The document discusses regulations requiring pipelines to be designed and constructed to accommodate internal inspection devices. It also discusses pigging, which is the process of propelling devices called pigs through pipelines to perform cleaning, inspection, and other functions. Key factors that determine if a pipeline can be pigged include its physical characteristics like diameter, bends, valves, and tees. Pipelines must be configured in a way that allows pigs to safely pass through without getting stuck.
Piping Training course-How to be an Expert in Pipe & Fittings for Oil & Gas c...Varun Patel
Course Description
Piping a must know skill to work in Oil & Gas and similar Process Industries.
Oil and Gas industry is become a very competitive in the current time. Getting right mentor and right exposer within industry is difficult. With limited training budget spent by company on employee training, it is difficult to acquire the knowledge to success.
Knowing cross-functional skill give you an edge over others in your career success.
This course design based on years of field experience to ensure student will comprehend technical details easily and enjoy overall journey.
Learn in detail every aspect of Pipe & Pipe Fittings used in process industry
•Different types of Pipe, Pipe fittings (Elbow, Tee, reducers, Caps etc.), Flanges, Gaskets, Branch Connection, Bolting materials
•Materials (Metal-Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel etc. Non-Metal- PVC/VCM, HDPE, GRE-GRP etc.)
•Manufacturing methods
•Heat treatment requirements
•Inspection and Testing requirements (Non Destructive Testing, Mechanical & Chemical testing)
•Dimensions & Markings requirements
•Code & Standard used in piping
Content and Overview
With 2 hours of content including 30 lectures & 8 Quizzes, this course cover every aspect of Pipe, Pipe fittings, flanges, gaskets, branch connections and bolting material used in Process Piping.
This Course is divided in three parts.
1st part of the course covers fundamental of process industries. In this Part, you will learn about fundamental process piping. You will also learn about Code, Standard & Specification used in process industries.
2nd part cover various types of material used in process industries. In this part, you will learn about Metallic and Non-Metallic material used to manufacture pipe and other piping components.
3rd parts covers in detail about pipe and piping components used in Process piping. In this part we will learn about Industry terminology of Piping components, types of industrial material grade used in manufacturing and entire manufacturing process of these components. You will learn about different manufacturing methods, Heat treatment requirements, Destructive and Non-destructive testing, Visual & Dimensional inspection and Product marking requirements.
Upon completion, you will be able to use this knowledge direct on your Job and you can easily answer any interview question on pipe & fittings.
This document provides an overview of piping systems and components. It discusses that piping is used to convey liquids, gases, or materials through a tubular system. Key piping components include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and strainers. Common piping materials include carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels. The document also discusses piping design considerations like material selection, insulation, supports, flexibility analysis, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). Piping stress analysis is conducted to ensure stresses from pressures, temperatures, and other loads do not exceed design limits.
This document provides standards for piping design, layout, and stress analysis. It covers topics such as design and layout considerations including numbering systems, safety, clearance, pipe routing, valves, equipment piping, and stress analysis criteria. The standards are intended to replace individual company specifications and be used in existing and future offshore oil and gas developments. It references other NORSOK and international standards and does not cover all instrument control piping, risers, sanitary piping, or GRP piping.
Here's a presentation on piping engineering in PDF format, now available for all. This presentation covers the basics points of piping for our EPC industry. This presentation covers various aspects of piping engineering
Setpoint Integrated Solutions is an industry leader in applying Control Valve solutions across industry segments.
Brannon Gant - Regional Sales Manager
This document provides an overview of intelligent pigging and the intelligent pigging survey of a 14-inch crude oil pipeline from Barauni Pump Station to Pump Station 5 that is 756 km long. Intelligent pigging uses specially designed tools called "pigs" to inspect and clean pipelines without stopping flow. The document discusses the types of pigs used for different pipeline activities like construction, maintenance, and operation. It also summarizes the goals and activities of the survey conducted by Rosen Europe B.V. on the 14-inch pipeline, including using a corrosion detection pig (CDP) to detect metal loss and pipe wall defects.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a piping engineer. It outlines that a piping engineer is responsible for the accurate design of piping systems according to specifications while achieving an economic design. A piping engineer must have knowledge of various engineering disciplines and codes/standards. The inputs and outputs of piping design are listed, including things like piping layouts, support designs, and isometric drawings. Common piping symbols and components are also defined.
This document provides an outline and overview of pipeline pigging. It discusses the purpose of pigging which is to clean and inspect pipelines. It describes how pipeline design considerations like bends, valves and dimensions impact pigging. It also explains the different types of pigs like utility pigs and intelligent inspection pigs. The document outlines pig station components and operating procedures for launching and receiving pigs. It provides details on inspection techniques like magnetic flux leakage and ultrasonics used to detect metal loss or cracks in pipelines.
Piping Training course-How to be an Expert in Pipe & Fittings for Oil & Gas c...Varun Patel
Course Description
Piping a must know skill to work in Oil & Gas and similar Process Industries.
Oil and Gas industry is become a very competitive in the current time. Getting right mentor and right exposer within industry is difficult. With limited training budget spent by company on employee training, it is difficult to acquire the knowledge to success.
Knowing cross-functional skill give you an edge over others in your career success.
This course design based on years of field experience to ensure student will comprehend technical details easily and enjoy overall journey.
Learn in detail every aspect of Pipe & Pipe Fittings used in process industry
•Different types of Pipe, Pipe fittings (Elbow, Tee, reducers, Caps etc.), Flanges, Gaskets, Branch Connection, Bolting materials
•Materials (Metal-Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel etc. Non-Metal- PVC/VCM, HDPE, GRE-GRP etc.)
•Manufacturing methods
•Heat treatment requirements
•Inspection and Testing requirements (Non Destructive Testing, Mechanical & Chemical testing)
•Dimensions & Markings requirements
•Code & Standard used in piping
Content and Overview
With 2 hours of content including 30 lectures & 8 Quizzes, this course cover every aspect of Pipe, Pipe fittings, flanges, gaskets, branch connections and bolting material used in Process Piping.
This Course is divided in three parts.
1st part of the course covers fundamental of process industries. In this Part, you will learn about fundamental process piping. You will also learn about Code, Standard & Specification used in process industries.
2nd part cover various types of material used in process industries. In this part, you will learn about Metallic and Non-Metallic material used to manufacture pipe and other piping components.
3rd parts covers in detail about pipe and piping components used in Process piping. In this part we will learn about Industry terminology of Piping components, types of industrial material grade used in manufacturing and entire manufacturing process of these components. You will learn about different manufacturing methods, Heat treatment requirements, Destructive and Non-destructive testing, Visual & Dimensional inspection and Product marking requirements.
Upon completion, you will be able to use this knowledge direct on your Job and you can easily answer any interview question on pipe & fittings.
This document provides an overview of piping systems and components. It discusses that piping is used to convey liquids, gases, or materials through a tubular system. Key piping components include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and strainers. Common piping materials include carbon steel, alloy steels, and stainless steels. The document also discusses piping design considerations like material selection, insulation, supports, flexibility analysis, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). Piping stress analysis is conducted to ensure stresses from pressures, temperatures, and other loads do not exceed design limits.
This document provides standards for piping design, layout, and stress analysis. It covers topics such as design and layout considerations including numbering systems, safety, clearance, pipe routing, valves, equipment piping, and stress analysis criteria. The standards are intended to replace individual company specifications and be used in existing and future offshore oil and gas developments. It references other NORSOK and international standards and does not cover all instrument control piping, risers, sanitary piping, or GRP piping.
Here's a presentation on piping engineering in PDF format, now available for all. This presentation covers the basics points of piping for our EPC industry. This presentation covers various aspects of piping engineering
Setpoint Integrated Solutions is an industry leader in applying Control Valve solutions across industry segments.
Brannon Gant - Regional Sales Manager
This document provides an overview of intelligent pigging and the intelligent pigging survey of a 14-inch crude oil pipeline from Barauni Pump Station to Pump Station 5 that is 756 km long. Intelligent pigging uses specially designed tools called "pigs" to inspect and clean pipelines without stopping flow. The document discusses the types of pigs used for different pipeline activities like construction, maintenance, and operation. It also summarizes the goals and activities of the survey conducted by Rosen Europe B.V. on the 14-inch pipeline, including using a corrosion detection pig (CDP) to detect metal loss and pipe wall defects.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a piping engineer. It outlines that a piping engineer is responsible for the accurate design of piping systems according to specifications while achieving an economic design. A piping engineer must have knowledge of various engineering disciplines and codes/standards. The inputs and outputs of piping design are listed, including things like piping layouts, support designs, and isometric drawings. Common piping symbols and components are also defined.
This document provides an outline and overview of pipeline pigging. It discusses the purpose of pigging which is to clean and inspect pipelines. It describes how pipeline design considerations like bends, valves and dimensions impact pigging. It also explains the different types of pigs like utility pigs and intelligent inspection pigs. The document outlines pig station components and operating procedures for launching and receiving pigs. It provides details on inspection techniques like magnetic flux leakage and ultrasonics used to detect metal loss or cracks in pipelines.
Pigging is a process used to clean and maintain pipelines. It involves pushing devices called "pigs" through pipelines to remove deposits, decrease surface roughness, and decrease friction. There are different types of pigs for different applications, such as foam pigs for general cleaning, solid cast pigs for ruggedness, and intelligent pigs for inspections. Factors like the pipeline contents, velocity, and characteristics are considered to select the appropriate pig. Pigging is used to maintain continuous operations, ensure pipeline integrity, and obtain maximum efficiency by removing debris and deposits that restrict flow.
The document provides specifications for various pipe fittings and flanges including malleable fittings, black and galvanized steel fittings, unions, and stainless steel fittings. It includes information on materials, dimensions, threading, finishes, pressure ratings and stock ranges for items like elbows, tees, caps and flanges. Standard carbon steel flanges are covered along with temperature and pressure ratings for carbon and alloy steel flanges per Australian standards.
The document provides an overview of process plant piping system design. It discusses key components of piping systems including pipe, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and supports. It describes design requirements according to the ASME B31.3 code and considerations for material selection such as strength, corrosion resistance, toughness and cost. Examples of stress analysis, flange rating determination and valve selection are also provided.
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support. PT&P's field services division is available 24x7 in the case of an emergency situation or for a scheduled shut down.
The document provides an overview of general control valves, including:
- Definitions of control valves and their functions
- Common features such as capacity, rangeability, characteristics, and pressure drop
- Types of flow characteristics including linear, equal percentage, and quick opening
- Potential issues like cavitation and flashing
- Examples of control valve classifications and constructions
- Considerations for actuators, bonnets, and accessories
The document serves as an introduction to key concepts for control valves.
The document outlines the sections and subsections contained in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It includes rules for construction of various types of boilers, pressure vessels, and containment systems. The sections cover materials specifications, welding requirements, nondestructive testing, in-service inspection, and rules for ongoing care and operation. The code also provides alternative rules for special construction applications.
This document provides an overview of Rahman Suwandhi's role and responsibilities as a Quality/Welding Engineer conducting inspections during offshore pipeline and platform installations. It outlines the required qualifications and certifications, describes the production and inspection workflow, and details the various inspection activities conducted, including material, welding, non-destructive testing (NDT), and painting/coating inspections. Specific areas of inspection focus are ensuring materials and welding meet requirements, using NDT methods to check weld joints, and controlling and monitoring coating quality. Relevant quality documents, codes/standards, inspection variables, and acceptance criteria are also summarized.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
This document provides information on various piping drawings used in piping design and installation. It discusses process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), piping isometrics, plot plans, and general arrangement drawings. PFDs show the major equipment and process flows at a high level, while P&IDs provide more detailed piping information along with instrumentation and control schemes. Piping isometrics are used for fabrication and show piping runs at an angle for clarity. General arrangement drawings indicate equipment locations and piping layouts from a plan view. Together these drawings provide the necessary information for proper piping system design, installation, and operation.
Pipeline documentation is required to provide a history of pipelines and ensure regulatory compliance. Key documents that should be retained include pipeline maps, licensing information, inspection records, corrosion monitoring data, repair reports, and audit results. Proper documentation of tasks like right-of-way patrols, material balances, shutdown device testing, corrosion assessments, and repairs provides a history to evaluate pipeline integrity and ensure safety requirements are met. Documentation should generally be kept for the life of the pipeline.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
This document provides an overview of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. It discusses the objectives and benefits of codes and standards, and describes the ASME Code system and some of its key sections. It focuses on introducing ASME Section VIII Division 1, covering the scope and exclusions of this section. Key topics covered include design requirements, material specifications, fabrication methods, weld joint categories, non-destructive examination methods, and hydrostatic and pneumatic testing requirements.
This document does not provide any clear information that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less. The document contains only blank lines without any words, sentences, or meaningful content that could be abstracted and summarized.
Well integrity is critical for oil and gas wells to prevent uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons. The document discusses well integrity failures, management, and standards. It defines well integrity and outlines its importance. Failures are common, with 35-50% of existing wells having issues. Well integrity management involves design, construction, monitoring, and abandonment phases. Standards provide guidelines on barriers, casing pressure, and integrity best practices to reduce risks over a well's lifecycle. Maintaining well barriers and addressing integrity proactively are keys to successful management.
This Presentation is about the basic fundamentals one needs to know to begin Piping Engineering. All the basic formulas and questions that are usually asked in interviews are answered in this presentation. Feel free to ask any doubts in the comments and iI may try my best to answer them for you.
The document discusses regulations requiring pipelines to be designed and constructed to accommodate internal inspection devices. It also discusses pigging, which is the process of propelling devices called pigs through pipelines to perform cleaning, inspection, and other functions. Key factors that determine if a pipeline can be pigged include its physical characteristics like diameter, bends, valves, and tees. Pipelines must be configured in a way that allows pigs to safely pass through without getting stuck.
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
The document provides information about piping fundamentals and piping design for Engineers India Limited (EIL). It discusses key piping components like pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and how they are used to transfer fluids between tanks. It also covers topics like selection of piping materials, preparation of piping specifications, insulation, supports, and pipe stress analysis to ensure the piping system can withstand pressures and temperatures safely. The document is intended to help familiarize the reader with fundamental concepts in piping design and engineering.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
This document provides an overview of course contents for a module on piping and valves. It discusses piping standards including nominal pipe diameter, schedule number, and piping codes. It describes common methods for joining pipe sections such as threaded, flanged, welded, and fittings. It also covers various types of valves and their functions. The document provides details on gate valves, globe valves, check valves, and other common valve types. It discusses valve ratings, operation, and applications.
The document provides information about Victaulic and its grooved piping systems. It summarizes that Victaulic has been in business since 1925 and invented the grooved piping system. It then describes Victaulic's products and systems for various mining applications including slurry handling, compressed air, process water, and fire protection. It highlights advantages of Victaulic systems such as faster installation, lower costs, flexibility, and ability to accommodate expansion and movement compared to traditional welded and flanged piping.
Pigging is a process used to clean and maintain pipelines. It involves pushing devices called "pigs" through pipelines to remove deposits, decrease surface roughness, and decrease friction. There are different types of pigs for different applications, such as foam pigs for general cleaning, solid cast pigs for ruggedness, and intelligent pigs for inspections. Factors like the pipeline contents, velocity, and characteristics are considered to select the appropriate pig. Pigging is used to maintain continuous operations, ensure pipeline integrity, and obtain maximum efficiency by removing debris and deposits that restrict flow.
The document provides specifications for various pipe fittings and flanges including malleable fittings, black and galvanized steel fittings, unions, and stainless steel fittings. It includes information on materials, dimensions, threading, finishes, pressure ratings and stock ranges for items like elbows, tees, caps and flanges. Standard carbon steel flanges are covered along with temperature and pressure ratings for carbon and alloy steel flanges per Australian standards.
The document provides an overview of process plant piping system design. It discusses key components of piping systems including pipe, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and supports. It describes design requirements according to the ASME B31.3 code and considerations for material selection such as strength, corrosion resistance, toughness and cost. Examples of stress analysis, flange rating determination and valve selection are also provided.
In this Webinar we explore the details of actual case studies focusing on various signs that indicate if a particular support needs replaced or adjusted. The presentation also covers projects that brought on new standard designs and custom designs for specific applications. And lastly, it includes valuable additions and procedures that extend the typical life span of a pipe support. PT&P's field services division is available 24x7 in the case of an emergency situation or for a scheduled shut down.
The document provides an overview of general control valves, including:
- Definitions of control valves and their functions
- Common features such as capacity, rangeability, characteristics, and pressure drop
- Types of flow characteristics including linear, equal percentage, and quick opening
- Potential issues like cavitation and flashing
- Examples of control valve classifications and constructions
- Considerations for actuators, bonnets, and accessories
The document serves as an introduction to key concepts for control valves.
The document outlines the sections and subsections contained in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It includes rules for construction of various types of boilers, pressure vessels, and containment systems. The sections cover materials specifications, welding requirements, nondestructive testing, in-service inspection, and rules for ongoing care and operation. The code also provides alternative rules for special construction applications.
This document provides an overview of Rahman Suwandhi's role and responsibilities as a Quality/Welding Engineer conducting inspections during offshore pipeline and platform installations. It outlines the required qualifications and certifications, describes the production and inspection workflow, and details the various inspection activities conducted, including material, welding, non-destructive testing (NDT), and painting/coating inspections. Specific areas of inspection focus are ensuring materials and welding meet requirements, using NDT methods to check weld joints, and controlling and monitoring coating quality. Relevant quality documents, codes/standards, inspection variables, and acceptance criteria are also summarized.
Process piping fundamentals, codes and standards module 1BHARAT BELLAD
This document provides an overview of process piping fundamentals, codes, and standards. It covers topics such as pipe sizes, schedules, dimensions, materials, pressure ratings, and applicable design codes. The document is the first module in a nine-part course that introduces piping engineering concepts. It is divided into three chapters that cover piping systems basics, definitions and terminology, and relevant codes and standards like ASME B31.
This document provides information on various piping drawings used in piping design and installation. It discusses process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), piping isometrics, plot plans, and general arrangement drawings. PFDs show the major equipment and process flows at a high level, while P&IDs provide more detailed piping information along with instrumentation and control schemes. Piping isometrics are used for fabrication and show piping runs at an angle for clarity. General arrangement drawings indicate equipment locations and piping layouts from a plan view. Together these drawings provide the necessary information for proper piping system design, installation, and operation.
Pipeline documentation is required to provide a history of pipelines and ensure regulatory compliance. Key documents that should be retained include pipeline maps, licensing information, inspection records, corrosion monitoring data, repair reports, and audit results. Proper documentation of tasks like right-of-way patrols, material balances, shutdown device testing, corrosion assessments, and repairs provides a history to evaluate pipeline integrity and ensure safety requirements are met. Documentation should generally be kept for the life of the pipeline.
A Control Valve is the most commonly used
final control element used to regulate fluid flow in
a process. In a process, normally it is the only
controllable element residing in the loop.
Ø This is a device used to modulate flow of
process fluid in pipe lines by creating a variable
area in the flow path.
Ø The flow path is varied with respect to the
control signal received from the controller
towards the required flow modulation.
This document provides an overview of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. It discusses the objectives and benefits of codes and standards, and describes the ASME Code system and some of its key sections. It focuses on introducing ASME Section VIII Division 1, covering the scope and exclusions of this section. Key topics covered include design requirements, material specifications, fabrication methods, weld joint categories, non-destructive examination methods, and hydrostatic and pneumatic testing requirements.
This document does not provide any clear information that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less. The document contains only blank lines without any words, sentences, or meaningful content that could be abstracted and summarized.
Well integrity is critical for oil and gas wells to prevent uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons. The document discusses well integrity failures, management, and standards. It defines well integrity and outlines its importance. Failures are common, with 35-50% of existing wells having issues. Well integrity management involves design, construction, monitoring, and abandonment phases. Standards provide guidelines on barriers, casing pressure, and integrity best practices to reduce risks over a well's lifecycle. Maintaining well barriers and addressing integrity proactively are keys to successful management.
This Presentation is about the basic fundamentals one needs to know to begin Piping Engineering. All the basic formulas and questions that are usually asked in interviews are answered in this presentation. Feel free to ask any doubts in the comments and iI may try my best to answer them for you.
The document discusses regulations requiring pipelines to be designed and constructed to accommodate internal inspection devices. It also discusses pigging, which is the process of propelling devices called pigs through pipelines to perform cleaning, inspection, and other functions. Key factors that determine if a pipeline can be pigged include its physical characteristics like diameter, bends, valves, and tees. Pipelines must be configured in a way that allows pigs to safely pass through without getting stuck.
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
The document provides information about piping fundamentals and piping design for Engineers India Limited (EIL). It discusses key piping components like pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, and how they are used to transfer fluids between tanks. It also covers topics like selection of piping materials, preparation of piping specifications, insulation, supports, and pipe stress analysis to ensure the piping system can withstand pressures and temperatures safely. The document is intended to help familiarize the reader with fundamental concepts in piping design and engineering.
This document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
This document provides an overview of course contents for a module on piping and valves. It discusses piping standards including nominal pipe diameter, schedule number, and piping codes. It describes common methods for joining pipe sections such as threaded, flanged, welded, and fittings. It also covers various types of valves and their functions. The document provides details on gate valves, globe valves, check valves, and other common valve types. It discusses valve ratings, operation, and applications.
The document provides information about Victaulic and its grooved piping systems. It summarizes that Victaulic has been in business since 1925 and invented the grooved piping system. It then describes Victaulic's products and systems for various mining applications including slurry handling, compressed air, process water, and fire protection. It highlights advantages of Victaulic systems such as faster installation, lower costs, flexibility, and ability to accommodate expansion and movement compared to traditional welded and flanged piping.
Types of fluid conductors in hydraulic circuits and their advantages and disadvantages. Selection criteria for the fluid conductors and the procedure to determine their size.
Need a proven solution to remove surface runoff? Contech's Slotted Drain™ has over 100-years of proven in the ground performance and can remove over 50% more surface runoff than alternative inlet solutions.
Cut bend and install PVC electrical conduitsStephen Jones
The document discusses electrical technology related to cutting, bending, and installing PVC conduits. It describes the types of PVC conduits and their sizes, advantages and disadvantages of using PVC, and fittings and tools used. The objectives covered are identifying conduit types and applications, bending techniques, and selecting proper tools and materials for conduit installation.
This document has been developed by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association for design and installation of
PVC fittings where solid-wall PVC pipe is used in non-pressure applications.
The guide provides information on the wide range of fittings that are available for various dimension
ratios and outside diameters of PVC pipe through 60-inch.
Also included is information on installation practices that are intended to optimize the performance of
PVC fittings.
Pipe line activities To know about fabrication and modifications work Instal...mkpq pasha
Pipe line activities
To know about fabrication and modifications work
Installations reactive drawings
Pipe line activities
To know about fabrication and modifications work
Installations reactive drawings
Pipe line activities
To know about fabrication and modifications work
Installations reactive drawings
Pipe line activities
To know about fabrication and modifications work
Installations reactive drawings
This document provides information about casing pipes used in oil and gas wells. It discusses the different types of casing including conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. Each type of casing serves a specific purpose like maintaining hole integrity, isolating pressure zones, and protecting groundwater. The document also covers casing connection types, sizing standards, recommended lengths, and potential causes of leaks.
This document provides guidelines for constructing sewer lines and manholes. Key points include:
- Trenches must be adequately supported and free of debris before laying pipes. Pipes must be properly bedded and backfilled.
- Manholes should be constructed where lines change direction or gradient. Channels must connect properly and landings provided.
- Materials must meet standards, be handled carefully, and sewer lines must pass required testing before acceptance.
- Connections to existing sewers require proper construction of manholes or core drilling as needed.
Piping Components Handbook (Piping Training Material) for Oil & Gas EngineerVarun Patel
Learn in detail every aspect of Pipe & Pipe Fittings used in process industry
•Different types of Pipe, Pipe fittings (Elbow, Tee, reducers, Caps etc.), Flanges, Gaskets, Branch Connection, Bolting materials
•Materials (Metal-Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel etc. Non-Metal- PVC/VCM, HDPE, GRE-GRP etc.)
•Manufacturing methods
•Heat treatment requirements
•Inspection and Testing requirements (Non Destructive Testing, Mechanical & Chemical testing)
•Dimensions & Markings requirements
•Code & Standard used in piping
Great tool provides insight into key considerations when determining whether sliplining or rehabilitating an existing culvert, bridge or storm sewer would be ideal.
AWS Schäfer has over 50 years of experience manufacturing pipe forming machines. Their induction bending machines can bend pipe with radii from 1.5 times the pipe diameter to 40 diameters, and can preserve straight sections before, after, and between bends. This results in high quality bends with minimal wall thinning and fewer welds. Their hydroforming machines can produce tees from pipe with diameters from 57mm to 1020mm out of various steel grades. Cladding machines can apply a corrosion-resistant inner layer to carbon steel pipe for uses like oil and gas drilling where corrosion is a concern. This extends the lifetime of pipes 10 times compared to carbon steel.
Sesión técnica, sala KM 19, Epoxy pipeline technologyLTDH2013
The document provides an overview of the evolution of epoxy-based pipeline repair technology developed by British Gas in the 1980s. It describes how epoxy repair sleeves can be used to repair pipeline defects such as corrosion and cracks without interrupting product flow. Over time, the technology has been adapted to create branch connections using epoxy grouted tees and to replace pipeline sections under roads with epoxy sleeves as an alternative to heavy wall pipe. The epoxy solutions provide benefits such as eliminating on-site welding and allowing repairs without reducing pipeline pressure.
This document provides information on piping, fittings, and fixtures used in water supply systems. It discusses various types of pipes used such as galvanized iron, PVC, steel, copper pipes and their characteristics. It also describes common pipe fittings like elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, unions, plugs and end caps. Valves used to regulate water flow such as gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves and check valves are also outlined. The document provides a comprehensive overview of key components for building water supply systems.
This document discusses three methods of tight-fit lining pipe rehabilitation: subline and pre-folded lining, rolldown, and swagelining. For each method, it describes the materials used, primarily high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe, as well as the processes involved including pipe cleaning, installation of the liner pipe into the host pipe via diameter reduction techniques, reversion of the liner pipe to its original shape, and reconnection of service connections. Key differences between the methods such as available pipe diameters, lengths, degree of diameter reduction, and reversion processes are also compared.
Grooved Couplings - The Fastest Way to Connect PipesSSudhaVelan
Grooved couplings provide a fast way to connect pipes by making grooves in the pipe ends and fitting a rubber gasket and two-part coupling over them. They offer advantages like reduced installation time and cost compared to traditional methods. The couplings allow for angular deflection and thermal expansion/contraction in the pipes. They also help dampen noise and vibration in piping systems. Grooved fittings, valves, filters and check valves are also available for use in grooved piping systems.
This document provides information on various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for inspecting pipelines, including internal and external inspection techniques. Internal inspection methods discussed include intelligent pigging, remote visual inspection (RVI), and digital radiography (DR). External methods mentioned are automatic ultrasonic corrosion mapping, magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL), pulsed eddy current (PEC) testing, long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT), and thermal imaging. The document also covers topics like seamless pipes, welded pipe types, and how to order steel pipes for projects.
This document contains a vocabulary review sheet with 200 words defined. Each word is listed with its part of speech and definition. The words cover a wide range of topics and include common GRE vocabulary words such as abhorrent, abstract, abundant, accommodate, accord, acute, adept, adverse, advocate, affable, aggregate, aghast, alarming, alienate, allay, alleviate, aloof, altruistic, amateur, ambivalent, ameliorate, amenable, amend, amiable, amicable, ample, anecdotal, antagonistic, antiquated, apathy, appease, apprehensive, appropriate, apt, archaic, ascertain, arduous, arresting, assertive, ass
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. The document also covers the components of SCADA, different SCADA architectures, and the benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA. It provides examples of how an HMI device can be connected directly to a controller or networked with other HMI devices and controllers.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. The document also covers the components of SCADA, different SCADA architectures, and the benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA. It provides examples of how an HMI device can be connected directly to a controller or networked with other HMI devices and controllers.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and functions. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple human-machine interfaces to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial processes from several locations. The document proposes that combining PLCs and SCADA provides benefits for industrial control systems.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple HMI devices to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial plants from several locations. The document benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA to control industrial processes from centralized and distributed human-machine interfaces.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple HMI devices to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial plants from several locations. The document benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA to control industrial processes from centralized and distributed human-machine interfaces.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and functions. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple human-machine interfaces to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial plants from several locations. The document proposes that combining PLCs and SCADA provides benefits for industrial control and monitoring applications.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. The document also covers the components of SCADA, different SCADA architectures, and the benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA. It provides examples of how an HMI device can be connected directly to a controller or networked with other HMI devices and controllers.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple HMI devices to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial plants from several locations. The document benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA to control industrial processes from centralized and distributed human-machine interfaces.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and functions. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple human-machine interfaces to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial plants from several locations. The document proposes that combining PLCs and SCADA provides benefits for industrial control and monitoring applications.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. PLCs control industrial automation applications by receiving input signals from sensors and machines, interpreting the data, and sending output signals to control actuators. SCADA systems connect multiple HMI devices to controllers over communication networks to monitor and operate industrial plants and processes from several locations. The document explores the benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA systems for industrial control applications.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and how they work. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces and signal processing. SCADA systems connect multiple HMI devices to controllers over networks to monitor and operate industrial plants from several locations. The document benefits of integrating PLCs and SCADA to control industrial processes from centralized and distributed human-machine interfaces.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and functions. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces to receive signals from sensors and send outputs to actuators. SCADA systems connect multiple human-machine interfaces to one or more PLC controllers over communication networks to monitor and operate industrial processes from several locations. The document benefits of integrating PLCs with SCADA systems for industrial control applications.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It discusses what PLCs and SCADA are, their importance and functions. PLCs control industrial automation applications through input/output interfaces to receive signals from sensors and send outputs to actuators. SCADA systems connect multiple human-machine interfaces to one or more PLC controllers over communication networks to monitor and operate industrial processes from several locations. The document benefits of integrating PLCs with SCADA systems for industrial control applications.
This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It defines what a PLC and SCADA system are, their main components and functions, and why they are often used together. PLCs control industrial automation applications by receiving input signals from sensors and machines, interpreting the data, and sending output signals to control actuators. SCADA systems monitor and control entire sites or processes by connecting to multiple PLCs and providing centralized data collection and reporting. The document outlines common PLC-SCADA system architectures used in industrial automation and process control applications.
This document provides a table of contents that outlines topics related to programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It introduces PLCs as integral parts of factory automation and industrial process control that control a wide array of applications through various analog and digital input/output interfaces, signal processing, data conversion, and communication protocols. The document also provides an introduction to PLCs, describing them as flexible and configurable systems that receive input stimuli from sensors/processes, interpret and convert the inputs for the central processing unit, and define instructions for output systems to control actuators.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. Regulations
• In 1994, §192.150 / §195.120 regulations were passed that
required each new transmission line and each replacement
of line pipe, valve, fitting, or other line component in a
transmission line must be designed and constructed to
accommodate the passage of instrumented internal
inspection devices.
• Design & Construction Standards to reduce internal corrosion on Gas
Transmission Pipelines – Final Rule May 23, 2007
– New and replaced gas transmission pipelines must be configured
to reduce the risk that liquids will collect in the line
– Have effective liquid removal features
– Allow use of corrosion monitoring devices in locations with
significant potential for internal corrosion
3. • What is Pigging ?
• Why Pig ?
• Pipeline Design
• Pipeline Operations
• Types of Pigs
• When to Pig ?
• Pigging Safety
• Pipeline Cleaning
• Geometry Inspection
• Metal Loss Inspection
• Crack Inspection
• Inhibition
All About Pigging
4. What is Pigging?
A widely utilized process which is the act of
propelling a properly sized spherical or
cylindrical device through the interior of a
pipeline by manipulating the pressure & flow
of the existing media, or by artificially
introduced media or by mechanically pulling
the device through the pipeline for the
specific purpose of cleaning, inspecting or
distributing inhibitor throughout the pipeline.
5. Why Pig a Pipeline?
During the 1940s, pipelines in the United States
were mainly pigged to remove paraffin to increase
efficiency in crude oil pipelines in order to
maximize flow conditions for the war effort. The
pigging equipment utilized at that time was limited
to a few applications while being very crude in
nature. In today's world, pipelines are pigged for a
variety of reasons and the pigging equipment used
is designed by engineers to perform particular
functions.
8. Piggability
Line Pipe Grade
Class Location Definition
§192.5
The class location unit is an onshore area that extends 220 yards on
either side of the centerline of any continuous 1-mile length of
pipeline.
• The class location is determined by the buildings in the class
location unit. For the purposes of this section, each separate
dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling building is counted as a
separate building intended for human occupancy.
9. • A Class 1 = 10 or less buildings intended for
human occupancy or an offshore area.
• A Class 2 = Greater that 10 but less than 46
buildings intended for human occupancy.
• A Class 3 = 46 or more buildings intended
for human occupancy; or
Piggability
10. • Class 3 - where the pipeline lies within 100
yards of either a building or a small,
Well-defined Outside Area
• Playground
• Recreation Area
• Outdoor Theater
Occupied by 20 or more persons on at
least 5 days a week for 10 weeks in any 12-
month period
Piggability
11. • Class 4 - where buildings with four or more
stories above ground are prevalent.
Piggability
12. §192.105 - Design of Steel Pipe
P = Design Pressure
S = Yield Strength
D = Outside Diameter
t = Wall Thickness
F = Design factor - §192.111
E = Longitudinal joint factor - §192.113
T = Temperature de-rating factor - §192.115
P = (2St/D)(F)(E)(T)
14. Type of Welds (Connections)
• Acetylene welding was first used around 1911 to
join pipe segments together (girth welding) and
just prior to 1920, arc welding was introduced.
• Chills Rings are sometimes called backup rings or
spacers. These rings are machined pieces of metal
that conform to the dimensions of the joint design
used. Bell-to-bell joints that were welded together
with the use of a chill ring.
19. Piggability
Length
• The distance between two pig traps is a variable and
must be determined for each specific pipeline.
• Some considerations:
– Wear on the Pigs
– Pipeline Product
• The following pipeline lengths are not uncommon;
• Natural Gas pipelines 50-100 miles between traps
• Refined Products Pipelines 100-150 miles between
traps
• Crude Oil Pipelines 150-200 miles between traps
20. Piggability
Dual Diameter Pipelines
• Pipelines that have been designed to
accept input along their length may need to
increase in diameter as the through-put
increases. Instead of having traps installed
at each change in pipe size reducers are
used. Concentric reducers should be used
for changes in diameter within a pipeline so
that the center line of the pig can remain on
the same plane as it makes the transition
from one size to another.
23. Piggability
Linings
• Pipelines are lined to help protect the inside of
the pipe from the effects of the product and to
create less flow resistance. Natural gas
pipelines are usually internally coated with an
epoxy fusion bonded coating applied under
controlled conditions at the factory or a special
field site. Wire brush pigs should not be used
on pipelines that have been internally coated. A
combination of Urethane blades, discs and
cups should be used for maintenance pigging.
24. Piggability
Bends
Examples of common
Factory Bends w/ 5D, 3D
and 1.5D Radius
Miter Bends are very
uncommon in the gas
industry and are located
as a result of In Line
Inspection
Greater than 5D Factory
Bends and/or Field
Bends can be produced
w/ a little advanced
planning
25. Piggability
Forged Bends
• Bends with a relatively short radius must
be factory made and are usually forged
to a number of different standard radii.
The radius of a bend is measured to it’s
center line. Short radius (one D) bends
should not be used in pipelines if you
intend to pig the pipeline.
28. Piggability
Field Bends
• Field bends are often referred to as “cold
bends” and when they are being formed it is
important not to exceed the allowable yield
stress of the pipe material. Field bends are
normally 5 D and larger. Field bends should
be of a uniform radius and not contain any
flat spots or any other localized
deformation. For pigging requirements any
local deformation should not exceed 2 or 3%
of the pipeline diameter.
29. Piggability
Miter Bends
Miter bends are made by cutting the end of the pipe at an angle to achieve
a change in direction of the pipe. In general, miter bends should be
avoided if you intend to pig the pipeline. If for some reason there is a miter
bend in the line, you should contact your pig supplier and give them the
dimensions of the miter bend so they can determine if your pig will pass
through the miter bend.
30. Piggability
Diameter and Wall Thickness
• One of the largest cost of a pipeline is the cost of
the pipe. In the process of the design engineering
phase the through-put is used to determine the
pipe diameter and the pipe wall thickness.
• The wall thickness may vary due to external
conditions such as High Consequence Area’s,
Road Crossings, Railroad Crossings, etc.
• As long as the wall thickness is such that the
inside pipe diameter is within the tolerances
allowed by the pig manufacturer the varying wall
thickness should not be a problem.
31. Piggability
Tees
Tees with outlets greater than 50% of the main
diameter should be barred to reduce the risk of
sticking pigs. This is especially true in laterals with
high flow conditions
32. Piggability
Off-Takes
• Unbarred Tees
• Forged tees are usually used for installing off takes (outlets) in a
pipeline during construction. Most conventional pigs will safely
transverse tees with outlets up to 60% of the nominal line size.
However it is good practice to install guide bars in all outlets
above 50%.
• Off takes should not be installed adjacent to one another. At least
three diameters of straight pipe should be installed between any
two fittings.
33. Piggability
Pigs can typically be
configured to accommodate
back to back laterals by
lengthening the pig to avoid
modification of the laterals.
A perfect condition for
a “stalled pig”
34. Piggability
Barred Tees
• Any off take that is more than 50% of the pipeline
size should have bars installed to assist the pig
past the opening without any damage.
• The bars should be installed parallel to the axis of
the pipe and spaced from about 2” apart for small
off takes to about 4” apart for larger sizes.
35. Piggability
Laterals/Tees
Generic Suggestions for Barred Tees:
► 4” to 8” laterals – 1 single bar centered in
tapped hole.
► 4” thru 10” Laterals w/ bars ¼” thick
► 10” and larger laterals – 2 bars equally
separated in tapped hole.
► 12” and larger laterals bars ½” thick
Minimum Requirements
Conservative Specifications
► 4” thru 10” - ¼ ” bars w/ 2” spacing
► 12” and larger – ½” bars w/ 2” spacing
36. Piggability
Valves
• Valves are the biggest single cause of pigging problems. Full
bore valves are more or less essential. If gate valves must be
used, they should be the through conduit type so that no
voids, seat rings or other features are present which might
affect the smooth passage of a pig. The inlet and outlet bores
must also be concentric.
• If wedge gate or parallel slide valves are installed, it is
important to know the dimensions of the gap between the
seat rings to be able to select the proper pig for the line.
38. Piggability
Valves
Valves can be a significant source of aggravation relative to
Stuck Pigs. Appropriately designed valves should be
considered when making piping systems piggable. Full
bore or Pipeline ID is recommended.
Solid Ball Hollow Ball Thru-port Gate Wedge Gate Tapered Plug
39. Piggability
Check Valves
• By the nature of their design, check valves require
an area in the valve body that is larger that the pipe
inside diameter. This requires the cups and/or discs
on the pig to be spaced far enough apart to span the
oversized area in the valve body. In addition the pig
must provide the force required to open the check
valve fully for it to pass through.
• Spheres are not suitable for pigging lines with check
valves. The sphere will drop into the oversize body
and bypass. You must use the bump and run method
if you are going to pig with spheres.
52. Piggability
Operations
• In the hydrocarbons field, refined products must be
monitored as their composition or the additives may
change, even though the same generic name is used
for their description. For example gasoline has been a
product in pipelines for many years and has been
pigged with many types of pigs. However, more
recently, special chemicals have been added to
gasoline for environmental purposes and some
elastomers that have been used in the past may now
be unsuitable.
• Special considerations must be made for products
such as ammonia.
Product
53. Piggability
Operations
• Most utility pigs are molded or fabricated from
materials normally considered as solids and
therefore are affected very little, if any by
pressure.
• Most foam pigs are open cell and also are not
affected by pressure while inflatable spheres
should be full of liquid and are also unaffected.
Pressure
54. Piggability
Operations
• Typical Differential Pressure (DP) Required to Drive a pig:
• DP (bars) = K (type of pig)
Nominal Diameter (inches)
K (Types of Pigs)
• Sphere and Foam Pig = 1
• 2 Cup Pig = 4
• 4 Cup Pig = 7
• Disc Pig = 9
• Cup Brush Pig = 12
• Disc Brush Pig = 15
• UT ILI Tool = 19
• MFL ILI Tool = 24
Pressure
55. Piggability
Operations
• Typical Differential Pressure (DP) Required to Drive a pig:
• DP (bars) = K (type of pig)
Nominal Diameter (inches)
• Example: 10-inch Disc Brush Pig (K factor = 15)
DP (bars) = 15
10-inch
1.5 bars x 14.5 psi = 21.75 DP (psi)
Pressure
56. Piggability
Operations
Flow Rate
• Most cleaning, batching and swabbing applications are run
on-stream and will have to be carried out at the velocity of
the product stream.
• Pigs are most effective if run at a near constant speed. When
the flow rate is low the pig may run in a series of start and
stop motions, and it will not be very effective under these
conditions.
• Pigs will not be effective if run at too high a velocity. This is
seldom a problem with on-stream pigging as the flow rates
are usually quite moderate. However, during construction,
flow rates cannot always be controlled and it is then difficult
to achieve maximum effectiveness.
57. Piggability
Operations
Flow Rate
The following are considered to be typical speeds for
utility pigging and are given as reference only.
Application Speed (Mph)
New Construction 1 - 5
On-Stream Gas 2 – 8
On-Stream Liquids 1 – 8
ILI Tools 2 – 7
60. Piggability
Operations
Temperature
Most pigs use polyurethane seals and the
allowable temperature range for this material is
generally between 32° F. and 180° F. (0° and 82°
C.) Since most pipelines operate at ambient
temperatures within this range, this does not
normally create any problems for utility pigs.
63. Piggability
Operations
Contaminants
• Bacteria
- Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) - SRB’s use the sulfate ion
in water as a food source. Through their metabolic
process, the sulfate is converted to H2S.
- Acid Producing Bacteria (APB) - APB’s produce
carboxylic acids and/or CO2 as a by-product of their
metabolic process
64. Piggability
Operations
Contaminants
Solids
• Iron Sulfide (pyrophoric material will ignite spontaneously in air)
• Iron Carbonate
• Iron Oxide
Other
• PCBs (acute poisoning – source is typically from compressors)
• NORMS (Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials) – source is
radium-226 and radium-228 are the decay products of uranium
and thorium that are present in subsurface formations.
66. Make Piggable
Purpose of Launcher & Receivers
• The primary purpose of a Pig Launcher
and Receiver is to Launch and/or Receive a
pipeline pig into a pipeline system without
interruption of the flow.
67. Piggability
Launcher & Receivers
• The “rule of thumb” for the length of the
launcher barrel is 1.5 times the length of the
longest pig to be used.
• It is often the case that the pigs have not been
selected at the time the traps are designed so an
alternative “rule of thumb” for the length of the
barrel, assuming single module pigs will be used,
is 2.5D.
Utility Pigs
68. Piggability
Launcher & Receivers
• Many In-Line Inspection, or “ILI” tools, are
typically constructed of several modules joined
together. When these and similar “extra-long” ILI
tools are to be used, the launcher barrel should
be at least 1D longer than the overall length of
the longest pig. Except for the length, all other
dimensions will be the same as for utility pigs.
In-Line Inspection Tools
69. Piggability
Launcher & Receivers
• Spheres have a single line of seal and therefore,
must be treated differently than pigs that will have
at least two and often four or more seals per pig.
Since spheres are the same dimension in all
directions, they are not self-guiding and will try to
follow the flow within the pipeline even through
smaller pipe sizes.
Spheres
70. Launcher: Rule-of-Thumb
Nozzle Sizing
Eccentric Reducer
Barrel Size
Less Than 12” -One Size Larger
12” & Larger - Two Sizes Larger
Vent Size
Up to 22” = 1” NPT
24” & Larger = 2” NPT
Gauge Size
All Sizes = 1/2” NPT
Drain Line Size
2” - 4” = 1 1/2”
6” - 18” = 2”
20” & Larger = 4”
One Pig
Length
Closure
Kicker Line
1/3 Pipeline
Diameter
74. Closures
• Closures are used for scraper traps, filters,
strainers, scrubbers, blow-downs, meter
provers, storage tanks, terminal manifolds, test
chambers and other types of vessels and
piping.
75. Design Codes
• Pig launching and receiving systems
should be designed according to the
following design codes:
- ASME B31.4 – Liquid Pipelines
- ASME B31.8 – Gas Pipelines
- ASME B31.3 – Process Piping
- ASME Section VIII
- Other
81. Launcher & Receiver Types
Temporary Launcher & Receivers
Temporary launchers are sometimes used for the
following purposes:
• Clean Short Pipeline Segments such as HCAs
• Perform Hydrostatic Pressure Tests
• Decommissioning of Pipeline from Service
• Economic Purposes – Rent instead of Purchase
• Specialty Pigging Operations such as Blow Through Cleaning
and Inspection
• Proving Pigging Operations
• New Construction Cleaning & Inspections
• Off-line Pigging Operations
83. Pig Handling Equipment
• These trays are
equipped with a push-
pull mechanism to
either push the pig into
the launcher barrel or
pull the pig from the
receiver barrel.
• They allow for ease of
handling of the pigs.
85. Pigging
• Why Pig a Pipeline
• Pipeline Pigs
- Pigging during Pipeline Construction
- Pigging during Operation
• Cleaning
• Batching
• Displacement
• Inspection
86. Pigging During Construction
During pipeline construction it is not
uncommon that a certain amount of debris
will find its way into the pipeline. This debris
must be removed prior to commissioning the
pipeline and it is normally removed by pigs
that the contractor will run after
construction with compressed air.
88. Pigging During Construction
Once the debris is removed from the pipeline it is
not uncommon to run the following tools;
• Gauging Pig
• Kaliper Tool
• Deformation Tool
These tools are run to determine if there are any
abnormalities in the pipeline such as reductions and
out of round conditions.
91. – Bends - Dents
– Valves - Ovalities
– Wall thickness changes - Other
– Tees - Misalignments
– Taps - Mitre Bends
– Girth Welds - Wrinkles/Buckles
Conventional
Kaliper
Pigging During Construction
Detectable Pipe Features
92. • Mechanical:
– Movement is detected in
mechanical “arms” oriented at the
rear cup as tool traverses the
pipeline
Electronic Clock Kaliper
Hi – Resolution Deformation
Pigging During Construction
Types of Geometry Pigs
95. Pigging During Construction
Cleaning
Providing the pipeline is free of any major
abnormalities the contractor will then use some
aggressive wire brush pigs to remove any rust, scale,
weld slag, etc., to clean the line prior to hydrostatic
pressure testing.
Vantage V DCDC-BR
Ideal for removing hard deposits:
- (Rust )
- ( Scale )
- ( Hard Wax )
96. Pigging for Hydrostatic Testing
Displacement of Air
During the hydrostatic testing process batching pigs
are used to displace the air from the pipeline during
the fill-water process. The batching pig is placed into
the pipeline first and then moved through the
pipeline by the fill-water process to displace any air
in the pipeline.
97. Pigging for Hydrostatic Testing
Drying
Once the pipeline has been hydro-tested the
contractor will dewater the pipeline using a series of
pigs pushed through the pipeline with dry
compressed air. After the water has been displaced
the pipeline normally needs to be dried. This is
accomplished by blowing dry air or nitrogen through
the pipeline in conjunction with running numerous
foam pigs.
98. Pigging for Hydrostatic Testing
Commissioning
When the pipeline is dried to specification, the next
step in the process is to commission the pipeline.
The commissioning process is almost always
accompanied by the utilization of pipeline pigs,
which are usually pushed through the pipeline with
its product.
99. Operational Pigging
Essentially there are four main reasons why a
pipeline needs to be pigged during
operation;
• Cleaning
• Batching
• Displacement
• Inspection
100. Operational Pigging
Cleaning
Cleaning a pipeline during operation is considered
to be a maintenance procedure that needs to be
done on a regular predetermined frequency using
pigs adequately designed for the proper cleaning
application. The pigging operation will almost
always increase the flow efficiency and reduce
operating costs.
101. Operational Pigging
Cleaning
In pipelines that have low flow conditions it is more
prevalent to see an increase in the collection of free
water in the bottom of the pipeline, even in crude oil
lines. In low flow conditions you need a mechanical
means (pigs) to remove both the solids and liquids
that collect in the bottom of the pipeline to help
prevent the process of internal corrosion.
102. Operational Pigging
Cleaning
After a pipeline has been in service for a period
of time, 100% efficiency cannot reasonably be
expected. However, routine pigging can keep a
pipeline operating at 90 to 95 percent capacity.
It is not uncommon to increase the flow rate of a
pipeline by 3% with a single cleaning pig run.
The cleaner the pipeline is, the more effective
the throughput. Higher effective throughput
means lower transportation costs for the
pipeline company.
103. Operational Pigging
Online
- Design pressure 1440 PSIG, ASME
Class 600.
- Nominal Capacity 400 MMSCF/D
- Site glasses and liquid level
controllers.
- 140 BBL/M liquid dump rate.
- 3” Relief valve & 4” rupture disc
pressure protection.
- Specifically designed for On-
stream pipeline cleaning of gas
lines.
Gas/Liquid Separators
• Mechanical or Fluid Enhanced
104. Operational Pigging
Off-line
•Media to propel pigs
- Water
- Air
- Nitrogen
- Wire-line Equipment
•Determine velocity to propel pig at appropriate speed
•Determine differential pressure
•Determine quantity of propellant
•Mechanical or Fluid Enhanced
105. • The removal of this type of
debris is a must before
attempting to run Corrosion
Inspection Pigs.
• Debris such as welding rods,
bolts, tools, etc., is very difficult
to remove with conventional pigs
as the pigs typically push these
objects for some distance and
then ride over them.
Operational Pigging
Magnetic Cleaning Pig for Ferrous Materials
107. Typical results of using mechanical brush
cleaning pigs for removal of black powder.
Operational Pigging
Black Powder
108. Effective results of using cleaning fluids and
brush pigs with RealSeal Cups.
Operational Pigging
Black Powder
109. Operational Pigging
Benefits of Cleaning
• Increases
Throughput/Efficiency
• Prepares Pipeline for In-
Line Inspection
- Prevents Tool Damage
- Allows the Collection
of Critical Data
- Reduces Project Cost
• Removes corrosive materials
from pipeline
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Salts, Acids, Water
- Rust & Scale
- Hydrogen Sulfide
- Black Powder
- Miscellaneous
110. Chemically enhanced line cleaning produces:
Project total time lengths are compressed
(results in cost saving in most cases)
Solids in suspension move through the line easier
Dry Iron Oxides are flammable in contact with O2
Operational Pigging
Advantages of Cleaning w/Detergent
111. Batching is the process of moving different products
through the same pipeline. It is much more economical
to move several products in one pipeline than to lay
dedicated pipelines for each product. Batching pigs are
used to separate the products and are normally made
up of either two or four cups. Cups are flexible and
provide a better seal than discs for product separation.
Operational Pigging
Batching
112. • The pipeline must be clean for the inhibitor to be
effective.
• The inhibitor must contact the pipe to be effective.
• The inhibitor application must be effective.
• The quantity of inhibitor must be calculated for 100%
coverage.
Operational Pigging
Batching with Inhibitors
113. Operational Pigging
Batching with Inhibitors
Introducing a column of liquid between pigs
for the purposes of applying Inhibitor,
biocides or internal coatings can be an
effective method to apply these materials.
Slug between pigs
114. Operational Pigging
Batching with Inhibitors
• Best configuration to hold the chemical
batch together.
• Two batching pigs in front and one batching
pig in the rear.
116. V-Jet® Pig
Spray Nozzles
Inhibitor Application Pig
• The spray head applies
corrosion inhibitor fluid to the
top quadrant of the pipeline.
• The V-Jet is designed to act as
its own reservoir in the event
that it should pass a section of
pipe that would be void of
corrosion inhibitor.
• The V-Jet pig can be used as
the front and/or rear pig in a
batching process.
• Excellent de-watering pig.
Operational Pigging
Inhibitor Application with V-Jet Pig
117. • Inhibitor batching may also be made by introducing a “slug” of inhibitor solution.
• With the spray pig at the front of the slug (with a batching or foam pig at the back).
• Or with the spray pig at the back (w/ a batching or foam pig at the front of the slug).
• It was has been found that the spray pig is more effective at the back – allowing gas flow
through to energize the spray.
• Alternatively, the spray pig has been run as a de-watering pig.
• Serves to effectively re-distribute inhibitor-containing liquids to the top of the pipe.
• Creates an increasingly dense vapor cloud in front of the spray pig.
• The spray pig has been highly effective at controlling top of the line corrosion in multi-
phase gas gathering lines. In one case, corrosion rates dropped by an order of
magnitude from 5 mills per year (mpy) to less than 0.2 mpy.
Operational Pigging
Inhibitor Application with V-Jet Pig
118. • Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) tools for corrosion
metal loss.
• Ultrasonic tools for corrosion detection & crack
inspection.
• Kaliper tools for geometry inspection.
• Deformation tools for geometry and bend
inspection with telemetry data.
• Crack detection tools for determining
circumferential cracking.
• Survey or mapping tools with telemetry data.
Operational Pigging
Inspection
119. Line Cleanliness is Critical
• MFL Tools are the best & most expensive cleaning pigs
available. Sensor “Lift Off” will reduce the intensity of
the magnetic signal and will affect data quality.
You don’t want MFL Tools to be a Cleaning Pig!
120. Pigging
What Should My Cleaning Strategy Be?
• How many runs does it take to clean a pipeline ?
• What kind of pigs should I use ?
• How often should I pig ?
• Can a single “Pig Train” run reap the same benefits of multiple pig
runs ?
• Know your pipeline.
• Measure the results of your efforts.
• If your program isn't working, try something different.
• Stay open to new ideas and technology.
Basic Questions
In Order to Establish an Effective Pigging Program
121. Types of Pigs
• Mandrel Pigs
• Blade Pigs
• Brush Pigs
• Magnetic Pigs
• Spherical Pigs
122. • The best choice is a pig with discs, conical cups, spring
mounted brushes and bypass ports.
• Discs are effective at pushing out solids while also providing
good support for the pig.
• Conical cups provide excellent sealing characteristics, good
support and long wear.
• Spring mounted brushes provide continuous forceful
scraping for removal of rust, scale and other build-ups on the
pipe wall.
• Bypass ports allow some of the flow to bypass through the
pig and helps minimize solids build-up in front of the pig. Also
used for slowing the speed of the pig down.
Select A Pig For Cleaning Applications
123. RealSeal™ Cups
• RealSeal features multiple sealing lips,
which means more effective seal
throughout the pipeline run.
• With the RealSeal cups, sealing as the pig
passes girth welds in a pipeline become a
non-issue.
• Available in Vantage cups, heavy duty cups
and Ultra multi-lip discs.
• Critical sealing applications such as nitrogen
purges, line filling for hydrostatic testing
and cleaning.
• Very effective in commissioning of lines,
displacement and batch separation.
• Also effective in cleaning operations – acts
like multiple scraper discs
Independent Sealing Lips
124. Conventional Cup vs. RealSeal Cup
Design
VS.
TDW’s Multi-Lip “RealSeal” cups and discs
are designed for applications in which
effective sealing and extended life of pig
cups are critical.
Sealing lips are always ahead or behind the
girth weld when the cup is passing—
continuously maintaining a seal.
Conventional cups allow by-pass
due to irregularities on the
internal contour of girth welds
125. Approaches to Pipeline Cleaning
• Special features that can be added to pigs:
Magnets
Blades for
Wax Removal
Wear-Compensating
Brushes Studded Pig
126. Special Purpose Pigs & Components
• Wear-compensating / pit-cleaning brushes
• Wear-compensating brush pads and
wax-scraping blades
• Scraper discs
– Discs tend to do a much better job of scraping
than cups which tend to ride up over debris.
– Discs can be quite effective at removing loose
powders, light debris and soft wax.
Pit-Cleaning Brushes
Scraper Discs
Scraper Blades
& Brush Pads
127. Bi-Direction Pigs
• Each pig is equipped with six discs.
• Outside discs are used as guide/support discs (these discs are
made of a harder material).
• Typically pigs are used for hydrostatic testing and as
displacing pigs.
• Can also be equipped with brushes for cleaning purposes as well.
• Available in sizes 4” thru 60”.
• All three can traverse 1.5 DR bends.
4D-BR (Brushes)
6D
6D-BR (Brushes)
128. Cast Urethane Pigs
Undersized Guide Disc
5D1C
4D2C-Guage Plate
Disposable Pigs
• Multiple discs with single cup on rear.
• Multiple discs with cup on front and rear.
• RealSeal configuration option for rear
cup.
• Brush wrap, gauging plate and bypass
option. Will also hold transmitter and or
trip magnet.
• Undersized front disc or cup to aid in
launching of pig.
• Available in 4” to 12”
4D2C
4D2C-Brushes
5D-Offshore
129. Sphere Pigs
• 99% of the time, spheres are used to
push liquids out of natural gas
gathering lines.
• Gravity allows the automated launching
and receiving of spheres which makes
them very easy to use and very cost
effective.
• Typically, lines have been designed to
handle spheres.
• Seamless, one-piece, inflatable.
• Spheres are filled with liquid and can
also be inflated to compensate for
wear.
130. Foam Pigs
Light/Medium Cleaning
Drying
Bristles
Aggressive Cleaning
• RS-7-Abrasion resistant polyurethane
foam with honeycomb texture-wiping
and scraping effect.
• RBR-7 (Bristle)-Effective cleaning and
removal of solids.
• RRR-7 (Rough Rider) Used for internally
coated lines and crude oil lines
containing paraffin.
• Whiteskin-Shorter runs primarily for
drying after dewatering of lines that
have been hydrostatically tested.
• (Redskin pigs also have the ability for
bypass to be added
132. Circular Brushes
• Bi-Directional
• Come in all sizes
• Can be stacked in dense cleaning packs
• Provide good centering guide in the pipeline
• Not effective in cleaning deep pits
• Not effective in pipelines with multiple ID’s
• Can be Damaged in tight bends and pipe ID anomalies
Advantages
Disadvantages
133. Pad Type Brushes
• Pads are wear compensated & can conform to bends.
• Effective in multi-diameter pipelines.
• “Buggy spring” mounted pads are Bi-Directional.
• Can articulate thru pipeline anomalies.
• Size restrictions.
• Not effective in cleaning deep pits.
• Lever mounted pads are not Bi-Directional.
Advantages
Disadvantages
134. PitBoss™ Pig
Scraping Action
Guide/Cleaning Disc
RealSeal Cups
Aggressive Cleaning Pig
• Available in sizes from 6” and larger.
• Is designed to remove deposits from
internal pits while insuring excellent
general purpose cleaning pig.
• Pit cleaning wire brushes are designed
to improve effectiveness of corrosion
inhibitors.
• Each wire scrapper acts independently
as both a spring (forcing itself out and
into the pit) and as a scraper.
• PitBoss is also available in dual
diameter configuration.
135. Magnetic Cleaning Pig for
Ferrous Materials
• Debris such as welding rods, bolts, tools, etc., is very
difficult to remove with conventional pigs as the pigs
typically push these objects for some distance and
then ride over them.
• The removal of this type of debris is a must before
attempting to run Corrosion Inspection Pigs.
136. Progressive Pigging
The more unknowns that exist in a pipeline segment, the
less intrusive the initial pig run should be – start gently
and use the following sequence. Use the following
example:
• Foam Pig
• Foam Pig with Bristles
• Steel bodied Mandrel Pig With Brushes
• Steel bodied Mandrel Pig with Aggressive Brushes
• Gauging Pig
• Dummy Pig w/ Magnets
• Geometry Pig
• Metal Loss Pig
142. Pig Tracking Equipment
Non-Intrusive Pig Sig
• Bands directly to the outside of a pipeline.
• No part of the unit enters the pipe (no need
for seals or o-rings to contain pipeline
pressure).
• No welding/tapping is required .
• Unit can be placed at nearly any location on
a line and can be moved easily (no need for
TOR).
• Bi-directional detection.
148. Pig Tracking Equipment
Tracking Techniques
• Leapfrogging - Tech A goes to first track point.
Tech B is located at second track point. As pig
passes Tech A he records time and notifies
Tech B. Tech A then proceeds to third track
point. Repeated until pig is received.
149. Centerline Survey
• Precise determination of the centerline
of a pipeline is critical to identify its
spatial position. Furthermore, a precisely
obtained centerline is required for
spatially based alignment of additional
data collected on the right of way. Data
corresponding to above ground surveys
are all aligned through common spatial
coordinates.
150. Centerline Survey
Latitude / Longitude / Elevation (GPS)
GPS readings shall be obtained at each flag
location and reported in either of the
following coordinate systems:
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84)
North American Datum 1983 (NAD83)
North American Datum 1927 (NAD27)
153. Depth of Cover Survey
The DOC is calculated by the following
formula:
b
D
depth
locator
Pipeline
DOC
2
Where,
DOC = Depth of cover
Pipeline locator depth = pipeline depth as measured
by the pipe locator
D = diameter of the pipeline
b = separation between the ground and the lower
end of the instrument
154. Above Ground Marker’s
• A tool designed to be placed above the pipeline usually at a
documented GPS location which records tool passage and
communicates with satellites. Recognizes the magnetic field as
the tool passes.
• Placement should be at points where GPS coordinates have been
established & documented.
• Will store multiple passes.
• Tool and AGM are synchronized.
• Accuracies depend on the make of AGM.
158. Summary
• Many pipelines can be made piggable with readily
available components.
• System information is critical when preparing for In-
Line Inspection or any other assessment method.
• Pipeline Cleanliness is a critical part of In-Line
Inspection.
• Tools Have Strengths & Limitations. We need to
apply the right tool for the right job.