The document provides specifications for various types of pipes and fittings used for sanitary sewer systems, including clay, PVC, concrete, ductile iron, ABS, and polyethylene pipes. It specifies the appropriate standards and requirements for materials, joints, markings, and certifications for each pipe material. Connections between different pipe materials, like PVC and ductile iron, must use transition couplings or sleeves.
Piping & piping materials redefinedShrenik Baid
Piping systems are used to transport fluids from one location to another. They include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, insulation and other components. Selection of piping materials depends on factors like resistance to corrosion, strength, pressure and temperature. Common pipe materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, plastic and concrete. Flanges with gaskets and bolts are used to join pipes. Valves like gate valves, globe valves and check valves control and direct fluid flow. Insulation helps maintain temperature and protects piping. Proper selection and design of piping systems is important for safety and efficiency of industrial operations.
This document discusses the calculation of pipe wall thickness for pressure applications. It begins with an introduction to different pipe types and materials. It then explains that pipe wall thickness is designated by schedules or weight, and provides the equation to calculate thickness based on internal pressure, outer diameter, and allowable stress. The document outlines two methods for calculating thickness: line rating condition for individual lines, and flange rating condition to make procurement more economical. Corrosion allowance and mill tolerance must be added to the required thickness. Minimum thicknesses are provided for carbon steel and stainless steel pipes.
This document provides information about a webinar presented by Sweco Fab Inc, a subsidiary of Piping Technology & Products Inc, on ASME vessels, pig launchers, strainers, and other products. The webinar is worth 1 PDH credit for Texas P.E.s. The document then provides details on the various products discussed in the webinar, including specifications, materials used, sizes available, applications, and capabilities. Engineering services for design, analysis, and testing are also mentioned.
The document summarizes furnace support products provided by Piping Technology & Products, Inc. and its subsidiaries. It presents on engineered pipe supports including variable and constant spring supports, expansion joints, and other furnace application supports. The presentation discusses the fabrication, testing and applications of variable and constant furnace spring supports, highlighting their customized designs and coatings suited for high temperature furnace environments.
This document provides information on measuring, cutting, and joining different types of pipes used in plumbing. It discusses cast iron pipes, galvanized steel pipes, copper pipes, and plastic pipes. For each type, it outlines the recommended uses, considerations for working with the pipes, procedures for cutting and joining, and includes tables with additional technical specifications.
The document discusses different types of pipes used for water supply, including their materials, sizes, joining methods, advantages and disadvantages. It covers galvanized iron pipes, PVC/plastic pipes, steel pipes, cast iron pipes, PPR pipes. For each type, the document provides details on installation, fittings available, and joining methods like screwed joints, welded joints, etc. It includes diagrams to illustrate pipe connections and joining.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
The document provides specifications for various types of pipes and fittings used for sanitary sewer systems, including clay, PVC, concrete, ductile iron, ABS, and polyethylene pipes. It specifies the appropriate standards and requirements for materials, joints, markings, and certifications for each pipe material. Connections between different pipe materials, like PVC and ductile iron, must use transition couplings or sleeves.
Piping & piping materials redefinedShrenik Baid
Piping systems are used to transport fluids from one location to another. They include pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, insulation and other components. Selection of piping materials depends on factors like resistance to corrosion, strength, pressure and temperature. Common pipe materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, plastic and concrete. Flanges with gaskets and bolts are used to join pipes. Valves like gate valves, globe valves and check valves control and direct fluid flow. Insulation helps maintain temperature and protects piping. Proper selection and design of piping systems is important for safety and efficiency of industrial operations.
This document discusses the calculation of pipe wall thickness for pressure applications. It begins with an introduction to different pipe types and materials. It then explains that pipe wall thickness is designated by schedules or weight, and provides the equation to calculate thickness based on internal pressure, outer diameter, and allowable stress. The document outlines two methods for calculating thickness: line rating condition for individual lines, and flange rating condition to make procurement more economical. Corrosion allowance and mill tolerance must be added to the required thickness. Minimum thicknesses are provided for carbon steel and stainless steel pipes.
This document provides information about a webinar presented by Sweco Fab Inc, a subsidiary of Piping Technology & Products Inc, on ASME vessels, pig launchers, strainers, and other products. The webinar is worth 1 PDH credit for Texas P.E.s. The document then provides details on the various products discussed in the webinar, including specifications, materials used, sizes available, applications, and capabilities. Engineering services for design, analysis, and testing are also mentioned.
The document summarizes furnace support products provided by Piping Technology & Products, Inc. and its subsidiaries. It presents on engineered pipe supports including variable and constant spring supports, expansion joints, and other furnace application supports. The presentation discusses the fabrication, testing and applications of variable and constant furnace spring supports, highlighting their customized designs and coatings suited for high temperature furnace environments.
This document provides information on measuring, cutting, and joining different types of pipes used in plumbing. It discusses cast iron pipes, galvanized steel pipes, copper pipes, and plastic pipes. For each type, it outlines the recommended uses, considerations for working with the pipes, procedures for cutting and joining, and includes tables with additional technical specifications.
The document discusses different types of pipes used for water supply, including their materials, sizes, joining methods, advantages and disadvantages. It covers galvanized iron pipes, PVC/plastic pipes, steel pipes, cast iron pipes, PPR pipes. For each type, the document provides details on installation, fittings available, and joining methods like screwed joints, welded joints, etc. It includes diagrams to illustrate pipe connections and joining.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
This document provides information on characteristics and properties of PPRC piping systems. It includes tables showing operational pressures and service life at various temperatures for PN 10, PN 16, and PN 20 pipe ratings. The document also discusses the 4-step socket fusion welding process, supports and spacing for PPRC vs stainless steel pipes, and installation of polymer pipes. Additional sections cover plumbing concerns and benefits of PPRC piping for various stakeholders.
Types of pipes and types of joints. Different types of pipes used for transporting water from reservoir or treatment plant for water supply in environmental engineering
This document discusses different types of pipes used for water conveyance, including their materials, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability. The main pipes discussed are cast iron, wrought iron, steel, galvanized iron, concrete, asbestos cement, plastic, and lead/copper pipes. Plastic pipes are now most commonly used due to being lightweight, corrosion resistant, electrically insulating, and economical. Proper laying of pipes involves preparing maps, locating the alignment, dewatering trenches, joining pipes, testing, and disinfection before use.
Hawman Container Services manufactures a variety of bulk packaging containers including IBCs for hazardous and non-hazardous liquids. They have a long history beginning in the late 1970s and have expanded their capabilities over the years. They produce metallic IBCs in various series (C, S, GT, CR, SR, SS) for industries such as mining, oil and gas, chemicals. The containers are available in different sizes and configurations with standard or optional features depending on the application and needs.
TRUBORE offers the highest range of quality Agricultural Pipes & Fittings. TRUBORE is crafted to perfection with the highest rating of ISI with a wide range from 20mm to 250mm and working pressure mark and is available through a wide-spread network of around of 10kg/cm 2 , 6kg/cm 2 and 4kg/cm 2 as well as non-pressure 3500 dealers spread across the country. fittings.
The document provides an overview of process plant piping system design. It discusses key components of piping systems including pipe, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and supports. It describes design requirements according to the ASME B31.3 code and considerations for material selection such as strength, corrosion resistance, toughness and cost. Examples of stress analysis, flange rating determination and valve selection are also provided.
This document discusses various types of pressure pipes used in water supply systems. The main types discussed are cast iron pipes, steel pipes, reinforced cement concrete pipes, hume steel pipes, vitrified clay pipes, and asbestos cement pipes. For each type, the document outlines the material properties, sizes available, joining methods, advantages, and disadvantages. Cast iron pipes are described as moderately priced and durable but heavy. Steel pipes are presented as strong but corrosive. Reinforced cement concrete pipes have a long lifespan but are difficult to repair.
We are one of the leading supplier of Corrugated Ducting for under-ground Cable Protection Management and Sewer Drainage known as HDPE Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Pipes.
The document discusses several water and waste water management solutions from James Fisher Tank Inspection including:
1) A lead discriminator that can identify and locate service pipes without excavation in 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2) 3D SONAR technology that can map settlements in harbors, tanks, and storage facilities with a survey time of 45 minutes and a maximum range and depth of 40 meters and 200 meters respectively.
3) Techniques for in-situ stress measurement in concrete and steel reinforcement to test and monitor concrete structures.
This document provides information about different types of pipes and pipe fittings. It discusses various pipe materials like cast iron, ductile iron, PVC, copper, galvanized, and CPVC pipes. It also describes common pipe fittings like elbows, tees, couplings, and valves. Other topics covered include pipe installation processes like trenching and joining methods like welding and compression fittings. Finally, it summarizes various plumbing fixtures like bathtubs, sinks, showers, faucets, and appliances like water heaters.
This document discusses various piping materials used in industrial applications. It describes key factors considered when selecting piping materials such as mechanical properties, safety, corrosion resistance and cost. Various classes of materials are covered including ferrous materials like carbon steel, alloy steels and stainless steel, and non-ferrous materials like copper, aluminum, nickel and titanium. Temperature limitations and common material compositions are provided for different piping materials.
High Temperature High Pressure (HTHP) reservoirs have depths greater than 15,000 feet, pressures over 15,000 psi, and temperatures from 325-500°F. Several considerations are important for cementing in these conditions, including accurate temperature measurement, sufficient slurry density and viscosity, retardation, strength stability additives, filtration control, and preventing gas migration along the cement sheath. Specialty cements and additives can help address gas flow potential from minor to severe levels.
The document summarizes the failure of the second bed outlet pipe in an ammonia synthesis converter at a fertilizer plant in India. Catalyst was escaping from the damaged pipe and causing issues downstream. The pipe was replaced with a Johnson screen made of more corrosion-resistant Inconel 600. The repair took 25 days and successfully addressed the catalyst carryover problem. The original pipe, made of stainless steel, failed after 6 years due to hardening from high temperature hydrogen and nitrogen exposure in the converter.
The document provides specifications for piping projects, including:
- All pipe must be hollow and of high quality metal. Acid proof pipe must be of acid proof metal.
- Pipe fittings must be of the same material as the pipe and come in various sizes and styles for bolting, welding, or screwing.
- Flanges must have bolt holes separate from the main hole and be of high quality cast or forged iron. Gaskets are required between flanges.
- Valves of various types like ball, butterfly, check, and gate valves are needed and must allow flow when opened via a wheel or crank.
From engineered pipe supports, expansion joints, pre-insulated pipe supports, and miscellaneous fabrication to various engineering and technical services, PT&P has decades of experience providing products and services for all your engineering and construction needs.
This document discusses the benefits of using cross-linked polymers in high-pressure, high-temperature connections. It explains that first-generation polymers have limitations in extreme conditions but that next-generation polymers are engineered for specific HPHT applications up to 600 degrees Fahrenheit and 15,000 PSI. Recent testing showed a next-generation polymer-sealed connection held at over 15,000 PSI, while a first-generation compound failed at 11,500 PSI. The conclusion is that advanced polymers enhance performance in premium connections and can be customized for challenging HPHT environments.
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
This presentation is on Pipe Clamps, including Hold-Down Clamps, Riser Clamps, Clevis Hangers, Yoke U-Bolt Clamps and Structural Supports. Learn how the appropriate type of pipe support is chosen based on the different design conditions. Find out how Finite Element Analysis is used in the design process and view the custom pipe supports designed for extreme applications.
This document summarizes the experience of indigenizing (domesticating) the waste heat boiler system at Vizag Steel Plant in India. Originally using Russian-made boilers, problems with erosion, corrosion, and maintenance were addressed. Tube bundles were replaced with Indian-made alloy steel tubes, reducing erosion. Bi-metallic corrosion at tube brackets was eliminated by specifying compatible materials. New single-shaft boilers were installed with larger dimensions to reduce gas velocity by 70%, preventing erosion. Refractory walls requiring frequent repair were replaced in future boilers. Through material selection, design changes, and replacing components, the Russian system was successfully adapted for local manufacturing and conditions.
The document discusses the selection and design of piping materials and components for transporting fluid between buildings. It considers factors like pipe material (cast iron, steel), fitting types (elbows, tees), pump selection, and pressure and head loss calculations using equations of Reynolds number, velocity, roughness, and friction loss. Key parameters of pipe diameter, length, flow rates, and building heights are assumed to estimate the required pump pressure and support structure to transport fluid through the piping system.
This document provides guidelines for properly expanding tubes when installing or repairing heat exchangers, condensers, and other pressure vessels. It discusses determining the correct percentage of tube wall reduction for different materials, how to measure dimensions to calculate wall reduction, and factors that cause tube leaks if not done properly, such as under-rolling or over-rolling tubes. The key recommendations are to roll tubes just enough for the required wall reduction percentage and to ensure clean, lubricated surfaces for a tight seal.
This document provides information on characteristics and properties of PPRC piping systems. It includes tables showing operational pressures and service life at various temperatures for PN 10, PN 16, and PN 20 pipe ratings. The document also discusses the 4-step socket fusion welding process, supports and spacing for PPRC vs stainless steel pipes, and installation of polymer pipes. Additional sections cover plumbing concerns and benefits of PPRC piping for various stakeholders.
Types of pipes and types of joints. Different types of pipes used for transporting water from reservoir or treatment plant for water supply in environmental engineering
This document discusses different types of pipes used for water conveyance, including their materials, advantages, disadvantages, and suitability. The main pipes discussed are cast iron, wrought iron, steel, galvanized iron, concrete, asbestos cement, plastic, and lead/copper pipes. Plastic pipes are now most commonly used due to being lightweight, corrosion resistant, electrically insulating, and economical. Proper laying of pipes involves preparing maps, locating the alignment, dewatering trenches, joining pipes, testing, and disinfection before use.
Hawman Container Services manufactures a variety of bulk packaging containers including IBCs for hazardous and non-hazardous liquids. They have a long history beginning in the late 1970s and have expanded their capabilities over the years. They produce metallic IBCs in various series (C, S, GT, CR, SR, SS) for industries such as mining, oil and gas, chemicals. The containers are available in different sizes and configurations with standard or optional features depending on the application and needs.
TRUBORE offers the highest range of quality Agricultural Pipes & Fittings. TRUBORE is crafted to perfection with the highest rating of ISI with a wide range from 20mm to 250mm and working pressure mark and is available through a wide-spread network of around of 10kg/cm 2 , 6kg/cm 2 and 4kg/cm 2 as well as non-pressure 3500 dealers spread across the country. fittings.
The document provides an overview of process plant piping system design. It discusses key components of piping systems including pipe, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and supports. It describes design requirements according to the ASME B31.3 code and considerations for material selection such as strength, corrosion resistance, toughness and cost. Examples of stress analysis, flange rating determination and valve selection are also provided.
This document discusses various types of pressure pipes used in water supply systems. The main types discussed are cast iron pipes, steel pipes, reinforced cement concrete pipes, hume steel pipes, vitrified clay pipes, and asbestos cement pipes. For each type, the document outlines the material properties, sizes available, joining methods, advantages, and disadvantages. Cast iron pipes are described as moderately priced and durable but heavy. Steel pipes are presented as strong but corrosive. Reinforced cement concrete pipes have a long lifespan but are difficult to repair.
We are one of the leading supplier of Corrugated Ducting for under-ground Cable Protection Management and Sewer Drainage known as HDPE Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Pipes.
The document discusses several water and waste water management solutions from James Fisher Tank Inspection including:
1) A lead discriminator that can identify and locate service pipes without excavation in 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2) 3D SONAR technology that can map settlements in harbors, tanks, and storage facilities with a survey time of 45 minutes and a maximum range and depth of 40 meters and 200 meters respectively.
3) Techniques for in-situ stress measurement in concrete and steel reinforcement to test and monitor concrete structures.
This document provides information about different types of pipes and pipe fittings. It discusses various pipe materials like cast iron, ductile iron, PVC, copper, galvanized, and CPVC pipes. It also describes common pipe fittings like elbows, tees, couplings, and valves. Other topics covered include pipe installation processes like trenching and joining methods like welding and compression fittings. Finally, it summarizes various plumbing fixtures like bathtubs, sinks, showers, faucets, and appliances like water heaters.
This document discusses various piping materials used in industrial applications. It describes key factors considered when selecting piping materials such as mechanical properties, safety, corrosion resistance and cost. Various classes of materials are covered including ferrous materials like carbon steel, alloy steels and stainless steel, and non-ferrous materials like copper, aluminum, nickel and titanium. Temperature limitations and common material compositions are provided for different piping materials.
High Temperature High Pressure (HTHP) reservoirs have depths greater than 15,000 feet, pressures over 15,000 psi, and temperatures from 325-500°F. Several considerations are important for cementing in these conditions, including accurate temperature measurement, sufficient slurry density and viscosity, retardation, strength stability additives, filtration control, and preventing gas migration along the cement sheath. Specialty cements and additives can help address gas flow potential from minor to severe levels.
The document summarizes the failure of the second bed outlet pipe in an ammonia synthesis converter at a fertilizer plant in India. Catalyst was escaping from the damaged pipe and causing issues downstream. The pipe was replaced with a Johnson screen made of more corrosion-resistant Inconel 600. The repair took 25 days and successfully addressed the catalyst carryover problem. The original pipe, made of stainless steel, failed after 6 years due to hardening from high temperature hydrogen and nitrogen exposure in the converter.
The document provides specifications for piping projects, including:
- All pipe must be hollow and of high quality metal. Acid proof pipe must be of acid proof metal.
- Pipe fittings must be of the same material as the pipe and come in various sizes and styles for bolting, welding, or screwing.
- Flanges must have bolt holes separate from the main hole and be of high quality cast or forged iron. Gaskets are required between flanges.
- Valves of various types like ball, butterfly, check, and gate valves are needed and must allow flow when opened via a wheel or crank.
From engineered pipe supports, expansion joints, pre-insulated pipe supports, and miscellaneous fabrication to various engineering and technical services, PT&P has decades of experience providing products and services for all your engineering and construction needs.
This document discusses the benefits of using cross-linked polymers in high-pressure, high-temperature connections. It explains that first-generation polymers have limitations in extreme conditions but that next-generation polymers are engineered for specific HPHT applications up to 600 degrees Fahrenheit and 15,000 PSI. Recent testing showed a next-generation polymer-sealed connection held at over 15,000 PSI, while a first-generation compound failed at 11,500 PSI. The conclusion is that advanced polymers enhance performance in premium connections and can be customized for challenging HPHT environments.
This document provides an introduction and overview of piping design. It defines piping and piping systems, discusses international design standards like ASME B31.3, and covers key piping components such as pipes, fittings, flanges and valves. The document also outlines the stages of a piping design project from start to completion and summarizes important considerations like stress analysis, material selection and support spacing calculations.
This presentation is on Pipe Clamps, including Hold-Down Clamps, Riser Clamps, Clevis Hangers, Yoke U-Bolt Clamps and Structural Supports. Learn how the appropriate type of pipe support is chosen based on the different design conditions. Find out how Finite Element Analysis is used in the design process and view the custom pipe supports designed for extreme applications.
This document summarizes the experience of indigenizing (domesticating) the waste heat boiler system at Vizag Steel Plant in India. Originally using Russian-made boilers, problems with erosion, corrosion, and maintenance were addressed. Tube bundles were replaced with Indian-made alloy steel tubes, reducing erosion. Bi-metallic corrosion at tube brackets was eliminated by specifying compatible materials. New single-shaft boilers were installed with larger dimensions to reduce gas velocity by 70%, preventing erosion. Refractory walls requiring frequent repair were replaced in future boilers. Through material selection, design changes, and replacing components, the Russian system was successfully adapted for local manufacturing and conditions.
The document discusses the selection and design of piping materials and components for transporting fluid between buildings. It considers factors like pipe material (cast iron, steel), fitting types (elbows, tees), pump selection, and pressure and head loss calculations using equations of Reynolds number, velocity, roughness, and friction loss. Key parameters of pipe diameter, length, flow rates, and building heights are assumed to estimate the required pump pressure and support structure to transport fluid through the piping system.
This document provides guidelines for properly expanding tubes when installing or repairing heat exchangers, condensers, and other pressure vessels. It discusses determining the correct percentage of tube wall reduction for different materials, how to measure dimensions to calculate wall reduction, and factors that cause tube leaks if not done properly, such as under-rolling or over-rolling tubes. The key recommendations are to roll tubes just enough for the required wall reduction percentage and to ensure clean, lubricated surfaces for a tight seal.
Reformer Tube design principles
- Larsen Miller Plot
- Larsen Miller & Tube Design
- Design Margins - Stress Data Used
- Max Allowable & Design Temperature
- Tube Life
- Effect of Temperature on Life
- Material Types
HK40: 25 Cr / 20 Ni
HP Modified: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb
Microalloy: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb + Ti
- Alloy Developments
- Comparison of Alloys
Manufacturing Technology
- Welds
Failure mechanisms
- Failure Mechanisms - Creep
- Creep Propagation
- Common Failure Modes
- Uncommon Failure Modes
- Failure by Creep
- Creep Rupture - Cross Section
- Failure at Weld
Actions to Take if Tube Fails
- Pigtail Nipping
Inspection techniques
Classification of Problems
- Visual Examination
- Girth Measurement
- Ultrasonic Attenuation
- Radiography
Eddy Current Measurement
LOTIS Tube Inspection
LOTIS Compared to External Inspection
The document discusses various issues encountered with rod pump systems in Agiba oil fields and the remedial actions taken. It covers problems like gas interference, fluid pounding, scale deposition, sucker rod failures, sand production, stuck pumps, and tubing wear. Tests of techniques like gas anchors, variable slippage pumps, hollow sucker rods, and roller guides are summarized. Common troubleshooting indicators and techniques are also outlined, along with practices to avoid.
The document discusses regulations requiring pipelines to be designed and constructed to accommodate internal inspection devices. It also discusses pigging, which is the process of propelling devices called pigs through pipelines to perform cleaning, inspection, and other functions. Key factors that determine if a pipeline can be pigged include its physical characteristics like diameter, bends, valves, and tees. Pipelines must be configured in a way that allows pigs to safely pass through without getting stuck.
The document discusses regulations requiring pipelines to be designed and constructed to accommodate internal inspection devices. It also discusses pigging, which is the process of propelling devices called pigs through pipelines to perform cleaning, inspection, and other functions. Key factors that determine if a pipeline can be pigged include its physical characteristics like diameter, bends, valves, and tees. Pipelines must be configured in a way that allows pigs to safely pass through without getting stuck.
This document provides information about a presentation on drainage systems for residential houses given by a group of 5 students. It includes an introduction to house drainage systems and their purpose. It then describes the basic components of drainage systems including sinks, wash basins, and urinals. It discusses materials used for drainage pipes like cast iron, PVC, copper, and galvanized iron. The document also covers design considerations, estimating pipe lengths, requirements for drainage systems, Indian drainage standards, and formulas used.
The document describes the operation and design of a urea stripper. It discusses:
1) How the urea solution enters the vertical tubes through ferrules and forms a falling film along the inside of the tubes. Steam heats this film, stripping carbon dioxide from the solution.
2) The advantages of the falling film design, including higher heat transfer rates and less residence time, reducing biuret formation.
3) Details on the materials of construction, including the use of bimetallic tubes with an external tube of 2-RE-69 stainless steel and an internal tube of zirconium. This provides corrosion resistance at a lower cost than using solely titanium tubes.
This document provides information on heat exchangers and shell and tube heat exchangers. It defines a heat exchanger as a device that transfers heat between two fluids separated by a solid wall. It describes three common types of shell and tube heat exchangers: fixed tube sheet, floating tube sheet, and "U" bundle with single tube sheet. It provides details on their construction, how they allow for differential expansion between the tubes and shell, and prevent stresses. It also discusses baffles, tube to tube sheet welding procedures and qualifications, welding processes, and leak testing.
Design And Fabrication of Turbulator for swirl motion flow study SetupDIPRANJAN GUPTA
We are manufacturing 3 models of Staggerd Turbulator and 3 models of Non Staggerd Turbulator. To convert laminar flow into a turbulent flow. We are making this product with the help of copper strips. We are taking 100cm rod of 2mm dia in which we are placing copper strips of traingular blade. In a staggerd turbulator we are making 3 models of 3 different pitches and 3 different angles.
The document discusses the key components and construction process of a boiler. It describes the stages involved including engineering, design, manufacturing, testing, transportation, storage, handling, erection, and commissioning. It provides details on the classification, components, and design considerations of different parts of the boiler including the foundation, structure, and pressure parts. Welding is a key part of the construction and the document outlines the various welding processes and materials used.
Piping Components Handbook (Piping Training Material) for Oil & Gas EngineerVarun Patel
Learn in detail every aspect of Pipe & Pipe Fittings used in process industry
•Different types of Pipe, Pipe fittings (Elbow, Tee, reducers, Caps etc.), Flanges, Gaskets, Branch Connection, Bolting materials
•Materials (Metal-Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel etc. Non-Metal- PVC/VCM, HDPE, GRE-GRP etc.)
•Manufacturing methods
•Heat treatment requirements
•Inspection and Testing requirements (Non Destructive Testing, Mechanical & Chemical testing)
•Dimensions & Markings requirements
•Code & Standard used in piping
Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in industrial processes to transfer heat. They can efficiently transfer large amounts of heat while taking up relatively little space. There are two main types - smaller designs under 12 inches in diameter made of welded steel with copper tubing, and larger designs from 10-100 inches made to TEMA standards using steel pipe or plate. Key components include tubes, tube sheets to attach tubes, baffles to direct flow, and inlet/outlet ports in the shell. Tube materials and configurations can vary to suit different applications and pressures.
This document provides information on piping, fittings, and fixtures used in water supply systems. It discusses various types of pipes used such as galvanized iron, PVC, steel, copper pipes and their characteristics. It also describes common pipe fittings like elbows, tees, reducers, couplings, unions, plugs and end caps. Valves used to regulate water flow such as gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves and check valves are also outlined. The document provides a comprehensive overview of key components for building water supply systems.
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger in heat TransferUsman Shah
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a bundle of tubes enclosed in a cylindrical shell. Fluids flow through either the tubes or shell to facilitate heat transfer between the two fluids. They are widely used in chemical processes due to their ability to achieve a large heat transfer surface area in a compact volume. Key components include tubesheets, baffles, support rods and segmented baffles which direct fluid flow across the tube bundle for efficient heat transfer. Design considerations include allocating the more corrosive or fouling fluid to the tubeside for easier cleaning and maintenance.
Need a proven solution to remove surface runoff? Contech's Slotted Drain™ has over 100-years of proven in the ground performance and can remove over 50% more surface runoff than alternative inlet solutions.
Your Score 1420Not bad. Your score means youre slightly bette.docxodiliagilby
Your Score: 14/20
Not bad. Your score means you're slightly better than the average at reading expressions. And research suggests that people can improve their emotion recognition skills with practice. So keep an eye out for our forthcoming empathy training tool, designed to boost your emotional intelligence. Sign upfor our e-newsletter for updates on it.
Drilling Engineering
Class 8
1
Casing
• What is casing?
• Pipe that is API certified for its specific application
• Why is casing set?
• Zonal Isolation when cemented in place
• Casing point selection
• Regulations
• Area Geology
• Formation Pressures
• As the operator, who decides on casing points?
2
Casing
• API casing is available in standard sizes from 4-1/2” to 20” OD
• Usually steel but can be aluminum, fiberglass, stainless steel,
plastic, titanium etc.
• One piece of casing pipe is referred to as a “joint” of casing
• Casing length is dependent on the “range” of pipe
• Range-1: 18-22ft
• Range-2: 27-30ft
• Range-3: 38-45ft
• Casing Threads are defined by the coupling type
• API Threads
• LTC: Long thread coupling
• STC: Short thread coupling
• BTC: Buttress thread coupling
• Semi & Premium Threads
• See VAM Presentation
3
Casing
• Casing Components
• Casing
• Size, Weight, Grade, Threads
• 9-5/8" 53.5# P-110 LTC Rg 3
• See Casing Data Chart
• What is Drift Diameter?
• Pup Joints
• Float Collars
• Float Shoe
• Guide Shoe
• Centralizers
• Baskets
• Scratchers/Scrapers
4
Casing
• Running Casing
• Bales/Elevators
• Power Tongs
• Torque Turn
• Calculate weight and Hookload HL
• Calculate collapse, how often should you fill the pipe?
• Is the pipe taking the proper amount of fluid to fill? CSGcap
• Is the proper amount of fluid coming back to the pits as the
casing is run in the hole? CSGcap & CSGdisp
• Once casing is landed, circulated mud. Calculate B/U
5
Casing
• Centralization
• Vertical Wells
• Never truly vertical, usually spiral
• Typically use bow spring type centralizers
• There are state regulations on centralizer placement
• The shoe is very important to be centralized
• Horizontal Wells
• Balance between too many and not enough centralizers
• Many types: rigid, floating, bow spring, bladed, spiral bladed, etc.
• Centralizer design software can model the well as drilled and suggest
centralizer placement
• High dogleg areas need more frequent centralizers to obtain
sufficient standoff
6
Casing
• Stand-off
• Pipe Stand-off is a major contributor to hole cleaning, mud
removal, and cement quality.
• % 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑓𝑓 = ൗ𝑊𝑛 𝑅2−𝑅1 ∗ 100%
7
Casing
• Stand-off
• The Stand-off formula results a percentage, where 0% represents
the pipe in contact with the wellbore wall. 100% represents the
pipe is perfectly centered in the well.
• When the pipe is not centered, the wider portions will promote
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Thermoplastic Liners
1. Thermoplastic Liners
A Cost Effective Option to Reduce
Downhole Failures in Pumping Wells
Canadian Artificial Lift Conference 2018
Earl Sperling
February 28, 2018
3. • Pumping well challenges for Producers with the advent of horizontal drilling along
with pad drilling in some fields.
– How can producers increase production while reducing lifting costs ?
• Methods to control downhole corrosion and rod on tubing wear in pumping wells.
• Review of Thermoplastic Lined (TPL) Tubing.
• Show how TPL tubing can reduce the coefficient of friction (COF) and rod load in
horizontal pumping wells.
• Case economic studies showing how TPL tubing can reduce downhole failure
frequency and result in lower lifting costs.
• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
5. • In many cases lowering the bottomhole pump into the bend can
increase production.
• Consequences in lowering the pump into the bend with
conventional downhole designs.
– Added capital to rod and tubing string designs
– Increased well work-overs due to increased weight and friction:
• Rod breaks , rod overload and/or buckling
• Rod on tubing wear failures
• Corrosion failures
– Increased rod load means higher energy costs
How can producers increase production while
reducing lifting costs in Pumping Wells?
10. Controlling Downhole Rod on Tubing Wear
in Pumping Wells
• Molded Rod Guides
• Rod Rotators
• Tubing Rotators
• Tubing Anchors
• Spray Metal Rod Couplings
• Roller Rod Guides
• Continuous Rod Strings
• Coatings & Metal Surface Treatments
• Thermoplastic Liners (TPL)
14. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Bare
Poly
Lined
Pressure Drop in Lined Tubing @ 2,500 bpd
• Lined tubing ID is
approx. 0.30-inch (7.6
mm) less than bare pipe
• Even at higher velocities
and same flow rate, the
smoothness of the liner
overcomes the ID
restriction of the liner.
2 7/8 3 1/2
PSI PER 100 FT.
API Tubing Size
10 psi/100 ft. = 2.262 kPa/m
15. ¹Coupling Friction in HDPE Lined Tubing, 2009 Permian Basin AL Forum, Mike Berry, Rob Davis,
John Patterson
ConocoPhillips Rod Friction Test Summary¹ – Drag Ratio
• Plotting the drag ratios
vs. temperature yields
the relationship on the
right
• Testing funded and
supported by
ConocoPhillips
16. Coefficient of Friction of Sucker Rods in Downhole Tubing
• Rod load made up of rod weight and friction.
• The coefficient of friction (COF) times the side load is equal to the
frictional force on the sucker rod.
• Lufkin’s S-ROD² uses a bare rod COF default value of 0.2 for bare
rods.
• If molded rod guides are used then the COF increases and the S-
ROD² default value becomes 0.3.
• A reasonable conclusion is to assume that the COF of TPL tubing
(Polycore™) to bare sucker rods with couplings in oil pumping wells
is at least 35 to 45% less¹ than the bare tubing and sucker rod COF.
• Target a COF of 0.12 for TPL tubing. Dynamometer diagnostic
work with and without TPL tubing can further tighten the COF
numbers.
²Rod Pumping Deviated Wells, Lufkin Automation, Jun Xu,Ken Nolen,Dennis Shipp, Andy Cordova,Sam Gibbs
17. Beam Pump Rod Prediction Duvernay Horizontal Well (Pad Drill)
Modelling information provided by End User
Design Depth
meters
COF % of allowable
rod load
Max. side
Load lbs/rod
All molded rod
guides
3,075 0.42 147 461
*Molded and roller
rod guides
3,075 0.02 - 0.42 87 356
No rod guides 2,900 0.2 97 324
TPL Tubing, no rod
guides
2,900 0.12 85 311
• Pump stroke rate and rod type and size the same for all cases.
• Side load seen throughout the string, a pad drill.
• *Initial design was molded and roller rod guides, operability was an issue.
• Recommendation; Ultratube™ lined tubing with spray metal rod couplings.
19. Molded Rod Guides vs. TPL Tubing
• Molded Rod Guides
– Increased friction vs.
bare rods & tubing
– Increase Load on
Rods – Rods fail from
Fatigue quicker
– Compromises
Pumping Depth
– No Corrosion
Protection to Tubing
ID
– Fixed on Rods and
Wear out on Tubing
• TPL Tubing
– Decreased friction vs.
bare rods & tubing
– Decrease Load on
Rods – Rods Have
Longer Fatigue Life
– Can Pump Deeper
– Protects Tubing ID
from both Corrosion &
Wear
– Create Elastic Buffer
by Moving relative to
both Tubing ID & Rods
20. Limitations of Thermoplastic Liners (TPL)
• NOT indestructible – handling & running procedures
• Protectors on threads until make-up and after breakout of
connection
• Must select proper polymer for the well environment
• TEMPERATURE
• Horizontal and deviated wells: predicted side load
• Permeable to acid gases - PVT info.
• Any pumping well downhole failure information
• Adds slight amount of weight to tubing string
• Creates ID restriction
22. Virden Area Producer; Beam Pumping Wells
• Vertical & horizontal beam pumping wells, typical depth 950- 1050 meters
TVD, BHT 25-35 C, 2 7/8 inch tubing
o Pump set at 70 to 90 degrees off vertical in horizontal wells
• Rod on tubing wear, corrosion and rod breaks, worst wells 10 months run
life
• In June 2013, began installing Polycore™ lined tubing in problem wells
(3 ½ & 2 7/8 inch lined tubing)
o have not been back on wells since lining (only pump change-outs)
o Minimum polished rod loads lower resulting in lower potential of rod buckling
o Payout less than 10 months (less than 1 work-over)
• To date lined 110 wells, plan to line about 50 wells/yr.
23. SE SK Bakken Producer, Beam Pumping Wells
• Horizontal wells, Well depth ~ 1,500 meters TVD, build
rate15°/30m, 69°C B/H temperature.
• Lowered the B/H pump (65 to 70° off vertical) into the build
section to increase oil production.
• Running 3 ½ inch Ultratube™ lined tubing with spray metal rod
couplings in the build section to prevent rod on tubing wear.
• Rod breaks from buckling was an issue without TPL tubing.
• >50 beam pumping wells lined with Ultratube™ in the past 3 yr.
• No issues to date except one well where severe corrosion in the
middle of the sucker rod created sharp edges that cut the liner.
o The recommendation in this case would be to use 10 foot pony rods with spray metal
rod couplings in the build section to minimize contact with the rod body.
24. Ultratube™ North Dakota Bakken Beam Pumping Wells
• Depths TVD 2,440 to 3,050 M, bottomhole temperatures 100 to 138˚C.
• Corrosion and rod on tubing wear a big problem in the build section, tried
setting the pump in the horizontal; however, kept breaking pump barrels.
• Predicted side loads typically vary between 300 to 400 lb./rod; however,
some wells as high as 800 lb./rod.
• Tried a number of methods to extend tubing life.
• The most effective way to extend tubing life has been to install Ultratube™
lined tubing with connected rods and spray metal couplings.
• Liner shavings were only seen in wells with standard (mild steel similar to
continuous rods) rod couplings that corroded creating sharp edges that cut
the liner.
• Have run Ultratube™ lined tubing in over 200 North Dakota Bakken beam
pumping oil wells in the past three years.
25. • Deviated and horizontal wells, up to 250 M3/d of fluids with 95% water cut and
an average of 8% CO2 in solution gas.
• Repeat tubing failures after 7 months in this corrosive environment using molded
rod guides and corrosion inhibitor.
• Over 50 wells lined with Polycore™ in the early 2,000’s
• 2000 Report:
• Work-over cost decreased: $ 1,262/month/well
• Additional revenue of: $ 1,172/month/well
• Total average benefit of: $ 2,434/month/well
Well Lined with Polycore™ in 2002
• May 2014 tubing leak in one (1) of the wells.
• Hole in the boronized joint just above the PCP due to wear and corrosion.
• Polycore™ liner looked good after 12 years service.
• Installed Extremetube™ pup joint above the PCP.
Provost Field PCP Wells Lined with Polycore™
27. Alderson Field SE AB Area PCP Wells
• Producer purchased 200 wells in late 2014, 20 wells had been lined
with 3 ½ inch Polycore™, 15 PCP producers and 5 water injectors
• Typical depth 1,050 M TVD, BHP 4,800 kPa, BHT 30 C
• Early 1st Qtr. 2015, Producer compared non-lined to Polycore™ lined
wells in the past 3 years
• Work-over frequency, rod breaks, rod on tubing wear failures, corrosion
• Pump torque, energy savings
• Producer concluded that Polycore™ lined tubing provided significant value
• Now in wells needing work-overs, bare tubing is replaced with
Polycore™ lined Producer used 3 ½ inch tubing.
28. Grand Forks Field, SE AB, Horizontal PCP Oil Well
• First production Sept, 2014.
• Pump depth 908 meters MD, 870 meters TVD, 2 7/8 inch tubing, 1 inch
continuous rod.
• Production 240 M3/d, 96% water cut, oil 9.6 M3/d, gas 300 M3/D (3%
CO2, 2% H2S), B/H temperature 30°C.
• PCP NOV 120-1200, 242 RPM, torque 1045 ft.-lbs.
• December, 2015 work-over due to connection back-off at 350 meter
from surface, the majority of the tubing string showed severe ID
pitting corrosion.
• CFER rod program predicts maximum side load of 13 lb/ft. in the
build section. Modelled by End User.
29. Grand Forks Field, SE AB, PCP Well, Dir. Survey
Pump depth 908 meters
MD, 870 meter TVD
30. Grand Forks Field Horizontal PCP Well
Lined Tubing Energy Savings
• March, 2016, ran 334 meters of 3 ½ inch Modified Polycore™ lined blue
band used tubing in the bottom section. Recommended lining the entire
string.
• PCP NOV 120-1200, 242 RPM before and after installing lined tubing,
Production 240 M3/D
– Pump torque before lined tubing 1,045 ft-lbs (47 hp (35 kw))
– Pump torque after lined tubing 300 ft-lbs (13 hp (10 kw))
• Energy Savings assuming cost of $0.07/kwh is $15,330/yr.
• Cost of lined tubing $10,600.
• If the entire string was lined the cost would be $29,000.
• Lift costs energy savings alone is $0.75/BOE.
31. Worsley Field, NW AB, PCP Heavy Oil Wells
• Pump depth 1,050-1,192 meters MD, 1,037–1,072 meters TVD, 3 ½
inch tubing, continuous rod.
• Production, water 140-700 bbl./d (85-97% water cut), oil 24-65 bbl./d
(15.6 API), gas 0.1-325 mscfd (3-6% CO2), B/H temperature 40°C.
• PCP set at 70-75° off vertical
• Severe corrosion of tubing strings and the continuous rod, worst
wells 6 months life (85% of tubing and continuous rod replaced)
• CFER rod program predicts maximum side load of 12-17 lb/ft. (300-
425 lbs/rod if connected rod) in the build section of 2 wells. Modelled by
End User.
• Installed 3 ½ inch Polycore™ lined yellow band tubing in a number
of wells in the 1st and 2nd quarter of 2016.
33. Worsley Field, NW AB, PCP Heavy Oil Wells
Lined Tubing Inspection in Wells No. 1 & 2
• Installed 3 ½ inch Polycore™ lined yellow band tubing in March 2016
• In June 2017 after 15 months service the lined tubing was pulled to
install a larger PCP to handle more fluid.
• The lined tubing was found in excellent condition and the
continuous rod show only superficial corrosion.
• Both the lined tubing and continuous rod were run back in the hole.
34. Economic Model Worsley Field Heavy Oil Wells
• Tubing Cost per Meter (CDN) 20
• Liner Cost per Meter (CDN) 20
• Oil Price per Barrel (USD, exchange rate 1.3) 30.00
• Gas Price per MCF (USD, exchange rate 1.3) 1.5
• Start Date 15-May-2016
• Evaluation Period (Months) 60
• Tubing String Depth (Meters) 1,100
• Oil Production Rate (BBL/d) 31
• Gas Production Rate (mcf/d) trace
• Lifting Cost per Barrel ($CDN/BOE) 16.50
• Average Annual Production Decline (Percent) 10
• Previous Workover Frequency (Months) 6
• Lost Production Days per Workover 5
• Percent of Tubing String Replaced per Workover 85
• New Workover Frequency for Pumps (Months) 24
• Base Workover Cost (CDN) 60,000.00
38. Economic Model Worsley Field Heavy Oil Wells
• Economics does not include any energy consumption savings
39. Conclusions
• Thermoplastic lined tubing has proven to be the longest runtime
solution in many wells by reducing rod load and downhole failure
frequency.
• Detailed diagnostic analysis of pumping wells can greatly assist in
determining the most cost effective solution to increase production
and reducing lifting costs.
– Predictive rod load programs.
– Dynamometer diagnostic work comparing actual rod loads to predictive rod loads.
– Rod break frequency.
– Rod on tubing wear and corrosion failure frequency.
– Production losses due to downtime and/or non-optimal pumping well design
– Energy savings with reduced rod loads.