterproof, shockproof, fireproof, non-toxic, and
efficient, etc.
The objective of the present research is to find out the region wise price variation of
construction raw materials.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this research construction raw material rates are as per Schedule of Rates (S.O.R.). These
rates are helpful in preparation of estimates and also to serve as a guide in setting rates in
connection with contract agreements, a schedule of rates for all items of work is maintained
in the form of a printed book known as Schedule of rates (SOR).
The schedule of rates consists of a group of items such as excavation items, concrete items,
masonry items, demolition items, plumbing items, electrification items etc.
As the rates of items mentioned in the schedule of rates are likely to vary, the SOR is
periodically revised, usually after 3 years.

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The Central Public Works Department (CPWD), a premier construction organization of the
government of India, maintained printed schedule of rates book for various items of work and
estimate is prepared with these rates. This SOR contains the rates of about 2500 to 3000
items. In the CPDW - SOR the items are covered under different subheads like building
work, road work, water supply and sanitary items etc.
The price of the finished items are worked out by the analysis of rates with the standard
requirements of materials, labour, equipments and necessary sundries like water charges,
contractor’s profit etc.
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
For price variance of region wise construction raw materials are found out by Schedule of
Rates (SOR - a government document) which is maintained by Central Public Works
Department (CPWD) and finally survey questionnaire is prepared and data analysis is done
by Chi-square test through Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) software.
Different Gujarat regions are included such as Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Nadiad, Anand,
Himatnagar, Mehsana, Patan, Palanpur, Bhuj, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendranagar, Junagadh,
Bhavnagar, Amreli, Porbandar, Vadodara, Godhara, Bharuch, Dahod, Rajpipla, Surat, Tapi,
Dang, Valsad, Navsari.
ABOUT CHI-SQUARE ( ) TEST
The chi-square ( ) test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between
the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. Do the
number of individuals or objects that fall in each category differ significantly from the
number you would expect? Is this difference between the expected and observed due to
sampling error, or is it a real difference?
Null hypothesis (H0) - The region wise price of construction raw materials is constant. (α = 0.05)
Alternative hypothesis (H1)- The region wise price of construction raw materials is not
constant. (α> 0.05)
H0 = Null hypothesis (Negative of claim)
H1 = Alternative hypothesis (claim which researchers wants to establish)
ACCEPT REJECT
H is true Correct decision Type I error
H is false Type II error Correct decision
= probability of making type I error and = probability of making type II error

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STEPS OF CHI-SQUARE TEST
Step 1: Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Step 2: Level of Signification.
Step 3: Criteria
Criteria region for testing. µ = µ0
Alternative Hypothesis Reject Null Hypothesis
µ > µ0 >Z
µ < µ0 Z<Z
µ µ0 Z< or Z >
For large samples
For small samples
Step 4: Calculation
Step 5: Decision regarding hypothesis.
Fig 1: Chi-square Test requirement

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Table 1: Chi-square (χ2
) Test
Level of
significance (α)
Calculated Tabulated Criterion Result Hypothesis
1: Fine Sand (Cum)
0.01 12.846 13.277 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 13.277, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
2: Coarse Sand (Cum)
0.01 12.846 13.277 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 13.277, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
3: Hand Broken Aggregate (90mm to 25mm) (Cum)
0.1 7.077 0.207 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 0.207, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Rejected Not Accepted
4: Hand Broken Aggregate (63mm to40mm) (Cum)
0.05 5.538 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
5: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (40mm to 63mm size) (Cum)
0.05 4.769 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
6: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (40mm size) (Cum)
0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
7: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (20mm size) (Cum)
0.05 6.308 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
8: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (10mm size) (Cum)
0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
9: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (10mm to 20mm size) (Cum)
0.05 3.615 3.615a
Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
10: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (6mm to 10mm size) (Cum)
0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
11: Brick Aggregate (40mm size) (Cum)
0.11 7.462 0.207 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 0.207, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Rejected Not Accepted

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12: Brick Aggregate (20mm size) (Cum)
0.05 6.308 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
13: Brick (Conventional size) (1000 Nos.)
0.05 9.385 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
14: Brick (Modular size-20mm x20cm x10cm) (1000 Nos.)
0.05 5.923 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
15: Rubble (Cum)
0.05 4.769 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
16: Rubble Heavy (Weight not less than 40 kgs.) (Cum)
0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
17: Quarry Spalls (Cum)
0.05 5.154 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
18: White Bela Stone (size 23cm measured) (100 Nos.)
0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
19: Screened Rounded Gravel (10mm size) (Cum)
0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
20: Screened Rounded Gravel (12mm size) (Cum)
0.05 3.615 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
21: Murrum/Binding Material (Cum)
0.05 6.308 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
22: Unscreened Gravel (Cum)
0.05 6.308 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
23: Hard Murrum (Cum)

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0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
24: Stone dust (Cum)
0.05 4.769 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
25: Fly ash bricks conventional (1000 Nos.)
0.05 6.692 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if
(Calculated)> 9.488, the value of
for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.
Cannot be
rejected
Accepted
CONCLUSIONS
Following conclusions are drawn of Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw
Materials by CHI-SQUARE TEST:
 After the data analysis of Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw Materials
by CHI-SQUARE TEST concluded that 92% variables are accepted at ≤ 5% level of
significance ( ) and 8% variables are not accepted.
 So, Null hypothesis (The region wise price of construction raw materials is constant.)
is successfully proved by CHI-SQUARE TEST.
REFERENCES
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