This document discusses hazardous waste management in India and Iraq. It outlines the major sources of hazardous waste in each country such as industrial waste, medical waste, and waste from wars in Iraq. Current hazardous waste management practices face issues like improper disposal and lack of education. Key differences between the two countries include additional sources of contaminated rubble and oil spills in Iraq. The document proposes standard international solutions like regulation, proper treatment facilities, education, and polluter responsibility.
this presentation defines the types of hazardous waste and the effects that it has on human and the environment or the public health as a whole and how to manage it.
Environmental Protection - an educational session for Indian studentsSridhar Rudravarapu
This educational presentation on environmental protection is made for the Indian School children with a representative back drop of an Indian city, Hyderabad. It explains the various factors of local environmental pollution and details the various necessary measures of environmental protection at individual level.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
this presentation defines the types of hazardous waste and the effects that it has on human and the environment or the public health as a whole and how to manage it.
Environmental Protection - an educational session for Indian studentsSridhar Rudravarapu
This educational presentation on environmental protection is made for the Indian School children with a representative back drop of an Indian city, Hyderabad. It explains the various factors of local environmental pollution and details the various necessary measures of environmental protection at individual level.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
Waste Thermocol to Adhesive for Better EnvironmentAM Publications
Plastic waste causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding places for mosquito’s, being
eaten by cattle and wild animals to endanger their lives, where it lays it stop vegetation from growing, create obstructs
in drain and piping, etc. Now total consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused
significant depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas. Plastics make up almost 13 percent of
the municipal solid waste stream, a dramatic increase from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the
waste stream. 32 million tons of plastic waste was generated in 2011, representing 12.7 percent of total MSW.
Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every
minute. A work is carried out to convert waste thermocol to useful product i.e. Adhesive.
LIPID EXTRACTION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION TECHNIQUES OF MICROALGAE –A REVIEWpaperpublications3
Abstract: Microalgae have been identified as a third generation potential biofuel source, which can replace transportation fuels derived from fossil energy sources. Biodiesel production from microalgae biomass is generally performed by one of the two methods: The conventional microalgae biodiesel production essentially involving two main steps; Extraction of oils from the biomass and the oil extraction step involving cell disruption by mechanical, chemical, or biological methods and oil collection by solvent finally, direct in situ production of biodiesel from microalgae biomass. Because vegetable oils or animal fats have high viscosity, i.e., 35–50 mm2 s−1, it is necessary to reduce the viscosity in order to use them in a common diesel engine. Four methods are used to solve this problem: Blending with petro-diesel, pyrolysis, microemusification (co-solvent blending) and transesterification, only the transesterification reaction creates the products commonly known as biodiesel. The in situ offers the advantages of high lipid yield with low loss, simple process with lower cost and time consumption compared to the conventional two steps method.
Composting,
vermicomposting, biogas production, thermal treatment, incineration,
pyrolysis, gasification, biological treatment, Sanitary land filling, land fill leachate and gas management Latest Advances and Rules related to SWM, Hazardous Waste,
Plastic Waste and E-Waste Management
Learn the basic principles and concepts of waste management here. The definition of common terms and the discussion of concepts, principles and waste classification will help you to understand the topic of waste management.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
After China, India is the largest populous country in world it share 16% of world population and 2.5% of world’s land. Rapid industrialization last few decades have led to the depletion of pollution of precious natural resources in India depletes and pollutes resources continuously. Further the rapid industrial developments have, also, led to the generation of huge quantities of hazardous wastes, which have further aggravated the environmental problems in the country by depleting and polluting natural resources. Therefore, rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources and its protection from toxic releases is vital for sustainable socio-economic development.
overview on hazardous wastes and its managementarvind kumar
A solid waste or combination of solid wastes that,
because of quantity, concentration or physical,
chemical or infectious characteristics, may cause or
significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or
an increase in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible illness or pose a substantial hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly
treated, stored, transported, disposed, or otherwise
managed. About 290 million tons of hazardous
wastes are generated in the U.S. each year. About
4% is recycled. The rest is treated, stored or
disposed.
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between h...IJMER
Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
The solid waste management term deals with collection and treating and disposal of the solid waste. Day by day the quantity of waste generation is increasing rapidly. Creation of waste is natural by human being but being human it needs proper disposal .The solid waste is ugly in appearance , creates foul odor , creates nuisance and ultimately creates unhygienic conditions Improper management of solid waste leads to unhygienic conditions which results in spread of diseases Nobody wants to discuss and care about solid waste . We should come forward for the discussions and finding appropriate solution for proper and effective management of the waste nowadays it is a duty of everybody to monitor the rate of generation of waste. Not only the concerned local body should be responsible for waste management, but it is our responsibility too .We may contribute in minimizing the waste. So to prevent the public health it is necessary to start the waste management from own. This article discusses the origin, varieties ,per capita generation of the waste , role of individual and proper management of the waste .Coordination of local bodie ,social organizations and the public will result in proper management of the waste and helps in achieving the goals like clean city, smart city, and ‘Swachcha Bharat’.
Citation: Bharat Gidde, Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic Pune. "Solid Waste Management a need of Time." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 15 - 18.
Waste Thermocol to Adhesive for Better EnvironmentAM Publications
Plastic waste causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding places for mosquito’s, being
eaten by cattle and wild animals to endanger their lives, where it lays it stop vegetation from growing, create obstructs
in drain and piping, etc. Now total consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused
significant depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas. Plastics make up almost 13 percent of
the municipal solid waste stream, a dramatic increase from 1960, when plastics were less than one percent of the
waste stream. 32 million tons of plastic waste was generated in 2011, representing 12.7 percent of total MSW.
Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every
minute. A work is carried out to convert waste thermocol to useful product i.e. Adhesive.
LIPID EXTRACTION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION TECHNIQUES OF MICROALGAE –A REVIEWpaperpublications3
Abstract: Microalgae have been identified as a third generation potential biofuel source, which can replace transportation fuels derived from fossil energy sources. Biodiesel production from microalgae biomass is generally performed by one of the two methods: The conventional microalgae biodiesel production essentially involving two main steps; Extraction of oils from the biomass and the oil extraction step involving cell disruption by mechanical, chemical, or biological methods and oil collection by solvent finally, direct in situ production of biodiesel from microalgae biomass. Because vegetable oils or animal fats have high viscosity, i.e., 35–50 mm2 s−1, it is necessary to reduce the viscosity in order to use them in a common diesel engine. Four methods are used to solve this problem: Blending with petro-diesel, pyrolysis, microemusification (co-solvent blending) and transesterification, only the transesterification reaction creates the products commonly known as biodiesel. The in situ offers the advantages of high lipid yield with low loss, simple process with lower cost and time consumption compared to the conventional two steps method.
Composting,
vermicomposting, biogas production, thermal treatment, incineration,
pyrolysis, gasification, biological treatment, Sanitary land filling, land fill leachate and gas management Latest Advances and Rules related to SWM, Hazardous Waste,
Plastic Waste and E-Waste Management
Learn the basic principles and concepts of waste management here. The definition of common terms and the discussion of concepts, principles and waste classification will help you to understand the topic of waste management.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
After China, India is the largest populous country in world it share 16% of world population and 2.5% of world’s land. Rapid industrialization last few decades have led to the depletion of pollution of precious natural resources in India depletes and pollutes resources continuously. Further the rapid industrial developments have, also, led to the generation of huge quantities of hazardous wastes, which have further aggravated the environmental problems in the country by depleting and polluting natural resources. Therefore, rational and sustainable utilization of natural resources and its protection from toxic releases is vital for sustainable socio-economic development.
overview on hazardous wastes and its managementarvind kumar
A solid waste or combination of solid wastes that,
because of quantity, concentration or physical,
chemical or infectious characteristics, may cause or
significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or
an increase in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible illness or pose a substantial hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly
treated, stored, transported, disposed, or otherwise
managed. About 290 million tons of hazardous
wastes are generated in the U.S. each year. About
4% is recycled. The rest is treated, stored or
disposed.
To make a biogas energy from different sources & creating awareness between h...IJMER
Biogas from biomass appears as an alternative source of energy, which is potentially enriched in biomass resources. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas. Different types of wastes are used for production of biogas .these wastes are found very easy and an every palace. This article helps to make biogas form different wastes. From this study, it can be concluded that this method not only contributed to renewable biogas production but also improved the effluent quality
The solid waste management term deals with collection and treating and disposal of the solid waste. Day by day the quantity of waste generation is increasing rapidly. Creation of waste is natural by human being but being human it needs proper disposal .The solid waste is ugly in appearance , creates foul odor , creates nuisance and ultimately creates unhygienic conditions Improper management of solid waste leads to unhygienic conditions which results in spread of diseases Nobody wants to discuss and care about solid waste . We should come forward for the discussions and finding appropriate solution for proper and effective management of the waste nowadays it is a duty of everybody to monitor the rate of generation of waste. Not only the concerned local body should be responsible for waste management, but it is our responsibility too .We may contribute in minimizing the waste. So to prevent the public health it is necessary to start the waste management from own. This article discusses the origin, varieties ,per capita generation of the waste , role of individual and proper management of the waste .Coordination of local bodie ,social organizations and the public will result in proper management of the waste and helps in achieving the goals like clean city, smart city, and ‘Swachcha Bharat’.
Citation: Bharat Gidde, Pimpri Chinchwad Polytechnic Pune. "Solid Waste Management a need of Time." Global Research and Development Journal For Engineering 34 2018: 15 - 18.
Hazardous waste are the harmful waste that is potentially harmful to human and our Environment .
Hazardous waste are listed under two categories
1. Characteristic waste
2. Listed waste
These material are known to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits1. flammable2. reactive3. corrosive 4. toxic
These are the materials specifically listed by regulating authority as a hazardous waste which are from non specific specific source or discarded chemical product
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Prevalence, biochemical and hematological study of diabetic patients
Hazardous waste management in india and iraq
1. Warsaw University of Technology
Faculty of Environmental Engineering
Environmental Protection Management
[Project]
Hazardous Waste Management in India & Iraq
Prepared by:
Peshang Hama Karim
Prasad Sawant
Supervised by:
M.Eng. Dominika Mucha
December 2018
2. 2
1.Hazardous waste: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………. 1
2. Sources of Hazardous waste in India and Iraq ……………………………………………………….….…2
3.Problems in managing Hazardous waste and Current situation …………………………………….4
4. Key differences between Hazardous waste in India and Iraq ………………………………….…...6
5. Proposed Standard International Solutions for managing Hazardous waste …………………7
6.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………8
3. 1
1. Introduction: Hazardous waste
1.1 Definition:
Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.
Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or more of the
following hazardous traits:
• Ignitability: Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously
combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F). Examples include waste oils and used
solvents. The image 1 represents the Ignitability symbol.
Image 1: Ignitability symbol
• Reactivity: Reactive wastes are unstable under "normal" conditions. They can cause explosions,
undergo violent reactions, generate toxic fumes, gases, or vapors or explosive mixtures when
heated, compressed, or mixed with water. The image 2 represents the Reactivity symbol.
Image 2: Reactivity symbol
• Corrosivity: Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than or
equal to 12.5) and/or are capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums, and
barrels. Battery acid is an example. The image 3 represents the Corrosivity symbol.
Image 3: Corrosivity symbol
• Toxicity: Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g., containing mercury,
lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are land disposed, contaminated liquid may leach from the waste
and pollute ground water.
Image 4: Toxicity symbol
Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids. A
hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by common means
like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical state of the waste,
treatment and solidification processes might be required.
4. 2
Sources of hazardous waste in India and Iraq
1. India
India is a developing country, and waste from industries is a major source of hazardous waste
in developing countries, but industrial hazardous waste sources presents greater risks in
developing countries than in developed countries because of poor management and obsolete
technologies, multinational companies often set their plants in developing countries so, that
they can use technologies banned in the home country.
India Map (1)*
The major source of hazardous solid wastes in our country are industrial activities, agriculture
and Argo-industries, medical facilities, commercial centres, household and the informal
sector.
Another major contributor to Hazardous waste is waste coming from hospitals and clinics,
which consists of syringes, severed body parts, foetuses and bandages etc. These types of
waste have the ability to infect other living organisms.
The hazardous waste generated in the country per annum is estimated to be around 4.4
million tonnes while as per the estimates of Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) derived from correlating hazardous waste generation and economic
activities, nearly five million tonnes of hazardous waste are being produced in the country
annually. Out of this, 38.3% is recyclable, 4.3% is incinerable and the remaining 57.4% is
disposable in secured landfills. Thirteen States of the country (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil
Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Karnataka and Rajasthan) account for 97% of total hazardous waste generation.
On the other hand, states such as Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, all the North Eastern
States excepting Assam generate less than 20,000 MT per annum. Given the wide variations
in quantity and nature of waste generated across states and union territories (UTs) and
considering the wide variations in climatic as well as hydro-geological conditions in different
regions of the country, the approach to waste management must be essentially state specific.
5. 3
2.Iraq
Iraq passed through many destructive wars where the country infrastructures have
been destroyed. Consequently, various types of hazardous wastes generated from 1991 and
2003 wars are exposed in different parts of Iraq without any aspect of human
and environment considerations. Contaminants are found in the form of contaminated
rubble with depleted uranium (DU).
Iraq Map (2)*
Another source of hazardous waste is oil spill into both Dijla and Furat rivers, and finally
leading to contaminate Arabian Gulf. Iraq is famous of its Oil, but the issue is that no one
concern about the side effects of oil and its negative impact over environment.
Last source of hazardous waste is hospital wastes, which according to standards should be
incinerated, but unfortunately, they are mixed to Municipal solid waste streams and put
together into a dumping site, then eventually with the help of methane emission they are
burnt.
6. 4
Problems in managing hazardous waste and the current situation
The main roadblock encountered in management of hazardous waste in India is the lack of
education of hazardous waste among the common people. biomedical waste like syringes,
bandages soaked with blood and other bodily fluids etc., often gets mixed with solid waste
stream. Any disease-causing bacteria is present in those waste might infect the solid waste
stream and in turn infect people handling the waste.
Landfill in India (15)*
Currently most of the hazardous waste is mostly burned in an open area to get rid of the
waste.
This burning of waste is not only polluting the environment, but also could have negative
consequences on human health. “Burning roadside dumps in India can be the most toxic place
on Earth – the level of toxins in their smoke a thousand times higher than normal and it
contains a whole ‘rainbow’ of toxic substances.” As stated in article published in the journal
Atmospheric Environment. Sometimes the waste which has recyclable value is also landfilled
with other non-recyclable waste due to the ignorance about waste management.
7. 5
Many factors can be mentioned about the problems of managing those kinds of hazardous
wastes in Iraq, but in fact, most of the rate of generation of Hazardous waste was greatly
increased during previous wars. There was a huge loss of life and property, people of Iraq
were more concerned about their life and waste management was largely ignored. During the
war, the hazardous waste was mixed with other waste streams. People were not educated
about hazardous waste. If not so, they wouldn't have mixed it for decades. The major
problem about hospital waste is that there is not any incineration plant that burn all hospital
wastes. Last problem is that foreigner companies deal with oil in Iraq and there is not any
third-party work quality control which could control their work and not let them pollute Iraq’s
Environment. But since the war has ended, now people started to realize the importance of
managing hazardous waste.
Destroyed city of Mosul (4)*
8. 6
Key differences between hazardous wastes in India and Iraq
After studies upon key frames of hazardous waste sources in Iraq and India, we can conclude that
most of the sources are similar like having biomedical hazardous waste, but according to geographical
location of both country there some extra sources that are in Iraq, but not in India. Oil spill and
contaminated rubble with depleted uranium is two examples of this point. Another point is that India
is an industrial country, but Iraq is not, so we can have some Hazardous wastes of Industrial origin in
India that are comparatively less in Iraq.
Oil Spill inside Mosul City (5)*
Oil Spill with depleted Uranium while Gulf War (6)*
Hospital Waste throwed to dumping site (7)* & (14)*
9. 7
Standard International Solutions
Solutions on governmental level:
Government agencies should take actions against companies which do not dispose off the
Hazardous waste in a safe manner. Action could vary depending on the nature of the
offence. For example, NGT (National Green Tribunal) imposed a fine up to Rs. 25000/- for
burning of wastes in open throughout India.
Solutions on Institutional level:
Hospitals:
Hospitals should be able to differentiate hazardous waste from non-Hazardous waste,
collect them separately. It should be made sure that fluorescent bulbs and mercury
thermometers do not get into common waste stream. Staff should be trained to manage
hazardous waste.
Industries:
Best Available Techniques (BAT) should be used so technique with produced no or at least
minimum hazardous waste should be considered along with other parameters.
Biological treatment:
For PAH (Polyaromatic hydrocarbon) degradation by bacteria, Chromium (IV) degradation
by bacteria with the help of organic substances (molasses or oils).
Chemical treatment:
Destruction or change of a hazardous compound by a chemical reaction, e.g. reduction of
chromium (VI) or oxidation of cyanide
Co-processing (3):
Industrial by products and other waste materials which cannot be recycled, can sometimes
be used as a fuel to produce a finished product.
Solution on Individual level:
Common public must be educated that waste such old or broken mercury thermometers,
blood soaked infected bandages should not be put into solid waste.
10. 8
Conclusion
After comparing hazardous waste types, sources composition, management and treatment
we conclude that even if there is variation in the Hazardous waste types in India and Iraq.
The treatment methods adopted are virtually same. However, the responsible
departments of both countries should work on the strict application of treatment
methods. Some immediate actions must be done before any more catastrophic disasters
happen in corresponding 2 countries:
- Immediate incineration plant is needed for burning hospital wastes in Iraq.
- NGO ‘s should collaborate with government in educating children for increasing social
conciseness about this serious issue and how to protect society.
- A new law should be directed for protecting environment with an international standard
and be implemented directly.
- “Polluters should pay” must be the title of work in both countries. This will reduce
polluting the environment.
- While making contract with private companies, the government should also make a
statement in the contract that the company should take into consideration no to pollute
environment and should work in such a way that it is environmentally friendly.
Semi-automatic Incineration plant (8)*