This document summarizes an article that discusses building material passports for hot climates. It begins by introducing the concept of vernacular building materials and how they were traditionally used in a sustainable way. It then discusses how a building material passport can document the material composition of a building and its environmental impacts. The document evaluates methods for analyzing the environmental profile of building materials using factors like greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. It examines sections that should be included in a building material passport, such as health and safety information. The overall goal is to determine the most suitable building material passports and materials for buildings in hot climates.
Sustainability through Intelligence in BuildingsIJERA Editor
Energy efficiency and energy preservation are two primary worldwide concerns in current reality. Thus, sustainability encompasses those two issues, giving that as a general term refers to the capacity to endure. In architecture sustainability describes environmentally conscious design techniques, minimizing negative environmental impact and enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy and space. In every level of design and construction of a building, environmental issues should be taken into account. Each specific decision and choice may have consequences for the environment. Sustainability through the proper and sound use of materials is an obvious practice. Beyond that, intelligence integrated in buildings can promote energy efficiency and wider life cycle. After a brief clarification of what intelligence in buildings entitles, a series of case studies are presented in order to support the fact that in deed energy efficiency and energy preservation (in some cases energy production as well) are achieved through the use of intelligent systems in structures.
Environmental Impact & Sustainability of Construction Punit Sharnagat
Environmental impacts - Local
80% of agricultural land loss is due to buildings
Urban flooding due to improper planning of cities
Disturbances in air circulations creating air quality hotspots/urban canyons
Creation of heat islands
Noise, dust and fumes generation during construction
Environmental impacts - Global
Global warming
Resource depletion
Ozone layer depletion
Acidification
-Contribution from Buildings
-Interaction between climate change and built environment
-Climate change impacts
-Estimate of global resources used in buildings
-Physical disturbance to the landscape due to mining
-
Providing the Sustainability with the Pozzuolana Concrete Used in FoundationZuhal Şimşek
To provide concrete industry and sustainability development, the amount of cement which releases harmfull gases
and wastes while being produced should be reduced. Because using less cement than the amount which is gained
as a result of mixture calculation cannot provide necessary performance in the point of resistance, it should be
predicated that using the materials which are appraised by changing places with the concrete which has
connective quality to provide sustainability. In this study it is aimed to increase the strength by providing
impermeability of underground building elements and to provide resistance by the puzzlans which are added in
the mixture of concrete by changing places for sustainable environment. To prove impermeability for sustainable
environment, a certain percentage of pozzuolanas added to the concrete mix by switching through cement.
Permeability of pressure water, capillarity and compressive strength evaluation tests were carried out.on
concrete specimens with pozzuolana additive.
Keywords: Foundation, building material, water isolation, sustainability
Severity Index of Environmental Factors Associated with Building Construction...IJERD Editor
Environmental impact assessment of construction projects is demanded by government of developed nations where the construction industry is regulated. This is however not the case in developing nations where the industry is not regulated. In this research, types and the degree of severity of environmental factors associated with building construction projects in Lagos state of Nigeria was examined. Twenty –eight on-going building projects scattered between Lagos Island and the mainland were randomly selected from each cluster using proportional allocation. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey administered on 3 senior management staff and 7 artisans at each site. The study established raw material consumption and transportation as the most always occurring, most severe construction activity constituting environmental hazard and having the highest impact level on the environment. It was concluded that on-site construction activities have significant impact on the environment across the broad spectrum of, natural resource, ecosystem and public health.
A Theoretical Study on Green Concrete Constructionijtsrd
Concrete which are taken from the demolished structures or from concrete waste which are considered to be eco friendly and using it for the purpose of another building construction is called as green concrete construction. This helps to make the future construction eco friendly and also reduce the emission of CO2. Now a days global warming is the major drawback of whole world which is directly or indirectly caused by the civil engineering field. The world consumes concrete more next to water. So it is the duty of every civil engineer to go along the disadvantages of green house gas emission and to reduce their effects in environment. This can be sought by using the eco friendly materials and also the eco friendly waste concrete available in earth. This journal paper would provide the ideas of green construction and also helps to induce the engineers choice of construction. P K Ponsangari "A Theoretical Study on Green Concrete Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29376.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29376/a-theoretical-study-on-green-concrete-construction/p-k-ponsangari
Green Buildings Overview and Analysis of Energy Efficient Buildingpaperpublications3
Abstract: The challenges our planet faces, particularly climate change and sustainable economic development, are global in nature and so require global solutions. The building sector, which consumes as much as 40% of world’s energy, 12% of its water and contributes 40% of its waste sent to landfill, is the major part of this global problem. Reducing energy use in buildings saves resources and money while reducing pollution and CO2 in the atmosphere. It also leverages even greater savings at power plants. For the average 33-percent-efficient coal-fired power plant, saving a unit of electricity in a building saves three units of fuel at the power plant. So to reduce green house gas emission, government promotes new buildings construction and to retrofit existing buildings while satisfying low energy criteria. This means improving energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, developing sustainable building concepts and promoting renewable energy sources. “Green” or “sustainable” buildings use key resources like energy, water, materials, and land more efficiently than buildings that are just built to code. With more natural light and better air quality, green buildings typically contribute to improved employee and student health, comfort, and productivity. A green building depletes the natural resources to the minimum during its construction and operation. In this paper an over view of green building is discussed.
Sustainability through Intelligence in BuildingsIJERA Editor
Energy efficiency and energy preservation are two primary worldwide concerns in current reality. Thus, sustainability encompasses those two issues, giving that as a general term refers to the capacity to endure. In architecture sustainability describes environmentally conscious design techniques, minimizing negative environmental impact and enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy and space. In every level of design and construction of a building, environmental issues should be taken into account. Each specific decision and choice may have consequences for the environment. Sustainability through the proper and sound use of materials is an obvious practice. Beyond that, intelligence integrated in buildings can promote energy efficiency and wider life cycle. After a brief clarification of what intelligence in buildings entitles, a series of case studies are presented in order to support the fact that in deed energy efficiency and energy preservation (in some cases energy production as well) are achieved through the use of intelligent systems in structures.
Environmental Impact & Sustainability of Construction Punit Sharnagat
Environmental impacts - Local
80% of agricultural land loss is due to buildings
Urban flooding due to improper planning of cities
Disturbances in air circulations creating air quality hotspots/urban canyons
Creation of heat islands
Noise, dust and fumes generation during construction
Environmental impacts - Global
Global warming
Resource depletion
Ozone layer depletion
Acidification
-Contribution from Buildings
-Interaction between climate change and built environment
-Climate change impacts
-Estimate of global resources used in buildings
-Physical disturbance to the landscape due to mining
-
Providing the Sustainability with the Pozzuolana Concrete Used in FoundationZuhal Şimşek
To provide concrete industry and sustainability development, the amount of cement which releases harmfull gases
and wastes while being produced should be reduced. Because using less cement than the amount which is gained
as a result of mixture calculation cannot provide necessary performance in the point of resistance, it should be
predicated that using the materials which are appraised by changing places with the concrete which has
connective quality to provide sustainability. In this study it is aimed to increase the strength by providing
impermeability of underground building elements and to provide resistance by the puzzlans which are added in
the mixture of concrete by changing places for sustainable environment. To prove impermeability for sustainable
environment, a certain percentage of pozzuolanas added to the concrete mix by switching through cement.
Permeability of pressure water, capillarity and compressive strength evaluation tests were carried out.on
concrete specimens with pozzuolana additive.
Keywords: Foundation, building material, water isolation, sustainability
Severity Index of Environmental Factors Associated with Building Construction...IJERD Editor
Environmental impact assessment of construction projects is demanded by government of developed nations where the construction industry is regulated. This is however not the case in developing nations where the industry is not regulated. In this research, types and the degree of severity of environmental factors associated with building construction projects in Lagos state of Nigeria was examined. Twenty –eight on-going building projects scattered between Lagos Island and the mainland were randomly selected from each cluster using proportional allocation. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey administered on 3 senior management staff and 7 artisans at each site. The study established raw material consumption and transportation as the most always occurring, most severe construction activity constituting environmental hazard and having the highest impact level on the environment. It was concluded that on-site construction activities have significant impact on the environment across the broad spectrum of, natural resource, ecosystem and public health.
A Theoretical Study on Green Concrete Constructionijtsrd
Concrete which are taken from the demolished structures or from concrete waste which are considered to be eco friendly and using it for the purpose of another building construction is called as green concrete construction. This helps to make the future construction eco friendly and also reduce the emission of CO2. Now a days global warming is the major drawback of whole world which is directly or indirectly caused by the civil engineering field. The world consumes concrete more next to water. So it is the duty of every civil engineer to go along the disadvantages of green house gas emission and to reduce their effects in environment. This can be sought by using the eco friendly materials and also the eco friendly waste concrete available in earth. This journal paper would provide the ideas of green construction and also helps to induce the engineers choice of construction. P K Ponsangari "A Theoretical Study on Green Concrete Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29376.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29376/a-theoretical-study-on-green-concrete-construction/p-k-ponsangari
Green Buildings Overview and Analysis of Energy Efficient Buildingpaperpublications3
Abstract: The challenges our planet faces, particularly climate change and sustainable economic development, are global in nature and so require global solutions. The building sector, which consumes as much as 40% of world’s energy, 12% of its water and contributes 40% of its waste sent to landfill, is the major part of this global problem. Reducing energy use in buildings saves resources and money while reducing pollution and CO2 in the atmosphere. It also leverages even greater savings at power plants. For the average 33-percent-efficient coal-fired power plant, saving a unit of electricity in a building saves three units of fuel at the power plant. So to reduce green house gas emission, government promotes new buildings construction and to retrofit existing buildings while satisfying low energy criteria. This means improving energy efficiency of buildings and energy systems, developing sustainable building concepts and promoting renewable energy sources. “Green” or “sustainable” buildings use key resources like energy, water, materials, and land more efficiently than buildings that are just built to code. With more natural light and better air quality, green buildings typically contribute to improved employee and student health, comfort, and productivity. A green building depletes the natural resources to the minimum during its construction and operation. In this paper an over view of green building is discussed.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Sustainable materials are becoming popular worldwide in terms of ecologically friendly structures that deal with pollution controls, climate change, global temperature increase, and resource conservation issues. Consequently, the researchers believe that simply using sustainable materials to design and create a building is insufficient.
This article discusses several elements of sustainable construction planning including site choice mostly through the proposed project, material classification mostly through the life cycle, analysis time, cost, and commodity controls, reliability and stability, occupant health, manufacturing methodologies and procedures, and design concepts based on advanced ideas. The article argues that by integrating the choice of building components and construction strategic planning practices into the project, the productivity and consequently the reliability of the building could be significantly improved.
The article also discusses the advantages and requirements of sustainable construction, the managerial roles in construction procedure, management processes, and a correlation of conventional construction planning and sustainable project management. The research paper indicates that the objective of constructing an environmentally friendly building is simply fully done when the notion of sustainability is integrated into every phase of the construction approach and that the procedures are not restricted to using recycled practices.
A Study on Eco-friendly Building Management with Respect to Feasibility of Im...inventionjournals
The purpose of the study is to examine the factors affecting the eco-friendly building management with respect to feasibility of implementation. A cross sectional research on 487 citizens and 500 students through questionnaire method and analysed using SPSS software. The population of study consists of resident’s views on eco-friendly building management in Kochi. The study was conducted during the period of October 2016 to January 2017. This study identified five dimensions of eco-friendly building management such as public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management and water and energy management. Furthermore, this study confirmed that there is significant impact on public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management.
Performance Evaluation of Cost Saving Towards Sustainability in Traditional C...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:It is most significant to achieve environment protection in construction industry for which prefabrication construction technique is considered to be most efficient sustainable construction method. The importance of prefabrication is based on the influence of different activities elaborate such a waste management, adaptation of material reuses and recycles. This research paper includes a dynamic design approach to evaluate the cost performance of construction project using prefabrication construction method along with applying the subsequent waste treatment activities to accomplish waste management. The construction cost of duplex villathrough traditional construction has been carried out. The construction cost of the same project has then been calculated by the present prefabricated assembly market prices. After critical comparison between construction costs of traditional and prefabrication methods, a significant cost saving has been noticed. The day by day increasing public awareness about the environmental impacts of construction waste has been resulted in including waste management as a major function of construction project management by some construction organizations. Although, some of methods have been developed for construction waste management it is still of much importance that no research has been done so far in this topic to introduce waste minimization through necessary waste treatment activities. This research paper emphasis on the identification of supreme horizons of prefabrication techniques and methods in construction industry by converging on the aggressive need of suitable training and skills for workplace.
Relationship of economic and environmental factors with the acceptance of ear...Shadi Zare Shahabadi
Since time immemorial, earthen architecture has been prevalent in Yazd; however, in spite of its merits and benefits, tendency for it has decreased over recent decades. The main objective of this research is to clarify the relationship of economic and environmental factors with the acceptance of newly built earthen houses. The research is a cross-sectional study conducted through a survey method. The sample population consisted of 145 young educated couples in Yazd selected based on the Cochran formula and through a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. The results showed that the acceptance of newly built earthen houses among the respondents was higher than average. The perceived usefulness of this architecture in terms of both economic and environmental factors had a positive and significant correlation with the acceptance of that, while none of the demographic variables associated with acceptance. Using the regression model, environmental and then economic factors were found to account for 39 percent of the variance for the acceptance of the earthen architecture. According to these results, it seems that taking environmental and economic factors into consideration can affect people's interest and their acceptance of newly built earthen houses. In this regard, certain architectural solutions are presented in the paper. This research findings provide motivation for further and broader studies in this field.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Use of scc and rca for sustainable construction – eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a brief review on the sustainability in building construction, environmental protection with respect to construction industry, constitutional provisions of environmental act and issues of environmental management plan (EMP). Also, Special emphasis is given on use of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for sustainability. SCC has significant environmental advantages in comparison to the vibrated concrete; absence of noise pollution and vibrations during construction provides a healthier working environment. In this paper, the potential for usage of coarse recycled aggregate obtained from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete was discussed, emphasizing its ecological value. The use of RCA contributes to the environment by solving the issue of waste disposal due to the demolition of old structures and also conserving the natural resources (Coarse Aggregate). Keywords: Sustainability, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, Environmental Act, Environmental Management Plan
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
Sustainability concepts in Civil Engineering - Module-3Abhilash B L
This Module deals with Sustainable Design which consists of following topics
*Basic concepts of sustainable habitat,
*Green buildings
*Green building certification GRIHA
*IGBC certification for buildings,
*Materials for building construction
*Material selection for sustainable buildings design,
*Energy-efficient building design,
*Passive solar design technique,
*Thermal storage strategies
*sustainable transport
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Sustainable materials are becoming popular worldwide in terms of ecologically friendly structures that deal with pollution controls, climate change, global temperature increase, and resource conservation issues. Consequently, the researchers believe that simply using sustainable materials to design and create a building is insufficient.
This article discusses several elements of sustainable construction planning including site choice mostly through the proposed project, material classification mostly through the life cycle, analysis time, cost, and commodity controls, reliability and stability, occupant health, manufacturing methodologies and procedures, and design concepts based on advanced ideas. The article argues that by integrating the choice of building components and construction strategic planning practices into the project, the productivity and consequently the reliability of the building could be significantly improved.
The article also discusses the advantages and requirements of sustainable construction, the managerial roles in construction procedure, management processes, and a correlation of conventional construction planning and sustainable project management. The research paper indicates that the objective of constructing an environmentally friendly building is simply fully done when the notion of sustainability is integrated into every phase of the construction approach and that the procedures are not restricted to using recycled practices.
A Study on Eco-friendly Building Management with Respect to Feasibility of Im...inventionjournals
The purpose of the study is to examine the factors affecting the eco-friendly building management with respect to feasibility of implementation. A cross sectional research on 487 citizens and 500 students through questionnaire method and analysed using SPSS software. The population of study consists of resident’s views on eco-friendly building management in Kochi. The study was conducted during the period of October 2016 to January 2017. This study identified five dimensions of eco-friendly building management such as public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management and water and energy management. Furthermore, this study confirmed that there is significant impact on public interests, environmental impact, economy, material management.
Performance Evaluation of Cost Saving Towards Sustainability in Traditional C...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract:It is most significant to achieve environment protection in construction industry for which prefabrication construction technique is considered to be most efficient sustainable construction method. The importance of prefabrication is based on the influence of different activities elaborate such a waste management, adaptation of material reuses and recycles. This research paper includes a dynamic design approach to evaluate the cost performance of construction project using prefabrication construction method along with applying the subsequent waste treatment activities to accomplish waste management. The construction cost of duplex villathrough traditional construction has been carried out. The construction cost of the same project has then been calculated by the present prefabricated assembly market prices. After critical comparison between construction costs of traditional and prefabrication methods, a significant cost saving has been noticed. The day by day increasing public awareness about the environmental impacts of construction waste has been resulted in including waste management as a major function of construction project management by some construction organizations. Although, some of methods have been developed for construction waste management it is still of much importance that no research has been done so far in this topic to introduce waste minimization through necessary waste treatment activities. This research paper emphasis on the identification of supreme horizons of prefabrication techniques and methods in construction industry by converging on the aggressive need of suitable training and skills for workplace.
Relationship of economic and environmental factors with the acceptance of ear...Shadi Zare Shahabadi
Since time immemorial, earthen architecture has been prevalent in Yazd; however, in spite of its merits and benefits, tendency for it has decreased over recent decades. The main objective of this research is to clarify the relationship of economic and environmental factors with the acceptance of newly built earthen houses. The research is a cross-sectional study conducted through a survey method. The sample population consisted of 145 young educated couples in Yazd selected based on the Cochran formula and through a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. The results showed that the acceptance of newly built earthen houses among the respondents was higher than average. The perceived usefulness of this architecture in terms of both economic and environmental factors had a positive and significant correlation with the acceptance of that, while none of the demographic variables associated with acceptance. Using the regression model, environmental and then economic factors were found to account for 39 percent of the variance for the acceptance of the earthen architecture. According to these results, it seems that taking environmental and economic factors into consideration can affect people's interest and their acceptance of newly built earthen houses. In this regard, certain architectural solutions are presented in the paper. This research findings provide motivation for further and broader studies in this field.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Use of scc and rca for sustainable construction – eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a brief review on the sustainability in building construction, environmental protection with respect to construction industry, constitutional provisions of environmental act and issues of environmental management plan (EMP). Also, Special emphasis is given on use of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) and Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for sustainability. SCC has significant environmental advantages in comparison to the vibrated concrete; absence of noise pollution and vibrations during construction provides a healthier working environment. In this paper, the potential for usage of coarse recycled aggregate obtained from crushed concrete for making self-compacting concrete was discussed, emphasizing its ecological value. The use of RCA contributes to the environment by solving the issue of waste disposal due to the demolition of old structures and also conserving the natural resources (Coarse Aggregate). Keywords: Sustainability, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste, Environmental Act, Environmental Management Plan
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional re...VISHNU VIJAYAN
Vishnu Vijayan, Geethu Elsa Thomas, Athira Madhu ,A comparative study on sustainable building construction with conventional residential building, International Journal of Current Engineering And Scientific Research, April 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4, p-ISSN: 2393-8374,o-ISSN: 2394-0697; GICID: n/d; DOI: 10.21276/ijcesr
Sustainability concepts in Civil Engineering - Module-3Abhilash B L
This Module deals with Sustainable Design which consists of following topics
*Basic concepts of sustainable habitat,
*Green buildings
*Green building certification GRIHA
*IGBC certification for buildings,
*Materials for building construction
*Material selection for sustainable buildings design,
*Energy-efficient building design,
*Passive solar design technique,
*Thermal storage strategies
*sustainable transport
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sustainable Civil Engineering Solutions through Technological InnovationsIRJTAE
Sustainable development has become a primary focus in various sectors, including civil engineering. With the
ever-growing concerns about environmental degradation and resource depletion, integrating sustainability into
civil engineering practices has become imperative. This research article explores the role of technology in
advancing sustainable practices within the realm of civil engineering. It delves into specific technological
innovations and their applications in achieving sustainability goals in construction, infrastructure development,
and urban planning. Through a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, this paper examines how
advancements in technology are reshaping the field of civil engineering and enabling the design, construction,
and management of infrastructure with a focus on sustainability. Key areas of innovation explored include green
building materials, energy-efficient construction techniques, smart infrastructure systems, and digital modelling
and simulation tools.
Research paper on Eco-Friendly building material and construction technique i...shivangi5796
A detail and analytical study about the eco friendly building materials and construction technique present in India and with the help of that how we lower the levels of pollution in the environment.
Sustainable building materials in Green building construction.Tendai Mabvudza
Defining sustainable building materials with concern to green buildings construction. Architectural Short thesis withdebatable topics. Principles of sustainable building.
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy.
This course on sustainable construction materials aims to serve those professionals involved in construction in order to help them assist in achieving a sustainable environment.
In addition to covering some fundamental properties of traditional construction materials that are used in construction, this course devotes concepts to sustainability, including life-cycle assessment, embodied energy, recycled and reclaimed aggregates, and durability of construction materials.
Challenges facing componentsreuse in industrialized housing: A literature reviewIEREK Press
Natural resources points towards sustainable development. Since a large proportion of human consumption is linked to buildings and construction, this means managing the construction process in more sustainable ways. Strategies that target greater material efficiency and which promote circular economy concepts are among several approaches that are gaining in popularity. The adoption of life-cycle thinking and practices in design, construction and end of life through the reuse of construction components and materials is one such action to achieve a sustainable built environment. Reuse is not a new concept and technical solutions do exist; however, practical realization is hampered by many interrelated challenges. This review paper is the result of a literature review for an exploratory study that aims to identify obstacles to the reuse of building components and materials. The context is industrializedhousing, particularly timber-based construction, as this is a sector where modern manufacturing and onsite practices have become established. The main obstacles identified and corroborated in the literature, along with their potential solutions, are summarized and conclusions drawn on the future direction of research needs.
A novel hybrid modelling structure fabricated by using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy to forecast HVAC systems energy demand in real-time for Basra city
Raad Z. Homod
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Environmental profile on building material passports for hot climates
1. sustainability
Article
Environmental Profile on Building Material Passports
for Hot Climates
Amjad Almusaed 1,* , Asaad Almssad 2 , Raad Z. Homod 3 and Ibrahim Yitmen 1
1 Department of Construction Engineering and Lighting Science, Jönköping University,
551 11 Jönköping, Sweden; ibrahim.yitmen@ju.se
2 Head of Building Technology, Karlstad University Sweden, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden; asaad.almssad@kau.se
3 Department of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basrah University for Oil and Gas, Garmat Ali Campus,
Basrah 61004, Iraq; raadahmood@yahoo.com
* Correspondence: amjad.al-musaed@ju.se; Tel.: +46-70-045-1114
Received: 20 March 2020; Accepted: 27 April 2020; Published: 4 May 2020
Abstract: Vernacular building materials and models represent the construction methods and building
materials used in a healthy manner. Local building materials such as gravel, sand, stone, and clay are
used in their natural state or with minor processing and cleaning to mainly satisfy local household
needs (production of concrete, mortar, ballast, silicate, and clay bricks and other products). In hot
climates, the concept of natural building materials was used in a form that can currently be applied
in different kinds of buildings. This concept depends on the proper consideration of the climate
characteristics of the construction area. A material passport is a qualitative and quantitative
documentation of the material composition of a building, displaying materials embedded in buildings
as well as showing their recycling potential and environmental impact. This study will consider
two usages of building materials. The first is the traditional use of building materials and their
importance in the application of vernacular building strategies as an essential global bioclimatic
method in sustainable architecture. The second is the affordable use of new building materials for
their availability and utilization by a large part of society in a way to add more detail to research.
The article aims to create an objective reading and analysis regarding specific building materials in
order to generate a competent solution of materials that is suitable for building requirements in hot
climates. This study evaluates the most suitable Building Material Passports needed in hot climates,
where the environmental profile must be analyzed to confirm the use of natural materials.
Keywords: building materials; vernacular building; environmental design; ecological building materials
1. Introduction
The quality of today’s architectural elements is influenced by the choice of building material
from which the structures are made and the premises are finished. Buildings have a huge impact on
the environment, and building materials generate environmental effects at their various life stages:
during the manufacture of the materials, the construction phase, use and maintenance of the building,
and the disposal or demolition phase. These environmental effects can take many different shapes [1].
The rapid development of our civilization has had a negative effect on our environment. The idea of
sustainable development was proposed to help new generations [2]. All building materials are either
environmentally friendly or emit some harmful substances.
Environmental requirements, first of all, correspond to natural materials, such as stone and wood,
used by humans since ancient times. These materials are safe for human health while creating a favorable
indoor microclimate. Environmental building materials are raw and processed nature-based materials
used in the construction of the built environment. These materials are extracted from the biological
Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720; doi:10.3390/su12093720 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
2. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 2 of 20
cycle to serve technical purposes, and their production and processing result in low environmental
impacts in terms of measures such as embodied energy and carbon, water consumption, and the
use of harmful chemicals [3]. In warm climates, temperatures are more extreme, reaching records of
approximately 45 ◦C during the summer months of July and August. Consequently, many building
material choices will be affected directly by the propriety of the material [4]. New constructions and
restorations are associated with the use of building materials of various natures [5] that are more
or less favorable for humans and also have different impacts on the environment. Owing to the
increasing population, the increase in usage of building material has led to an increase in demand for
new materials. Due to the shortage of materials, the conversion of wastes from industries as building
materials has become a significant challenge. The recycling of such wastes as construction materials
appears to be a practical solution for the effects of pollution and economical design of buildings [6].
Building materials must be selected in accordance with the quality required for a safe building, which is
periodically updated with new materials that have received a certificate of environmental quality.
What is meant by this term is actually an environmental and hygienic characteristic of the material.
The basis of such an assessment is the presence or absence of harmful effects of the material on a person
in the building in which this material is used [7]. To make a building more comfortable, it is necessary
to choose the right material, given its heat-shielding properties specifically for building envelopes.
Figure 1 shows building forms, structures, and materials for cold and hot climates. It is therefore
crucial, when designing, to select efficient materials not only for economics and esthetics but also
from an environmental point of view. This requires an environmental assessment and classification
of building materials in accordance with environmental requirements. In this case, when deciding
on the use of the material, it is necessary to be able to assess its direct and indirect impacts on the
environment and humans from an environmental perspective. A wide range of building materials
currently allows engineers to choose and give preference to the highest quality in environmental
terms. Using the concept of a material passport optimizes building designs regarding resource use and
the documentation of materials [8]. It contains a set of data describing the defined characteristics of
materials in products, which allows for their efficient recovery, recycling, and re-use.
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21
Environmental requirements, first of all, correspond to natural materials, such as stone and
wood, used by humans since ancient times. These materials are safe for human health while creating
a favorable indoor microclimate. Environmental building materials are raw and processed nature-
based materials used in the construction of the built environment. These materials are extracted from
the biological cycle to serve technical purposes, and their production and processing result in low
environmental impacts in terms of measures such as embodied energy and carbon, water
consumption, and the use of harmful chemicals [3]. In warm climates, temperatures are more
extreme, reaching records of approximately 45 °C during the summer months of July and August.
Consequently, many building material choices will be affected directly by the propriety of the
material [4]. New constructions and restorations are associated with the use of building materials of
various natures [5] that are more or less favorable for humans and also have different impacts on the
environment. Owing to the increasing population, the increase in usage of building material has led
to an increase in demand for new materials. Due to the shortage of materials, the conversion of wastes
from industries as building materials has become a significant challenge. The recycling of such wastes
as construction materials appears to be a practical solution for the effects of pollution and economical
design of buildings [6]. Building materials must be selected in accordance with the quality required
for a safe building, which is periodically updated with new materials that have received a certificate
of environmental quality. What is meant by this term is actually an environmental and hygienic
characteristic of the material. The basis of such an assessment is the presence or absence of harmful
effects of the material on a person in the building in which this material is used [7]. To make a building
more comfortable, it is necessary to choose the right material, given its heat-shielding properties
specifically for building envelopes. Figure 1 shows building forms, structures, and materials for cold
and hot climates. It is therefore crucial, when designing, to select efficient materials not only for
economics and esthetics but also from an environmental point of view. This requires an
environmental assessment and classification of building materials in accordance with environmental
requirements. In this case, when deciding on the use of the material, it is necessary to be able to assess
its direct and indirect impacts on the environment and humans from an environmental perspective.
A wide range of building materials currently allows engineers to choose and give preference to the
highest quality in environmental terms. Using the concept of a material passport optimizes building
designs regarding resource use and the documentation of materials [8]. It contains a set of data
describing the defined characteristics of materials in products, which allows for their efficient
recovery, recycling, and re-use.
Figure 1. Building form, structure, and materials between cold and hot climates.
Environmental issues were neglected until recently, when they dramatically turned to a
qualitative assessment of construction products [7,9]. Questions have arisen about what is required
to build and finish buildings, what their features are in this process, and the impact on people and
the environment.
Figure 1. Building form, structure, and materials between cold and hot climates.
Environmental issues were neglected until recently, when they dramatically turned to a qualitative
assessment of construction products [7,9]. Questions have arisen about what is required to build and
finish buildings, what their features are in this process, and the impact on people and the environment.
This article is aimed at developing a mixture of solutions with useful materials to achieve the
objective of the analysis: to generate a competent solution of building materials that is suitable for the
buildings’ specifics in hot climates. The rest of this article is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the
passport sections on building material selection. Section 3 describes the traditional Building Material
3. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 3 of 20
Passport. Section 4 depicts the contemporary requirements for building materials. Finally, Section 5
discusses the results with concluding remarks and future directions.
2. Investigation Method
The idea behind the method used to determine the health aspects is that the materials should not
contain dangerous chemicals and, above all, should not release these to the indoor environment [10].
The environmental profile is based on the SBI (DK) calculation program, BEAT 2000, which is a
standardized technique for classifying and measuring the environmental effects related to building
materials during their life cycles [11]. The analysis depends on seven factors, and all the physical
environmental impacts and effects are classified in two ways:
• Greenhouse effect, in which the environmental impacts of the resource benefits can be composed
of a loss of resources and space consumption and risks of gas extraction or a cultivation process.
• Energy consumption, in which the environmental impact of the energy consumption considers
the renewable feedstock energy and the heat of combustion of renewable resources.
The analysis will use the detailed knowledge about the embedded materials as well as the
characteristics of building stocks to enable high recycling rates and low environmental impacts of
buildings. To evaluate the building environmental impacts, it is necessary to consider all the life cycle
phases: from the extraction of raw materials to their disposal [12]. The material passport serves as
a design optimization tool and enables the generation and comparison of variants, thus supporting
the decision-making process. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a standard international method to
analyze the environmental impacts of any product, process, or system. The LCA of a product is a
technique to assess the environmental impact of its materials at all stages of its life cycle, from raw
material extraction to production, use, repair and maintenance, and transportation, as well as waste
burial or processing. Greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, etc.) have the
greatest impact on global climate change [13]. The environmental profile is about more than being able
to offer some healthy material products. It is about the overall picture, all the surrounding processes,
and the attitude, sincerity, and transparency to implement these values in a building process, as seen in
Figure 2.
This article is aimed at developing a mixture of solutions with useful materials to achieve the
objective of the analysis: to generate a competent solution of building materials that is suitable for the
buildings’ specifics in hot climates. The rest of this article is organized as follows. Section 2 presents
the passport sections on building material selection. Section 3 describes the traditional Building
Material Passport. Section 4 depicts the contemporary requirements for building materials. Finally,
Section 5 discusses the results with concluding remarks and future directions.
2. Investigation Method
The idea behind the method used to determine the health aspects is that the materials should
not contain dangerous chemicals and, above all, should not release these to the indoor environment
[10].
The environmental profile is based on the SBI (DK) calculation program, BEAT 2000, which is a
standardized technique for classifying and measuring the environmental effects related to building
materials during their life cycles [11]. The analysis depends on seven factors, and all the physical
environmental impacts and effects are classified in two ways:
• Greenhouse effect, in which the environmental impacts of the resource benefits can be composed
of a loss of resources and space consumption and risks of gas extraction or a cultivation process.
• Energy consumption, in which the environmental impact of the energy consumption considers
the renewable feedstock energy and the heat of combustion of renewable resources.
The analysis will use the detailed knowledge about the embedded materials as well as the
characteristics of building stocks to enable high recycling rates and low environmental impacts of
buildings. To evaluate the building environmental impacts, it is necessary to consider all the life cycle
phases: from the extraction of raw materials to their disposal [12]. The material passport serves as a
design optimization tool and enables the generation and comparison of variants, thus supporting the
decision-making process. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a standard international method to analyze
the environmental impacts of any product, process, or system. The LCA of a product is a technique
to assess the environmental impact of its materials at all stages of its life cycle, from raw material
extraction to production, use, repair and maintenance, and transportation, as well as waste burial or
processing. Greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, etc.) have the greatest
impact on global climate change [13]. The environmental profile is about more than being able to
offer some healthy material products. It is about the overall picture, all the surrounding processes,
and the attitude, sincerity, and transparency to implement these values in a building process, as seen
in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The methodological analysis according to the life cycle assessment phases.Figure 2. The methodological analysis according to the life cycle assessment phases.
The simpler the extraction, treatment, and purification used in the production of a material,
the lower the energy consumption and, accordingly, the lower the volume of greenhouse gas
emissions [11,14]. Choosing materials that use renewable energy sources (water, wind, sun) in
their production significantly reduces the environmental impact of pollution and waste [15,16].
The production or procurement of building materials generally results in emissions of greenhouse
gases as well as gases that contribute to the formation of precipitation in the form of acid rain.
4. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 4 of 20
3. Passport Sections on Building Material Selection
A passport for building materials represents the safest way to consider materials required for the
building process and also monitors safety during production. The Building Material Passport has to
contain all the necessary information about the characteristics of materials for construction and the
organization of production or work that maximally protect consumers and personnel from harmful
health effects and industrial accidents. Figure 3 demonstrates the Building Material Passport’s relation
to the environmental profile
lower the energy consumption and, accordingly, the lower the volume of greenhouse gas emissions
[11,14]. Choosing materials that use renewable energy sources (water, wind, sun) in their production
significantly reduces the environmental impact of pollution and waste [15,16]. The production or
procurement of building materials generally results in emissions of greenhouse gases as well as gases
that contribute to the formation of precipitation in the form of acid rain.
3. Passport Sections on Building Material Selection
A passport for building materials represents the safest way to consider materials required for
the building process and also monitors safety during production. The Building Material Passport has
to contain all the necessary information about the characteristics of materials for construction and the
organization of production or work that maximally protect consumers and personnel from harmful
health effects and industrial accidents. Figure 3 demonstrates the Building Material Passport’s
relation to the environmental profile
Figure 3. Building Material Passport’s relation to the environmental profile.
In accordance with regulatory legal acts, a passport for a technical device is required. In the
absence of a passport, the operation of a technical device is prohibited.
Building materials and products are materials and products that are used in the construction,
repair and reconstruction of buildings (residential, public, industrial, etc.), structures (linear or areal
facilities), as well as their components [17,18]. In the modern world, a huge number of various and
diverse building materials are produced, differing in their technical characteristics, features of
application and operation, which does not allow them to be unambiguous and briefly classified.
However, there are a number of the most common types of classification according to the main
features: the degree of preparedness, origin, composition, raw materials and destination.
Accordingly, each material can be attributed to one or another group based on all classification
criteria. The composition of building materials, similar to any substance, can be divided into mineral,
organic, and combined (organic mineral) categories. The origin of building materials includes the
processing depth of raw materials for their manufacture: natural materials are obtained by using
materials found in the environment (wood, stone, sand, clay, etc.). The earth is our sustainer, the
chain of ecological survival. Renewability is the key to our human continuum and our prime resource
for architecture. Earth sheltering, earth handling, and earth escaping are more clearly pronounced in
the vocabulary of architectural planning and design [19,20]. The composition of building materials,
similar to any substance, can be divided into mineral, organic, and combined (organic mineral)
categories. The origin of building materials includes the processing depth of raw materials for their
manufacture: natural materials are obtained by using materials found in the environment (wood,
stone, sand, clay, etc.). The earth is our sustainer, the chain of ecological survival. Renewability is the
Figure 3. Building Material Passport’s relation to the environmental profile.
In accordance with regulatory legal acts, a passport for a technical device is required. In the
absence of a passport, the operation of a technical device is prohibited.
Building materials and products are materials and products that are used in the construction, repair
and reconstruction of buildings (residential, public, industrial, etc.), structures (linear or areal facilities),
as well as their components [17,18]. In the modern world, a huge number of various and diverse
building materials are produced, differing in their technical characteristics, features of application and
operation, which does not allow them to be unambiguous and briefly classified. However, there are
a number of the most common types of classification according to the main features: the degree of
preparedness, origin, composition, raw materials and destination. Accordingly, each material can be
attributed to one or another group based on all classification criteria. The composition of building
materials, similar to any substance, can be divided into mineral, organic, and combined (organic
mineral) categories. The origin of building materials includes the processing depth of raw materials
for their manufacture: natural materials are obtained by using materials found in the environment
(wood, stone, sand, clay, etc.). The earth is our sustainer, the chain of ecological survival. Renewability
is the key to our human continuum and our prime resource for architecture. Earth sheltering, earth
handling, and earth escaping are more clearly pronounced in the vocabulary of architectural planning
and design [19,20]. The composition of building materials, similar to any substance, can be divided into
mineral, organic, and combined (organic mineral) categories. The origin of building materials includes
the processing depth of raw materials for their manufacture: natural materials are obtained by using
materials found in the environment (wood, stone, sand, clay, etc.). The earth is our sustainer, the chain
of ecological survival. Renewability is the key to our human continuum and our prime resource for
architecture. Earth sheltering, earth handling, and earth escaping are more clearly pronounced in the
vocabulary of architectural planning and design [21]. The ecology of building materials is a challenge
to the effectiveness of current material use, as well as to the evaluation of new materials [22]. The new
integrated science—environmental construction—should help solve the problems of creating and
maintaining an environment of high-quality buildings. It is, therefore, right to use the words ‘more
or less’ environment-friendly good or willing ecology [5]. There is a persistent pattern between the
prevalence of the material and its harmfulness and toxicity. For example, water and earth (soil) are not
toxic, and relatively rare elements such as lead, mercury, and cadmium are very dangerous for living
5. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 5 of 20
organisms. According to this pattern, it is better to use raw materials and materials that are widely
used for the construction of housing. In a mild, humid climate in wooded areas, the best material is,
of course, wood. In hot areas, soil and clay are used, and in mountainous areas, the most common
building material is stone [23,24]. Prior to the overdevelopment of the industry, builders naturally chose
widespread, harmonious materials. The development of technology has greatly expanded the range of
materials and structures. The use of innovative raw materials or the same materials produces with the
use of innovative technology, optimized transport, and location of the manufacturing process [25].
Architecture is built for human inhabitation. In other words, architecture is built to be occupied
by the human body (human bodies). As such, it makes sense that classical, Renaissance, modern,
or contemporary architects would use the human body as an inspiration or principle of design [26].
Building materials have major influences on the building inhabitants, and environmental building
materials add value to building jobs and decrease damaging effects on the environment [27].
The industrial construction approach has led to the widespread adoption of expensive and artificial
building materials. Now, rarely does anyone turn to traditional materials if it is possible to use modern
ones. From an environmental point of view, building materials can be divided into harmonious and
inharmonious. Inharmonious materials are those whose presence has a negative effect on a person,
and sometimes causes direct harm to health. Harmonious materials can be considered those that are
widely distributed in nature [28]. Building Material Passports, in the construction process, are various
classifications (Table 1) that can be considered: by the nature of the raw materials from which the
materials are made, the generalities of the technological processes of their manufacture, functional
purpose, and areas of application.
Table 1. Building Material Passport involving classification, process, and issues.
No.
Building Material
Passport
Classification Process Issues
1
Building materials
composition and
characteristic
1.1
Technical data of
building materials
Degree of preparedness,
origin, composition, raw
materials, destination
Construction, repair,
reconstruction of
buildings
Renewability,
ecological,
environment-friendly,
high quality
1.2 Usage method
Traditional,
affordable, new
Sustainable
construction,
sustainable restoration
Specific urban texture,
climatic condition,
thermal behavior
2
Contemporary
building materials
2.1
Environmental
profile analysis
Resource consumption,
energy consumption,
greenhouse effect,
acidification, nitrogen load,
human toxicity, disposal
Mineral, organic
Renewable resources
from land or sea
3.1. Environmental Impact on Building Materials and Conformations in a Hot Climate
Buildings are constructed to meet recommended purposes; in one sense, they are buffers between
man and his external thermal environment [29]. The thermal comfort of a building is closely associated
with its building materials, which affect heat conduction, convection, and radiation. The UV-B
content in sunlight is well known to adversely affect the mechanical properties of these materials,
limiting their useful life [30]. Buildings in hot-dry regions are more likely to have sun-dried brick
as the primary cladding material than are buildings in forest zones that utilize both sun-dried brick
and timber. The earthworks found throughout Africa are commonly referred to as “mud houses”
because the adobe work is not done in the traditional Western building method or the walls are
raised when the brick material is still wet [31]. This has a negative connotation that distracts from
6. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 6 of 20
the quality of the finished houses. African architecture is a product of many factors including
geography, cultural heritage and assimilation, developmental policies, religious crusades, and political
conquests [32]. The building elements in these houses are highly decorated, reproducing special
typologies and traditional buildings [20]. Buildings can harm the environment and our health,
for example, when using materials such as asbestos and lead-containing and toxic paints. Therefore,
constructions using environmentally friendly materials have begun to be actively developed.
The vernacular buildings are compact with interior courtyards; the streets are sinuous and pass
through the house volumes [33]. When designing buildings in a hot climate, it is necessary to consider
the influx of thermal radiation from the sun, especially in the summer. The choice of building material
should be based on its thermal inertia properties and, accordingly, on the delay time of the heat flux.
The extraction of raw materials is an important stage in the life cycle of a material. It is known
that the stocks of some types of raw materials will be exhausted in a short (foreseeable) period if
production continues at the current level. Clay, brick and straw, wood, and gravel are the most popular
building materials used in constructions for which building materials and architectural solutions are
more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
3.2. Environmental Effect on Building Material Passport
Currently, the concept of assessing building materials and their rational choice from the point
of view of environmental and human safely is being introduced into the practice of architecture
worldwide. New concepts are being introduced: an environmental assessment, the material life cycle
(LCM), classification of materials according to environmental protection requirements, environmentally
sound choice of building materials, etc. Within the framework of the global concept of “sustainable
development,” the task of creating an ecological worldview to solve global and private ecological
problems of the human environment is being conducted. This position is defined in the international
standards of the ISO (ISO) 14000 series “Environmental Quality Management System” and, in particular,
the ISO 14040-14044 standards focused on the environmental quality of products. This approach is aimed
at ensuring “sustainable construction” and “sustainable restoration,” according to Oliveti et al. [34].
To solve the problem of the rational choice of materials for exterior and interior decorations of designed
buildings in architectural practice, it is necessary to master the methodology of environmentally
assessing materials according to the criteria of their safety for the environment and humans. Both new
construction and restoration involve the use of various building materials that are more or less favorable
to humans and do not equally affect the environment through the removal of natural resources and the
introduction of pollutants. This negatively affects people’s health and indirectly affects the quality
of construction. Therefore, when designing, it is important to choose effective materials not only
from economic and aesthetic viewpoints but also from an environmental standpoint. This requires an
environmental assessment and classification of building materials in accordance with environmental
requirements. In this case, when deciding on the use of a material, it is necessary to be able to assess its
direct and indirect impacts on the environment and humans. Such an approach to this choice meets
the requirements of the worldwide concept of “sustainable development,” “sustainable construction,”
and “sustainable restoration” [35]. The destruction of the surface layers of the outer walls leads not
only to the need for surface repair but can also lead to an overhaul of the entire fence. The effects of
solar radiation on buildings can determine the suitable selection of building materials for the macro
and microclimates. The city texture must reflect the climatic condition, and streets should maximize
shelter from the wind for pedestrian comfort, maximize the dispersion of air pollutants, minimize
urban warming to reduce the need for space cooling, and maximize solar access [36].
One of the most important effects on the durability of buildings is the outdoor climate in the
summer, which has a pronounced alternating character. The changes in temperature and humidity
directly affect the building structure and, to one degree or another, determine the choice of material
and type of structures. First, it is the estimated outdoor temperature in the construction area during
the cold season.
7. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 7 of 20
The building’s position on the site directly affects the material passport use in buildings, where the
temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind are the most important factors that determine
specific material uses in the building and covering layer, as shown in Figure 4. The site plane of any
architectural element in a hot climate is a part of the microclimate study in which the most favorable
orientation of the longitudinal axis of the building is north-south.
The city texture must reflect the climatic condition, and streets should maximize shelter from the
wind for pedestrian comfort, maximize the dispersion of air pollutants, minimize urban warming to
reduce the need for space cooling, and maximize solar access [36].
One of the most important effects on the durability of buildings is the outdoor climate in the
summer, which has a pronounced alternating character. The changes in temperature and humidity
directly affect the building structure and, to one degree or another, determine the choice of material
and type of structures. First, it is the estimated outdoor temperature in the construction area during
the cold season.
The building’s position on the site directly affects the material passport use in buildings, where
the temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind are the most important factors that determine
specific material uses in the building and covering layer, as shown in Figure 4. The site plane of any
architectural element in a hot climate is a part of the microclimate study in which the most favorable
orientation of the longitudinal axis of the building is north-south.
Figure 4. Building–Environment interaction on a local site.
Solar radiation affects the materials in various ways, depending on the parameters considered,
location of testing, and type of materials, where the roof is the major building envelope that is directly
exposed to solar heat radiation, subject to the location of the building. The impact of climate on the
temperature and humidity states of the surface layers of structures is manifested in a large number
of periods of warming and high solar radiation, which destroy the material from which the surface
layers are made.
4. Traditional Building Material Passport
4.1. Building Material Passport within Traditional Housing in Hot Climate
Defining the characteristics for a material passport is a key step in creating a concept augmented
matrix describing the most important features of a material passport [37]. Through an objective
reading into the distant past and an attempt to imagine what materials ancient man could have used,
it turns out that the choices were very modest: stones, clay, and wood. Today, these materials have
not lost their relevance; they are called natural mineral (stones, clay) and natural organic (wood,
hides) building materials. However, the possibilities for a modern builder are incommensurably
Figure 4. Building–Environment interaction on a local site.
Solar radiation affects the materials in various ways, depending on the parameters considered,
location of testing, and type of materials, where the roof is the major building envelope that is directly
exposed to solar heat radiation, subject to the location of the building. The impact of climate on the
temperature and humidity states of the surface layers of structures is manifested in a large number of
periods of warming and high solar radiation, which destroy the material from which the surface layers
are made.
4. Traditional Building Material Passport
4.1. Building Material Passport within Traditional Housing in Hot Climate
Defining the characteristics for a material passport is a key step in creating a concept augmented
matrix describing the most important features of a material passport [37]. Through an objective
reading into the distant past and an attempt to imagine what materials ancient man could have used,
it turns out that the choices were very modest: stones, clay, and wood. Today, these materials have
not lost their relevance; they are called natural mineral (stones, clay) and natural organic (wood,
hides) building materials. However, the possibilities for a modern builder are incommensurably
higher; the assortment of materials and products intended for construction includes hundreds of
thousands of items. They can serve various purposes; in other words, they have different purposes;
for example, for erecting load-bearing and enclosing structures (structural materials and products) and
for improving the operational, aesthetic, and special properties of buildings and structures (decoration,
heat and waterproofing, roofing, radiation protection, and others). Until recently, buildings in hot
climates were designed without any consideration for their energy efficiency by using specific building
materials. For example, straw and clay as traditional building materials in hot climates have an efficient
thermal effect upon buildings. According to a study by Sghiouri, Charai, Mezrhab et al., using clay
and straw in a building reduces the indoor temperature by 5 ◦C on the warmest day of summer and
reduces the total energy demand by 65% while decreasing the number of discomfort hours resulting
from overheating by 25% [38]. Straw and clay play an important role in thermal efficiency and the
8. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 8 of 20
formation of a healthy building. According to a study by David Y. K. Toguyeni et al., using a composite
of these materials reduces the air conditioning load by approximately 8% compared to that in walled
clay houses. As for the roof, the study also investigated the influence of the insulating materials on the
air conditioning load. Hence, a 1.5 cm thick insulator made of redwood induces an energy savings of
approximately 6.2% and a 12.1% savings on the air conditioning load for an insulation panel made of
natural fiber and a lime–cement mixture [39].
4.1.1. Brick as a Familiar Building Material
Of all the building materials, brick is the most popular and versatile, largely due to the fact that
brick made it possible to experiment with structures and create new forms. Currently, brick is the
most common building material. Its versatility and practicality are appreciated throughout the world.
It is known that the first people who built houses from unfired brick were the Sumerians (3000 BC).
Figure 5 shows buildings that used brick as the main building material. Brick is divided into two main
types, known even to non-specialists: ceramic brick made of clay and silicate brick made from sand,
lime, and a number of additives [20,40].
buildings in hot climates were designed without any consideration for their energy efficiency by
using specific building materials. For example, straw and clay as traditional building materials in hot
climates have an efficient thermal effect upon buildings. According to a study by Sghiouri, Charai,
Mezrhab et al., using clay and straw in a building reduces the indoor temperature by 5 °C on the
warmest day of summer and reduces the total energy demand by 65% while decreasing the number
of discomfort hours resulting from overheating by 25% [38]. Straw and clay play an important role
in thermal efficiency and the formation of a healthy building. According to a study by David Y. K.
Toguyeni et al., using a composite of these materials reduces the air conditioning load by
approximately 8% compared to that in walled clay houses. As for the roof, the study also investigated
the influence of the insulating materials on the air conditioning load. Hence, a 1.5 cm thick insulator
made of redwood induces an energy savings of approximately 6.2% and a 12.1% savings on the air
conditioning load for an insulation panel made of natural fiber and a lime–cement mixture [39].
4.1.1. Brick as a Familiar Building Material
Of all the building materials, brick is the most popular and versatile, largely due to the fact that
brick made it possible to experiment with structures and create new forms. Currently, brick is the
most common building material. Its versatility and practicality are appreciated throughout the world.
It is known that the first people who built houses from unfired brick were the Sumerians (3000 BC).
Figure 5 shows buildings that used brick as the main building material. Brick is divided into two
main types, known even to non-specialists: ceramic brick made of clay and silicate brick made from
sand, lime, and a number of additives [20,40].
Figure 5. Traditional house from center of hot climate (the authors).
4.1.2. Clay as Building Material in a Hot Climate
The vast majority of modern buildings are constructed from highly processed materials,
critically depleting global natural resources [41]. Today, it has become necessary to use natural
building materials, specifically locally existing materials, as earthen building materials such as clay
are minimally processed and inherently low carbon. As with other earthen construction materials
and methods, cob was once a commonly used “vernacular” material in which renewed interest is
growing and for which new modern construction applications are being realized, largely due to its
various sustainability benefits [42]. Clay differs quite widely in composition from place to place, and
the clay dug from one part of a field may well be quite different from that dug from another part of
Figure 5. Traditional house from center of hot climate (the authors).
4.1.2. Clay as Building Material in a Hot Climate
The vast majority of modern buildings are constructed from highly processed materials, critically
depleting global natural resources [41]. Today, it has become necessary to use natural building materials,
specifically locally existing materials, as earthen building materials such as clay are minimally processed
and inherently low carbon. As with other earthen construction materials and methods, cob was
once a commonly used “vernacular” material in which renewed interest is growing and for which
new modern construction applications are being realized, largely due to its various sustainability
benefits [42]. Clay differs quite widely in composition from place to place, and the clay dug from one
part of a field may well be quite different from that dug from another part of the same field. Clay is
ground in mills, mixed with water to make it plastic, either by hand or machine, and shaped in the size
of a brick [41,43]. In the hot and dry climate of Egypt, the abundance of silt and reeds determined the
nature of building materials. Cane coated with clay and silt, burnt brick, and raw burnt brick from a
mixture of silt and straw—these are the main building materials used in ancient Egypt. Thousands of
old clay dwellings are still used as residences in the hot climate countries. In addition, adobe houses
and clay mud huts still stand in villages throughout the country. Figure 6 shows traditional buildings
made from local clay.
The dwellings in Ur, south of Iraq, which were built in 9000 BC from adobe bricks, still stand as a
testament to the longevity of earthen houses [44]. Earth brick is a material that can resist earthquakes
and is used in many earthquake-prone countries around the world such as Iraq, Pakistan, Iran, India,
Thailand, China, and Mexico.
9. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 9 of 20
the same field. Clay is ground in mills, mixed with water to make it plastic, either by hand or machine,
and shaped in the size of a brick [41,43]. In the hot and dry climate of Egypt, the abundance of silt
and reeds determined the nature of building materials. Cane coated with clay and silt, burnt brick,
and raw burnt brick from a mixture of silt and straw—these are the main building materials used in
ancient Egypt. Thousands of old clay dwellings are still used as residences in the hot climate
countries. In addition, adobe houses and clay mud huts still stand in villages throughout the country.
Figure 6 shows traditional buildings made from local clay.
Figure 6. Traditional clay houses from a hot climate (the authors).
The dwellings in Ur, south of Iraq, which were built in 9000 BC from adobe bricks, still stand as
a testament to the longevity of earthen houses [44]. Earth brick is a material that can resist earthquakes
and is used in many earthquake-prone countries around the world such as Iraq, Pakistan, Iran, India,
Thailand, China, and Mexico.
4.1.3. Straw as a Main Building Material in a Hot Climate
The construction of modern houses from straw, at first glance, has solid advantages. Indeed, it
is difficult to find a more environmentally friendly and heat-saving building material than straw.
However, there are a few caveats regarding the use of straw in construction related to its natural
features. Before the building process, the straw must be thoroughly dried, otherwise it can rot in a
couple of years. Straw blocks are pressed very tightly, and they need to be arranged so that the fibers
are directed transversely to the outward movement of thermal energy [45]. The process of the
building using straw blocks requires fire safety measures, like the stalks of straw scattered around
the construction site (and this is almost inevitable) are very easily ignited without being compressed.
The most optimal options are clay plaster or combined clay-cement. In a fairly thick straw wall, a
large part of the convective transfer of thermal energy is very large. Straw refers to natural resources
that are renewed very quickly. Figure 7 shows illustrations of the construction process of a vernacular
house made of straw.
Figure 6. Traditional clay houses from a hot climate (the authors).
4.1.3. Straw as a Main Building Material in a Hot Climate
The construction of modern houses from straw, at first glance, has solid advantages. Indeed,
it is difficult to find a more environmentally friendly and heat-saving building material than straw.
However, there are a few caveats regarding the use of straw in construction related to its natural
features. Before the building process, the straw must be thoroughly dried, otherwise it can rot in
a couple of years. Straw blocks are pressed very tightly, and they need to be arranged so that the
fibers are directed transversely to the outward movement of thermal energy [45]. The process of the
building using straw blocks requires fire safety measures, like the stalks of straw scattered around
the construction site (and this is almost inevitable) are very easily ignited without being compressed.
The most optimal options are clay plaster or combined clay-cement. In a fairly thick straw wall, a large
part of the convective transfer of thermal energy is very large. Straw refers to natural resources that are
renewed very quickly. Figure 7 shows illustrations of the construction process of a vernacular house
made of straw.
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 21
Figure 7. Compositions of clay and straw are the main building materials in the northern and eastern
parts of Asia (the authors).
4.1.4. Wood as the Main Building Material in a Hot Climate
Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension)
embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic,
cellular, and anisotropic material [46]. The earliest existing wooden buildings in China are the
Figure 7. Compositions of clay and straw are the main building materials in the northern and eastern
parts of Asia (the authors).
10. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 10 of 20
4.1.4. Wood as the Main Building Material in a Hot Climate
Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension)
embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic,
cellular, and anisotropic material [46]. The earliest existing wooden buildings in China are the Nanzen
Temple Hall of Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, built in 782 AD, and the East Hall of Foguang Temple,
built in 857; there are few buildings in China built before the 15th century [47].
Wood is composed of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40–50%)
and hemicellulose (15–25%) impregnated with lignin (15–30%). Figure 8 shows wood used in the
creation of buildings in different hot climates. The thermal role of those elements is also a reflection of
the sunlight and air current direction [20]. Wood is a good thermal insulator, and a 10-cm-wide piece
of oak has a U-value between 0.07 and 0.1 W/(m·K). Figure 9 illustrates wood as the main building
material in a hot climate.
Figure 7. Compositions of clay and straw are the main building materials in the northern and eastern
parts of Asia (the authors).
4.1.4. Wood as the Main Building Material in a Hot Climate
Wood is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension)
embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic,
cellular, and anisotropic material [46]. The earliest existing wooden buildings in China are the
Nanzen Temple Hall of Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, built in 782 AD, and the East Hall of Foguang
Temple, built in 857; there are few buildings in China built before the 15th century [47].
Figure 8. Wood as the main building material in a hot climate.
Wood is composed of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40–50%)
and hemicellulose (15–25%) impregnated with lignin (15–30%). Figure 8 shows wood used in the
Figure 8. Wood as the main building material in a hot climate.
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 21
creation of buildings in different hot climates. The thermal role of those elements is also a reflection
of the sunlight and air current direction [20]. Wood is a good thermal insulator, and a 10-cm-wide
piece of oak has a U-value between 0.07 and 0.1 W/(m·K). Figure 9 illustrates wood as the main
building material in a hot climate.
Figure 9. Environmental analysis of traditional building materials used in the construction process.
4.1.5. Gravel as an Environmental Building Material
Gravel is the common name for stone and sand, erosion remnants of natural stone. According
to the grain size, gravel is divided into ordinary (medium and large) and varietal (especially small,
small, medium, large, especially large). Gravel is an important building material in the construction
Figure 9. Environmental analysis of traditional building materials used in the construction process.
11. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 11 of 20
4.1.5. Gravel as an Environmental Building Material
Gravel is the common name for stone and sand, erosion remnants of natural stone. According to
the grain size, gravel is divided into ordinary (medium and large) and varietal (especially small,
small, medium, large, especially large). Gravel is an important building material in the construction
process in a hot climate. This material is used in foundations to reduce the negative effect of the water
capillarity phenomenon.
4.2. Environmental Profile Analysis for Traditional Building Materials
The environmental profiles of all the described buildings, structures and materials consist of seven
indicators covering the seven main quantifiable environmental impacts. The environmental profile
indicators assess the building material’s lifecycle by showing the various exchanges associated with
the life cycle. There are also quantifiable environmental impacts beyond the seven listed. However,
these are minor and are omitted for the benefit of a better understanding of the conditions that are
primary [48]. In general, all building materials used in the construction process are ecological and
environmentally friendly, and the analysis of these materials shows that their use can be successfully
continued today. Figure 10 shows the results of an environmental profiles’ analysis of anterior
traditional building materials.Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 21
Figure 10. Environmental profile analysis for mineral building materials.
5. A Review on a Contemporary Environmental Building Materials Chosen Process
5.1. What is the Interaction between Traditional and Modern Building Materials?
The traditional building materials made of natural materials are classified after practical using
requirements and the life cycle assignment, where all of these materials were used along the history
without any negative consequences on the user’s health. However, the new building materials
represent a wide range of materials, which include many unhealthy materials, that can affect the
human living environment negatively. Therefore, it is required to make a healthy passport material,
that affects positively on the human-environment life. In this case, using traditional building
materials provides us with a list of benefits upon physical and spiritual human life. Besides that,
traditional materials inherit the atmosphere and style of ancient buildings. Applying traditional
materials to modern buildings, complementing the two to complement each other and blending them
into one, can make modern buildings have a new taste.
In addition to discussing building materials used in traditional vernacular buildings, it is also
necessary to describe the most efficient building materials for creating a sustainable building design.
Many researchers make a big effort to define the process of the material choosing process, where it is
Year
Figure 10. Environmental profile analysis for mineral building materials.
5. A Review on a Contemporary Environmental Building Materials Chosen Process
5.1. What is the Interaction between Traditional and Modern Building Materials?
The traditional building materials made of natural materials are classified after practical using
requirements and the life cycle assignment, where all of these materials were used along the history
without any negative consequences on the user’s health. However, the new building materials represent
a wide range of materials, which include many unhealthy materials, that can affect the human living
environment negatively. Therefore, it is required to make a healthy passport material, that affects
positively on the human-environment life. In this case, using traditional building materials provides us
with a list of benefits upon physical and spiritual human life. Besides that, traditional materials inherit
the atmosphere and style of ancient buildings. Applying traditional materials to modern buildings,
12. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 12 of 20
complementing the two to complement each other and blending them into one, can make modern
buildings have a new taste.
In addition to discussing building materials used in traditional vernacular buildings, it is also
necessary to describe the most efficient building materials for creating a sustainable building design.
Many researchers make a big effort to define the process of the material choosing process, where it
is difficult to find a clear definition of what are the characteristics of sustainable building materials.
Esin (2007) and Franzoni (2011) [49] point out that sustainable building materials are materials related
to resource and energy efficiency in the manufacturing process, and these materials should have little
pollution and no negative impact on human health. Abeysundara et al. [50] develop an evaluation
matrix to help decision-makers balance environmental, economic and social factors in sustainable
materials assessment. Anastaselos et al.’s research takes environmental, economic and social aspects
into consideration during the thermal insulation evaluation [51].
All of us know a lot about why buildings make people sick or cause problems. One of the most
apparent causes is using harmful materials (emits chemical emissions, fibers, allergens).
In the choice of materials, there are mainly two things to consider:
• How do the materials affect health and ecosystems?
• How do they affect resource use and environmental degradation?
When it comes to health, chemical content and emissions are crucial. When it comes to resource
use, one must look at environmental profiles, developed with, for example, life cycle analyzes, where it
represents a method of looking at materials’ external environmental impact. It is calculated how
much environmental degradation they have caused in the form of energy consumption and emissions
to land, air and water. The problem with life cycle analyses is that they are time-consuming to
perform and the result can be influenced more by the current production technology than by the
material’s properties. Life cycle analysis is also a suitable method for improving the production process.
Modern requirements for building materials are determined primarily by the needs of people, design
features of the premises, functionality, safety, durability, and environmental friendliness of buildings.
Environmental friendliness is determined by the radon content in building materials. Indeed, over time,
harmful substances will be released from non-environmentally friendly materials, thereby poisoning
people living in these structures. Modern ecological building materials are made in such a way that
the environment does not suffer. In other words, this is what nature itself gives us. Environmental
friendliness is usually divided into absolute and conditional. Building materials with conditional
environmental friendliness are made from natural raw materials: brick, glass, and tile. They are
harmless to the environment but at the same time more high-tech. The choosing of building materials
is very important in a building’s life cycle assessment. The selection of building materials is not only
closely related to the characteristic of building materials, and its behavior, which is determined before
the production process, but also the overall energy consumption in the test of the operating stage.
In the same time, it depends on the materials’ potential to be recycled or reused, where the construction
energy consumption can also be appropriately reduced [51].
5.2. Contemporary Building Material Passport Description
Building Material Passports are tools for buildings to incorporate a circular economy. The use of
sustainable building materials represents a way for the construction industry to contribute to protecting
the environment, and has become the key point to minimize the environmental impact and achieve
sustainable development [51].
The contemporary Building Material Passport has been paid attention to in recent years when
abruptly switched to a qualitative assessment of construction products. The impact of building
activities on the environment is tremendous, where the building materials should be healthy for the
inhabitants/users. That means they should be without pollutants and toxic components, not causing
unpleasant noises, secure as radioactivity, and secure as electromagnetism [52]. There are thousands
13. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 13 of 20
of contemporary building materials used today, but the most frequent building materials used in
construction process are:
Clay blocks: They possess physical properties that are significantly different depending on
whether they are normal or parallel to the bed face; therefore (also with respect to interlocking),
clay block masonry cannot be treated in the same way as solid brick masonry in earthquake-resistant
design. Additionally, the so-called pillow effect can occur due to the weak physical properties of clay
blocks parallel to bed faces. This kind of material is popular because of the low cost of such buildings,
due to the low cost of the materials, as well as the desire of modern people to be all-natural and
environmentally friendly, and they can be used as masonry for construction [53].
Bricks: Bricks are made of clay. The clay tile is dried, preheated and burned at 800–1000 ◦C for
about three hours. New is the so-called wax cake tile; the walls of this are no thicker than 2–3 mm. It is
made of particularly fine porous clay and thin cellulose fibers as pores. With wax cake tile, they have
succeeded in achieving almost as good thermal insulation as that of lightweight concrete. Wax cake
tile has thermal conductivity λ = 0.12 W/mK. Pore hole tile has λ = 0.20 W/mK. Bricks can be used as
construction material, cladding tile, flooring and ground cover [54].
Concrete: Today, concrete has become the main material used in construction. Specialists select
the concrete mix depending on the type and purpose of the structure being built. Properties that
should be taken into account in concrete production are: heat properties and heat storage, sound
insulating properties, frost breakdown, reinforcement corrosion and moisture properties. The majority
of fluxes are melamine-based and contain formaldehyde. Concrete is heavy, stores heat well and has
good sound absorption properties. An effective way to improve the fire resistance of the building
structures is to apply heat-insulating coatings to the surface. One of the compositions to protect the
structures from high temperatures is a heat-resistant solution based on the expanded clay sand and
perlite [55]. It is fire-resistant, insulates poorly against cold, prevents moisture diffusion and absorbs
moisture poorly. Moreover, they consider that the additional components that make up the solution
contribute to improving the technical characteristics of most types of cement mixture. The production
of cement is very energy-intensive and generates emissions of mainly COx, SOx and NOx as well as
small amounts of mercury. The cement industry has therefore devised methods to reduce its emissions.
Types of concrete, which are presented in the market of modern building materials, are of high quality
and variety [56]. Cement concretes are made on the basis of cementitious components. These types of
solutions are made using cement ingredients [57].
Steel: Due to the high strength properties of steel in construction, it became possible to build
taller houses, more spacious rooms, and lightweight but oversized structures (bridges, stadiums, etc.).
In construction, stainless steel is used where it is impossible to protect steel products from direct
exposure to water, for example, in various types of fasteners, external brackets, downpipes and ebbs,
visors at porches, railings, and gratings. Stainless steel in construction is organically combined with
most types of buildings and their finishing methods.
Aluminum: Aluminum is increasingly being recognized as an important material in the
construction industry worldwide. Aluminum alloys as structural materials have several advantages
that enable them to compete with steel in some types of building structures. The elastic modulus of
aluminum and its alloys is approximately three times less than that of steels.
Zinc: Zinc probably came in to use around 500 BC. It has commonly been used as roofing material
and later, to galvanize steel to provide corrosion resistance [57]. The properties of this material allow
the use of zinc in many industries and in everyday life.
Glass: Transparent surfaces provide views, light and solar warmth [58]. Glass materials have an
artificial amorphous structure, and they are obtained from a mineral melt containing glass-forming
components (oxides of silicon, boron, aluminum, etc.).
Polystyrene insulation: This material is prepared from fossil oil. The oil is pumped up from
underground reservoirs and shipped to the refinery. Both development and transport involve high
risks to the environment, and the working environments notably carry an increased risk of cancer.
14. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 14 of 20
The neurological supply horizon for fossil oil is approximately 90 years. Rock wool and glass wool are
the most common polystyrene insulation material used.
Fiber cement: Fiber cement is a modern composite building material used for a wide range
of finishing and construction work. This material consists of cement, cellulose reinforcing fiber,
and mineral fillers. Building plates with a wide range of applications are made from fiber cement.
A fiber cement sheet may be composed of 45% cement, 30% sand, and 8% micro silica, all abundant
resources, with 10% water and 7% cellulosic fibers. The cellulosic fibers act as a reinforcement for
the finished board. Plane fiber cement board is mainly used as exterior cladding; physically as a rain
screen with an underlying ventilated cavity [59]. This material has exceptional characteristics: stable
dimensions and mechanical strength with low weight, easy to install and cut, able to withstand heavy
loads, and can be bent if necessary.
Gypsum board: This material consists of approximately 67% industrial gypsum, 28% cardboard,
and small amounts of corn starch and other additives. Gypsum board is non-combustible and
fire-resistant in the sense that the plaster by fire again will calcite, which release water calcination that
will be slow already at temperatures above 45 ◦C. Plasterboard has a moderate thermal conductivity
and open vapor but cannot tolerate wetting [60]. Although gypsum can dehydrate to a hemihydrate,
the mineral basanite, and to an anhydrate, the mineral anhydrite, this reaction occurs in nature on a
geological time scale and, therefore, it is unlikely to occur when gypsum is found on and in building
materials [61].
Glass wool: This material is made of glass fibers of approximately 30% silica sand and close to
30% dolomite, borax, nepheline, and limestone together, all naturally occurring substances. In addition,
it includes approximately 10% soot produced chemically and 30% cullet [62,63]. Glass wool is classified
as non-combustible or having a limited combustibility depending on the binder content. While it
will lose small (~5%) quantities of pyrolysable binders, most of the mass will not burn, and there is
insufficient fuel for a flame to propagate through the bulk of the material; therefore, their contribution
to the fuel load is negligible [64,65]. The proportion of broken glass can be increased to 70%, by which
the consumption of raw materials and energy is reduced [66]. Glass wool is mainly used for the thermal
insulation of walls, ceilings, and roofs.
Other building materials: Other material can be used in the construction process, such as perlite,
lightweight concrete, lightweight aggregate, screen tiles, polyethylene, carpentry, paper wool bales,
flax insulation, joinery timber, particleboard plywood, paper wool, hardboard, cedar, and larch.
5.3. Environmental Profile Analysis of Frequent Contemporary Building Materials
The production of building materials can be very complex, and the theoretical basis for
environmental assessment has made slow progress [6]. With the lack of theory and limited data, it has
been very difficult to make objective assessments, and it is only in recent years that effective models
for the environmental assessment of materials have been available. In general, modern building
materials are divided into two main groups: the mineral and the organic [67]. It is valuable from
an environmental perspective to gain knowledge of all types of materials and how they function in
various environments, both individually and together. They can be divided into mineral materials
such as stone, concrete, glass and lime; organic materials such as wood and cellulose fiber; metals;
and synthetic materials such as plastic [10]. Then, the materials are grouped based on the dominant
feedstock. In each subgroup, progression is sought from materials with a low processing level to those
with a higher degree of processing.
5.3.1. Mineral Materials
Mineral materials are made from renewable resources from the land or sea. Table 2 shows
classifications of mineral building materials.
15. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 15 of 20
Table 2. Classifications of mineral building materials.
Stone-Based Clay-Based Gypsum-Based Cementitious Metals Oil-Based
Gravel
Lightweight
aggregate
Gypsum-boards Mortar concrete Zinc Polyethylene
Perlite Clay blocks Concrete Steel
Polystyrene
insulation
Glass Bricks Lightweight concrete Aluminum
Glass wool Screen tiles Fiber cement boards
The modern building includes a wide variety of mineral materials based on natural and
composite substances, the combination of which can take human health into consideration. Today,
the environmental profile can be a tool to create a safer building. The values for two categorical effects
are presented in Figure 11: the greenhouse effect and the energy consumption for different mineral
building materials. Sustainable buildings require the avoidance of harmful substances and use local
materials with an excellent environmental profile.Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 21
Figure 11. Environmental profile analysis for organic building materials.
5.3.2. Organic Materials
Organic materials are mainly made from renewable resources. Table 3 shows mineral building
materials’ classifications.
Table 3. Classifications of organic building materials.
Woody Straw-Based Flax-Based
Carpentry Paper wool bales Flax insulation
Joinery timber
Particleboard plywood
Paper wool
Hardboard
Cedar
Larch
Carpentry
Figure 11 illustrates the environmental profile analysis for organic building materials.
6. Results and Conclusion
Today it becomes necessary to create and build a material passport adequate for each climate
area, and it is required to limit usage of building materials with a negative impact on the
environment. It may be necessary to handle and supply information to stakeholders in the value
chains of industry and facilitate the creation of more sustainable and resilient cities in which
Year
Figure 11. Environmental profile analysis for organic building materials.
5.3.2. Organic Materials
Organic materials are mainly made from renewable resources. Table 3 shows mineral building
materials’ classifications.
Table 3. Classifications of organic building materials.
Woody Straw-Based Flax-Based
Carpentry Paper wool bales Flax insulation
Joinery timber
Particleboard plywood
Paper wool
Hardboard
Cedar
Larch
Carpentry
Figure 11 illustrates the environmental profile analysis for organic building materials.
16. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 16 of 20
6. Results and Conclusions
Today it becomes necessary to create and build a material passport adequate for each climate
area, and it is required to limit usage of building materials with a negative impact on the environment.
It may be necessary to handle and supply information to stakeholders in the value chains of industry
and facilitate the creation of more sustainable and resilient cities in which inventory resources are
stored, removed, and reused to maintain, retrieve, or improve the value and useful living [68].
Building Material Passports are collections of information and indicators describing material and
system characteristics that give them value for recovery and reuse [69,70]. This provides the material’s
history documentation, such as details received by the producers and requirements of the material
after use [71]. It is thus a tool for integrating data and information into circularity support, focusing on
the recovery at the end of life and value maximization of the materials [69].
The quality of the building creation has influenced the choice of building material, from which all
building materials selected should be used, after their environmental characteristic, which is more
favorable for humans, as well as different influences on the environment. It is important to choose
effective materials from an environmental point of view. This requires environmental assessment
and classification of construction materials according to the requirements of the protection of the
environment. Building materials emit a variety of emissions. Limit values exist only for some of them,
and knowledge of the collaborative effects of various substances is poor. Toxic elements that are quietly
emitted by poor-quality coatings, wood-based panels, paints, and furniture are capable of poisoning
the structure’s atmosphere, causing significant harm to health. It is important to remove as many
unpleasant chemicals as possible from the construction industry as chemicals can be risky in several
ways. Vernacular architecture offers us a precious material corresponding to the new requirements.
The real subject that requires an objective discussion is the environmental impact on building creation
and resource consumption, which may differ from indicator to indicator. As an example, wood has
a low climate impact but a high content of embedded energy. The discussion above has illustrated
that the essential element of good building materials is the avoidance of problematic substances
in the construction that can adversely affect the environment, health, and recycling opportunities.
It is a challenge to select suitable materials that correspond to hot climates, in which the materials
are directly affected. Reuse and recycling of building materials and consumption of reclaimed and
recycled building materials as environmental practices have potential to enhance resource efficiency
in the construction industry, leading to a reduction in the amount of waste produced and energy
consumed [72]. A different classification of healthy building material will support a sustainability
strategy for ecological buildings. Many of the problems are common to products from all sectors,
and research has been ongoing in many of these areas for some time. It is unfortunate that some of the
issues that are most relevant to construction materials, such as environmental profiles for selecting
building materials, are requirements to be devolved. In the longer term, it seems likely that the most
accurate information will be available to architects in the form of profiles for an entire design, based on
partly classified inventory data. In the short term, firm profiles will be made available for material and
product choices made in “quick-fix” situations. Considering the energy aspects provides a different
result. During its growth, wood absorbs solar energy. At the end of its life, this embedded energy can
be utilized for renewable energy production by combustion. An environmental benefit is obtained if
biomass replaces fossil fuels. The relatively high primary energy content of the tree can, therefore,
be explained by the fact that the tree is not only a building material but also a renewable energy resource.
Another significant explanation for variations in results is due to the differences in the densities of
the structures. The density varies when the material must fulfil different functions in the building.
The relatively high climatic load of fiber-based pressure-resistant insulation is often due to an elevated
density compared to the soft application of a skeletal structure. In this case, material consumption is
further increased with a greater thickness. Today, it has become necessary to recommend eco-friendly
passport materials such as clay bricks, which are made from natural components: a mixture of limestone
and sand. Brick is one of the most reliable and aesthetic building materials. Natural wood is in the
17. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720 17 of 20
form of profiled beams or logs. Many traditional building materials can be used in the construction of
buildings as a formwork, structural material, or insulation, such as lightweight and durable blocks of
reeds or straw, in which clay is used as a binder. Small farm buildings can be built from reed and straw
in a hot climate.
The study demonstrated that the use of passport materials has to be controlled according to the
environmental profile model, which assesses the impacts of materials on the environment, that becomes
a requirement for selecting building materials based on required proprieties. The study discusses
the requirements of Building Material Passports in hot climates. All construction must be resistant,
stable, and durable to the various operational demands. These conditions can be ensured by choosing
and using the appropriate building materials. In the current conditions, choosing building materials
becomes more complicated when the consideration of not only their appearance, strength and cost but
also safety is required.
When choosing materials from an environmental and health point of view, various building
materials are described, partly about chemical content and partly their environmental impact from a
life cycle perspective. The study makes a weighted assessment of the materials that cause the least
impact on the environment and health. The choice of safe materials for construction help not only
to reduce the negative impact of buildings on the environment but also improve the indoor space of
the buildings.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed) and A.A. (Asaad Almssad); methodology,
A.A. (Amjad Almusaed); software, A.A. (Asaad Almssad); validation, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed), A.A. (Asaad
Almssad) and I.Y.; formal analysis, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed); investigation, A.A. (Asaad Almssad); resources,
R.Z.H.; data curation, A.A. (Asaad Almssad); writing—original draft preparation, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed);
writing—review and editing, I.Y.; visualization, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed); supervision, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed);
project administration, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed); funding acquisition, A.A. (Amjad Almusaed). All authors have
read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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