The document describes an interactive vending machine project presented by 4 students. It includes an introduction to the concept, working principle, list of components, and detailed descriptions of each component including the PIC microcontroller, stepper motor, LEDs, microphone, and load cell. It also includes sections on hardware programming code, an overview, and conclusions. The goal is to create a vending machine that allows two-way communication and is accessible for visually impaired and disabled users.
This document discusses an embedded systems presentation submitted by Amandeep Singh. It provides definitions and examples of embedded systems, noting they are designed for specific applications like industrial machines, medical equipment, and toys. It also summarizes key aspects of embedded system components like microcontrollers, addressing modes, and applications. Recent examples highlighted are devices that aid communication for the deaf, integrate weighing and dimension measuring, and allow adjustable cushioning in smart shoes.
Presentation on embedded system and roboticsArpit Upadhyay
The document is a six-week summer training presentation on embedded systems and robotics submitted to Lovely Professional University. It summarizes the training, which was conducted at HP's nodal training center in Chandigarh, India. The training covered topics including embedded systems, robotics, microcontrollers, and a course project to build a computer-controlled robot using an AVR microcontroller and motor driver.
The document provides information about Experiment No. 1 which aims to study IOT microcontrollers Arduino and Raspberry Pi. It describes the hardware components and specifications of the Arduino Uno board including the microcontroller, pins, and programming. It also discusses how to program and use the Arduino board for digital and analog input/output. The document then summarizes the generations and components of the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B microcontroller board including its processor, memory, and wireless capabilities.
embedded systems and robotics on avr platformNeha Sharma
This document discusses embedded systems and robotics using an AVR microcontroller platform. It begins with an overview of embedded systems and types. Real-time and non-real-time embedded systems are described. Examples of embedded system applications include cell phones, printers, and environmental monitoring. The ATmega16 microcontroller is then explained, including its pin diagram and features. Programming the microcontroller using Code Vision AVR is covered as well as I/O functions. The document concludes with sections on robotics laws, how an autonomous robot moves using motors and sensors, and a conclusion that electronics, mechanics, and software combine to create a robot.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller. It defines an embedded system as a combination of hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function. Examples of embedded systems include industrial controls, networking devices, office automation equipment, and medical devices. The document then describes the main components of the 8051 microcontroller, including its CPU, I/O ports, timers/counters, serial port, and memory organization. It provides details on the 8051 architecture and addressing modes. Finally, the document outlines a prototype metro train project that interfaces an 8051 microcontroller with an LCD display, buzzer, DC motors, and other components to simulate a toy train.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It lists advantages of microcontroller-based systems such as lower cost, smaller size, and higher reliability compared to microprocessor-based systems. It describes some 8051 family members and compares their features such as ROM type, RAM size, and number of timers. It also discusses important components of the 8051 like ROM, RAM, I/O ports, timers, and serial port. The document provides block diagrams of the 8051 internal architecture and pinout. It describes the functions of various pins and registers.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, evolution, architecture, registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, and timers. Specifically, it discusses that the 8051 has 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two 16-bit timers, a serial interface, and is used widely in devices like cell phones, laptops, home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
This document discusses an embedded systems presentation submitted by Amandeep Singh. It provides definitions and examples of embedded systems, noting they are designed for specific applications like industrial machines, medical equipment, and toys. It also summarizes key aspects of embedded system components like microcontrollers, addressing modes, and applications. Recent examples highlighted are devices that aid communication for the deaf, integrate weighing and dimension measuring, and allow adjustable cushioning in smart shoes.
Presentation on embedded system and roboticsArpit Upadhyay
The document is a six-week summer training presentation on embedded systems and robotics submitted to Lovely Professional University. It summarizes the training, which was conducted at HP's nodal training center in Chandigarh, India. The training covered topics including embedded systems, robotics, microcontrollers, and a course project to build a computer-controlled robot using an AVR microcontroller and motor driver.
The document provides information about Experiment No. 1 which aims to study IOT microcontrollers Arduino and Raspberry Pi. It describes the hardware components and specifications of the Arduino Uno board including the microcontroller, pins, and programming. It also discusses how to program and use the Arduino board for digital and analog input/output. The document then summarizes the generations and components of the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B microcontroller board including its processor, memory, and wireless capabilities.
embedded systems and robotics on avr platformNeha Sharma
This document discusses embedded systems and robotics using an AVR microcontroller platform. It begins with an overview of embedded systems and types. Real-time and non-real-time embedded systems are described. Examples of embedded system applications include cell phones, printers, and environmental monitoring. The ATmega16 microcontroller is then explained, including its pin diagram and features. Programming the microcontroller using Code Vision AVR is covered as well as I/O functions. The document concludes with sections on robotics laws, how an autonomous robot moves using motors and sensors, and a conclusion that electronics, mechanics, and software combine to create a robot.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller. It defines an embedded system as a combination of hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function. Examples of embedded systems include industrial controls, networking devices, office automation equipment, and medical devices. The document then describes the main components of the 8051 microcontroller, including its CPU, I/O ports, timers/counters, serial port, and memory organization. It provides details on the 8051 architecture and addressing modes. Finally, the document outlines a prototype metro train project that interfaces an 8051 microcontroller with an LCD display, buzzer, DC motors, and other components to simulate a toy train.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It lists advantages of microcontroller-based systems such as lower cost, smaller size, and higher reliability compared to microprocessor-based systems. It describes some 8051 family members and compares their features such as ROM type, RAM size, and number of timers. It also discusses important components of the 8051 like ROM, RAM, I/O ports, timers, and serial port. The document provides block diagrams of the 8051 internal architecture and pinout. It describes the functions of various pins and registers.
The document provides an overview of the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, evolution, architecture, registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, and timers. Specifically, it discusses that the 8051 has 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two 16-bit timers, a serial interface, and is used widely in devices like cell phones, laptops, home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
This document outlines a 6 week professional training program on embedded systems and robotics presented by Rajesh Kumar. It covers topics such as microcontrollers, embedded system applications, robotics concepts and laws, sensors and actuators, programming microcontrollers, and interfacing with devices like LCDs. The training includes both theoretical and practical hands-on lessons to teach embedded system and robotic design and applications.
The document discusses timers in 8051 microcontrollers. It describes the different modes timers can operate in, including 13-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit auto-reload modes. It explains the timer-related special function registers TMOD, TCON, THx and TLx. It provides steps for initializing timers, programming timers in mode 1, and calculating time delays. The document is intended to provide an understanding of how to generate time delays, measure time, and count pulses using the timers in 8051 microcontrollers.
The document provides information on the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture and key components. It discusses that the 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers, five interrupt sources, and 32 I/O lines across four ports. The block diagram shows the 8051 has an 8-bit ALU, registers, program counter, stack pointer, and interfaces to memory and I/O. Key components include the accumulator, B register, R registers, program counter, and stack/stack pointer.
This document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its basic components, block diagram, pin diagram, and ports. It describes the 8051's internal ROM, RAM, I/O ports, timers, and serial interface. It also discusses power-on reset circuits, common manufacturers of the 8051, and criteria for choosing a microcontroller. Examples of embedded systems and main modules used in system design are listed as well.
Embedded systems and robotics by scmandotascmandota
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and robotics basics. It discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers, including real-time and non-real-time embedded systems. It also describes types of microcontrollers like RISC and CISC, and features of the ATmega16 microcontroller. Programming microcontrollers and various programming tools are explained. Additional topics covered include I/O functions, LCDs, LEDs, timers, SPI, UART, motors, motor drivers, sensors and more. Applications of embedded systems like cell phones, calculators, and security systems are also listed.
The document discusses embedded systems and robotics. It begins with an agenda that includes an introduction to embedded systems, embedded system components like microprocessors and microcontrollers, sensors, characteristics of embedded systems, and applications. It then discusses robotics, including why robotics are used, types of robots, and robot applications. Software and hardware used in embedded systems are also mentioned, including simulators, languages, and compilers.
8051 microcontroller training (sahil gupta 9068557926)Sahil Gupta
The document provides information on microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses that microprocessors are the core of computer systems and are now used to control many communication, entertainment and portable devices. Microprocessors have separate RAM, ROM, I/O components whereas microcontrollers have these components integrated on a single chip. The document then discusses the basic components of a microprocessor system including the CPU, memory types, buses, timers and ports. It provides examples of common microprocessors and microcontrollers and their applications. Key selection criteria for choosing a microcontroller include meeting computing needs efficiently, availability of development tools and source reliability.
8051 microcontroller and embedded training (sahil gupta 9068557926)Sahil Gupta
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides introductions to embedded systems, their applications, and microcontrollers. Specifically, it describes the 8051 microcontroller, its architecture including RAM, ROM, timers, ports, and registers. It also discusses interfacing the 8051 with common devices like LEDs, LCDs, motors, and 7-segment displays. Finally, it proposes a metro train prototype project using an 8051 to control stepper motors for train movement and door opening/closing, with an LCD for passenger information.
The document describes the internal architecture of the 89C52 microcontroller. It has the following on-chip facilities: 4k ROM, 128 byte RAM, one USRT, 32 I/O port lines, two 16-bit timers/counters, six interrupt sources, and an on-chip clock oscillator. Other family members have variations like 8k ROM, 256 byte RAM, and an extra timer/counter. The 89C52 architecture includes ports, memory, a CPU, and peripherals that allow it to interface with external devices.
This document describes a pre-settable alarm system project implemented using an 8086 microprocessor, 8253/8254 timer, and 8255 ports. The alarm can be preset using thumbwheel switches interfaced to the 8255 ports. When the timer matches the preset value, an alarm will sound for 5 seconds. Control signals are generated using a 74LS138 decoder. The program code controls reading the thumbwheel switches, setting the timer, and generating the alarm output. Block, pin, and address diagrams are provided to explain the hardware interfacing and control.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are present in many devices such as household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. They typically use microcontrollers or microprocessors to monitor and control embedded hardware components. Key components of embedded systems include a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers/counters. Microcontrollers integrate most of these components onto a single chip, while microprocessors require external components. Embedded systems use various addressing modes and have inputs like interrupts and timers that allow them to interact with the external environment. Common applications areas of embedded systems include consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems,
The microprocessor and microcontroller have similar basic components like an ALU, registers, and timing circuits. However, microcontrollers have additional built-in components like ROM, RAM, and I/O devices. Microprocessors require more external hardware and are more flexible, while microcontrollers require less external hardware but are less flexible in design. The 8051 microcontroller architecture has features like separate program and data memory, boolean processing instructions, timers/counters, serial interface, and I/O ports that can be configured in different ways.
The document discusses the history and features of the 8051 microcontroller family. It specifically focuses on the AT89S52 microcontroller, which was introduced by Atmel in the 1980s. Key points include:
- The AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, timers, serial port, and interrupts. It is compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
- It operates from 0-33MHz and has various power saving modes. It has features like watchdog timer, dual data pointers, and ISP programming.
- The document discusses the advantages of using a microcontroller over a microprocessor for embedded applications in terms of cost, size
This document provides information about 8051 microcontrollers. It begins by defining embedded systems and their key characteristics such as being application-specific, containing dedicated processors, and having real-time constraints. It then discusses various applications of embedded systems in areas like aerospace, automotive, communication, computers, home appliances, industrial equipment, medical, office automation and personal devices. The document outlines the essential components of embedded systems and why microcontrollers are needed. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and describes the evolution of microcontrollers over time. Finally, it discusses the 8051 microcontroller architecture in detail including its memory mapping, pin descriptions and programming in C.
The document introduces microcontrollers, which are integrated circuits that contain all components of a basic computer system on a single chip. It describes the typical components of a microcontroller, including a CPU, memory, input/output peripherals, and communication interfaces. It also discusses how microcontrollers are commonly used in devices like appliances, vehicles, and industrial equipment. The document focuses on the PIC18F25K22 microcontroller, outlining its memory resources and peripherals that can be programmed through special function registers using the C programming language.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, its features, and applications. It provides details on the 8051's architecture including its CPU, memory blocks, I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication capabilities. It describes the 8051's registers including TMOD and TCON for timer control. The document also covers the 8051's memory mapping and provides many examples of how 8051 microcontrollers are used in applications like cell phones, appliances, industrial systems, and more.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, and programming. It provides an overview of the 8051 architecture, describing its registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. It also discusses how the 8051 is commonly used in applications like home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
This document describes an interactive vending machine project that uses an Arduino or PIC microcontroller. The machine uses various sensors and components like a proximity sensor, piezoelectric crystals, motor driver, LCD screen, and relay driver to provide two-way communication and make the machine more accessible for blind or visually impaired users. The machine will detect a user's presence, ask them to select an item, accept payment, dispense the product, and provide audio feedback at each step using voice logging and a speaker. The document outlines the hardware programming and lists the components required to build the interactive vending machine.
This document summarizes a project report for an interactive voice-controlled vending machine. The target is to make vending machines easier, simpler, smarter and more efficient using a completely voice-based approach with voice logger, voice module and proximity sensors to allow access for all, including the blind. It lists advantages like user-friendly interface, simple technology, wheelchair accessibility and two-way voice communication. It also includes details of the business model, dealer network, expenses, sales figures, profit/loss calculations and risk analysis. Components, team members and competitors are outlined.
This document outlines a 6 week professional training program on embedded systems and robotics presented by Rajesh Kumar. It covers topics such as microcontrollers, embedded system applications, robotics concepts and laws, sensors and actuators, programming microcontrollers, and interfacing with devices like LCDs. The training includes both theoretical and practical hands-on lessons to teach embedded system and robotic design and applications.
The document discusses timers in 8051 microcontrollers. It describes the different modes timers can operate in, including 13-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit auto-reload modes. It explains the timer-related special function registers TMOD, TCON, THx and TLx. It provides steps for initializing timers, programming timers in mode 1, and calculating time delays. The document is intended to provide an understanding of how to generate time delays, measure time, and count pulses using the timers in 8051 microcontrollers.
The document provides information on the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture and key components. It discusses that the 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of RAM, two timers, five interrupt sources, and 32 I/O lines across four ports. The block diagram shows the 8051 has an 8-bit ALU, registers, program counter, stack pointer, and interfaces to memory and I/O. Key components include the accumulator, B register, R registers, program counter, and stack/stack pointer.
This document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its basic components, block diagram, pin diagram, and ports. It describes the 8051's internal ROM, RAM, I/O ports, timers, and serial interface. It also discusses power-on reset circuits, common manufacturers of the 8051, and criteria for choosing a microcontroller. Examples of embedded systems and main modules used in system design are listed as well.
Embedded systems and robotics by scmandotascmandota
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and robotics basics. It discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers, including real-time and non-real-time embedded systems. It also describes types of microcontrollers like RISC and CISC, and features of the ATmega16 microcontroller. Programming microcontrollers and various programming tools are explained. Additional topics covered include I/O functions, LCDs, LEDs, timers, SPI, UART, motors, motor drivers, sensors and more. Applications of embedded systems like cell phones, calculators, and security systems are also listed.
The document discusses embedded systems and robotics. It begins with an agenda that includes an introduction to embedded systems, embedded system components like microprocessors and microcontrollers, sensors, characteristics of embedded systems, and applications. It then discusses robotics, including why robotics are used, types of robots, and robot applications. Software and hardware used in embedded systems are also mentioned, including simulators, languages, and compilers.
8051 microcontroller training (sahil gupta 9068557926)Sahil Gupta
The document provides information on microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses that microprocessors are the core of computer systems and are now used to control many communication, entertainment and portable devices. Microprocessors have separate RAM, ROM, I/O components whereas microcontrollers have these components integrated on a single chip. The document then discusses the basic components of a microprocessor system including the CPU, memory types, buses, timers and ports. It provides examples of common microprocessors and microcontrollers and their applications. Key selection criteria for choosing a microcontroller include meeting computing needs efficiently, availability of development tools and source reliability.
8051 microcontroller and embedded training (sahil gupta 9068557926)Sahil Gupta
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides introductions to embedded systems, their applications, and microcontrollers. Specifically, it describes the 8051 microcontroller, its architecture including RAM, ROM, timers, ports, and registers. It also discusses interfacing the 8051 with common devices like LEDs, LCDs, motors, and 7-segment displays. Finally, it proposes a metro train prototype project using an 8051 to control stepper motors for train movement and door opening/closing, with an LCD for passenger information.
The document describes the internal architecture of the 89C52 microcontroller. It has the following on-chip facilities: 4k ROM, 128 byte RAM, one USRT, 32 I/O port lines, two 16-bit timers/counters, six interrupt sources, and an on-chip clock oscillator. Other family members have variations like 8k ROM, 256 byte RAM, and an extra timer/counter. The 89C52 architecture includes ports, memory, a CPU, and peripherals that allow it to interface with external devices.
This document describes a pre-settable alarm system project implemented using an 8086 microprocessor, 8253/8254 timer, and 8255 ports. The alarm can be preset using thumbwheel switches interfaced to the 8255 ports. When the timer matches the preset value, an alarm will sound for 5 seconds. Control signals are generated using a 74LS138 decoder. The program code controls reading the thumbwheel switches, setting the timer, and generating the alarm output. Block, pin, and address diagrams are provided to explain the hardware interfacing and control.
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded systems are present in many devices such as household appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. They typically use microcontrollers or microprocessors to monitor and control embedded hardware components. Key components of embedded systems include a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and timers/counters. Microcontrollers integrate most of these components onto a single chip, while microprocessors require external components. Embedded systems use various addressing modes and have inputs like interrupts and timers that allow them to interact with the external environment. Common applications areas of embedded systems include consumer electronics, industrial automation, automotive systems,
The microprocessor and microcontroller have similar basic components like an ALU, registers, and timing circuits. However, microcontrollers have additional built-in components like ROM, RAM, and I/O devices. Microprocessors require more external hardware and are more flexible, while microcontrollers require less external hardware but are less flexible in design. The 8051 microcontroller architecture has features like separate program and data memory, boolean processing instructions, timers/counters, serial interface, and I/O ports that can be configured in different ways.
The document discusses the history and features of the 8051 microcontroller family. It specifically focuses on the AT89S52 microcontroller, which was introduced by Atmel in the 1980s. Key points include:
- The AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, timers, serial port, and interrupts. It is compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
- It operates from 0-33MHz and has various power saving modes. It has features like watchdog timer, dual data pointers, and ISP programming.
- The document discusses the advantages of using a microcontroller over a microprocessor for embedded applications in terms of cost, size
This document provides information about 8051 microcontrollers. It begins by defining embedded systems and their key characteristics such as being application-specific, containing dedicated processors, and having real-time constraints. It then discusses various applications of embedded systems in areas like aerospace, automotive, communication, computers, home appliances, industrial equipment, medical, office automation and personal devices. The document outlines the essential components of embedded systems and why microcontrollers are needed. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and describes the evolution of microcontrollers over time. Finally, it discusses the 8051 microcontroller architecture in detail including its memory mapping, pin descriptions and programming in C.
The document introduces microcontrollers, which are integrated circuits that contain all components of a basic computer system on a single chip. It describes the typical components of a microcontroller, including a CPU, memory, input/output peripherals, and communication interfaces. It also discusses how microcontrollers are commonly used in devices like appliances, vehicles, and industrial equipment. The document focuses on the PIC18F25K22 microcontroller, outlining its memory resources and peripherals that can be programmed through special function registers using the C programming language.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, its features, and applications. It provides details on the 8051's architecture including its CPU, memory blocks, I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication capabilities. It describes the 8051's registers including TMOD and TCON for timer control. The document also covers the 8051's memory mapping and provides many examples of how 8051 microcontrollers are used in applications like cell phones, appliances, industrial systems, and more.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, and programming. It provides an overview of the 8051 architecture, describing its registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. It also discusses how the 8051 is commonly used in applications like home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
This document describes an interactive vending machine project that uses an Arduino or PIC microcontroller. The machine uses various sensors and components like a proximity sensor, piezoelectric crystals, motor driver, LCD screen, and relay driver to provide two-way communication and make the machine more accessible for blind or visually impaired users. The machine will detect a user's presence, ask them to select an item, accept payment, dispense the product, and provide audio feedback at each step using voice logging and a speaker. The document outlines the hardware programming and lists the components required to build the interactive vending machine.
This document summarizes a project report for an interactive voice-controlled vending machine. The target is to make vending machines easier, simpler, smarter and more efficient using a completely voice-based approach with voice logger, voice module and proximity sensors to allow access for all, including the blind. It lists advantages like user-friendly interface, simple technology, wheelchair accessibility and two-way voice communication. It also includes details of the business model, dealer network, expenses, sales figures, profit/loss calculations and risk analysis. Components, team members and competitors are outlined.
The document illustrates different types of pressure vessels including a horizontal drum on saddle supports, a vertical vessel with leg support, a vertical vessel with lug support, a column, and a reactor. Each illustration shows the main components of the vessel including the shell, heads, supports, nozzles, and internal structures like catalyst beds.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT EMBEDDED SYSTEM.pptxMeghdeepSingh
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing memory, input/output circuitry, and other components to function without additional support. The document describes the features and components of a typical microcontroller, including registers, instruction sets, addressing modes, and peripherals. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and provides examples of using LEDs and 7-segment displays with microcontrollers.
This document is a project report submitted by students of Central Polytechnic College for their diploma in electronics and communication engineering. It details the development of a computer vision system to assist visually impaired people. The system uses a camera to detect and identify objects and people, and an audio playback IC to audibly describe the detections to the user. It has a PIC microcontroller at its core, and includes other components like an LCD, power supply, and serial communication chips. The report includes sections on the system design with block diagrams, detailed descriptions of each hardware component, and the software used to program the microcontroller. The aim of the project is to help blind or visually impaired people navigate and identify objects independently without assistance.
1) The document describes an internship report submitted by Daman Singh Walia for an embedded systems training program using PIC microcontrollers.
2) The training covered architecture, memory organization, interrupts, and timers of PIC microcontrollers. The intern interfaced hardware including LEDs, switches, LCDs, and Bluetooth modules with PIC microcontrollers.
3) The document provides information on embedded systems, PIC16F877A microcontroller features, and how to interface common hardware components like LEDs, switches, and LCDs with PIC microcontrollers.
Implementation of an Improved Microcontroller Based Moving Message Display Sy...IOSR Journals
This document describes the implementation of an improved microcontroller-based moving message display system using a PIC16F648A microcontroller and a 49x8 LED dot matrix display. The microcontroller is programmed in assembly language to control the LED dot matrix and decade counters in a sequential manner to display a scrolling 23 character message. A limiting resistor is used for each output line from the microcontroller to the LEDs. The dynamic display scheme employed helps improve display brightness and reduce energy consumption by only lighting LEDs when being addressed rather than continuously.
This document describes the implementation of a microcontroller-based moving message display system using LEDs. A PIC16F648A microcontroller is programmed in assembly language to control a 49x8 LED dot matrix display and sequentially light the LEDs to display a 23 character message. Decade counters are used along with the microcontroller to produce the shifting action of the message. The circuit diagram and working principle are explained, including details of the microcontroller, power supply design, and component sizing calculations. The dynamic display scheme employed helps improve display brightness and reduce energy consumption.
Implementation of an Improved Microcontroller Based Moving Message Display Sy...IOSR Journals
This document describes the implementation of a microcontroller-based moving message display system using LEDs. A PIC16F648A microcontroller is programmed in assembly language to control a 49x8 LED dot matrix display and sequentially light the LEDs to display a 23 character message in a moving fashion. Decade counters are used along with the microcontroller to produce the shifting action of the characters. The dynamic display scheme employed helps improve display brightness and reduce energy consumption. Key components of the system include the microcontroller, counting unit with decade counters, LED display unit, and a power supply. PCB layout and programming of the microcontroller are discussed.
Implementation of an Improved Microcontroller Based Moving Message Display Sy...IOSR Journals
This document describes the implementation of a microcontroller-based moving message display system using LEDs. A PIC16F648A microcontroller is programmed in assembly language to control a 49x8 LED dot matrix display and sequentially light the LEDs to display a 23 character message. Decade counters are used along with the microcontroller to produce the shifting action of the message. The circuit diagram and working principle are explained, including details of the microcontroller, power supply design, and component sizing calculations. The dynamic display scheme employed helps improve display brightness and reduce energy consumption.
Implementation of an Improved Microcontroller Based Moving Message Display Sy...IOSR Journals
This document describes the implementation of a microcontroller-based moving message display system using LEDs. A PIC16F648A microcontroller is programmed in assembly language to control a 49x8 LED dot matrix display and sequentially light the LEDs to display a 23 character message. Decade counters are used along with the microcontroller to produce the shifting action of the message. The circuit diagram and working principle are explained, including details of the microcontroller, power supply design, and sizing calculations for the transformer and filter capacitor. The dynamic display scheme employed helps improve display brightness and reduce energy consumption.
Micro Controller 8051 of Speedo Meter using KEIL CodeSunil Kumar R
The document discusses interfacing a stepper motor to a microcontroller. It explains that a unipolar stepper motor has two phases that need to be energized sequentially to rotate the motor. The common wires of the stepper motor are connected to Vcc, while the end points of each phase receive control signals from the microcontroller outputs. The code sample shows initializing ports and peripherals, then entering a loop to read the sensor input and control a relay output to demonstrate using the sensor and relay with the microcontroller. It increments a counter variable each time the sensor is triggered and displays the count on the LCD.
This document describes a project to develop a low-cost Braille output device for visually impaired individuals to access text from a computer. The device uses a microcontroller and servo motors to convert English text to Braille characters. Flex sensors are used for gesture input control and interaction between components is enabled by a GSM module. The goal is to create an affordable device that provides accessibility while keeping up with technological advances.
This document provides details on designing an RFID reader based attendance system using a microcontroller. It includes the objectives, components, pin layout, block diagram and description of the project. The key components are an RFID reader, microcontroller, LCD, switches and 24C02 flash memory. The microcontroller interfaces with the RFID reader and LCD to read RFID tags and display attendance records on the LCD. It also includes explanations of microcontrollers, the 8051 microcontroller architecture, and provides an example of using a microcontroller to automatically turn a light on and off every 30 seconds.
Ijeee 33-36-surveillance system for coal mines based on wireless sensor networkKumar Goud
Abstract: The foremost critical task for coal mine is of keeping track of miners spread out across a large mining areas .It becomes even difficult when mine tunnels collapse. Many mines use a radio system to track miners, but when a collapse occurs, the base stations connected by a thin wire often are rendered useless. In this project to overcome the demerits of radio system we used wireless technology for tracking the miners. For this purpose a small RF transmitter module is equipped to each person entering a mine. Each transceiver placed in the mine look after the location of miners. The transceivers communicate with base stations through Zigbee module. In addition of tracking the location of miners we also include sensors such as temperature & humidity to intimate the base station & miners when some atmosphere changes occur. Mine operators are now able to monitor the real-time locations of each miner to better pinpoint their locations in the event of an emergency. Even after a full-day of use, mine operators can locate an individual miner within ten feet.
Key Words: Wireless sensor networks (WSN), ZIGBEE, and LPC2148.
Navigation of Robot Vehicle using RF with Landmine DetectionVeena Rani
This document describes the design of a navigation system for a robot that uses RF signals to control the robot and detect landmines. It includes a block diagram of the system that has transmitter and receiver sections. The receiver section on the robot contains components like a microcontroller, LCD display, motors, landmine detector, and other sensors. The transmitter section is used to control the robot remotely. The document provides details of the various hardware components used and how the system works to navigate the robot while detecting landmines using RF signals and sensors.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides information on what embedded systems are, examples of where they are used, components of embedded systems like microprocessors and microcontrollers, differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller and its applications in embedded systems. It also discusses addressing modes, timers, interrupts and embedded operating systems.
This document discusses the components and design of a prepaid energy meter system. It uses an AT89S52 microcontroller to count pulses from an optocoupler, display information on an LCD, and control a relay. An AT24C02 EEPROM stores recharge units and energy consumption data. The system loads when a recharge card is inserted and shuts off loads when units reach zero, requiring recharge. It provides a low-cost way to remotely control energy usage through prepaid recharging.
AN INTEGRATED FOUR-PORT DC-DC CONVERTER-CEI0080Vivek Venugopal
This document proposes a novel four-port DC/DC converter topology for renewable energy applications. The proposed topology adds two switches and two diodes to a traditional half-bridge topology to interface two power sources, one bidirectional storage port, and one isolated load port. Zero-voltage switching is achieved for all four main switches. Three ports can be tightly regulated through independent duty cycles while the fourth is unregulated to maintain power balance. Experimental results confirm independent control over three processing paths with low component count and losses.
Interfacing Of PIC 18F252 Microcontroller with Real Time Clock via I2C ProtocolIJERA Editor
This document describes the design and implementation of a digital clock using a PIC18F252 microcontroller and DS1307 real-time clock (RTC) IC. The microcontroller communicates with the RTC over I2C to retrieve the current time. The time is displayed on a 16x2 LCD. The system provides accurate timekeeping even during power outages by using a battery backup for the RTC. Programming is done in C using MPLAB and Proteus is used for simulation. The clock's operation and programming details are explained. Potential applications include data logging devices that need to timestamp events.
Arm cortex (lpc 2148) based motor speedUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC and AC motor using an
ARM7 LPC2148 processor. The speed of motor is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then
speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of
the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulses applied to it, popularly known as
PWM control. The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are
used to control the speed of motor. Pulse Width Modulation is generated at the output
by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C.
The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor
will change depending on the duty cycle, ON and OFF time of the pulses, so the speed
of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the ARM7 LPC2148
processor board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed
control. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such
as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
This document describes a project to control the speed of a robot using pulse width modulation (PWM). Rushil Goyal and Siddharth Agarwal developed a robot that can be controlled wirelessly to move forward, backward, left, and right at different speeds set by transmitting a PWM signal over UART. They used an Atmega16 microcontroller, L293D motor drivers, switches, LEDs, and a LCD display. The program code for controlling the robot with PWM is included. The document also provides background information on robots, including classifications, components like manipulators and control systems, and applications of sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence in robotics.
Microcontroller based Ultrasonic Radar (Microprocessors and Embedded Systems ...Tawsif Rahman Chowdhury
This document describes a microcontroller-based ultrasonic radar project. The system uses an ATmega328P microcontroller connected to ultrasonic sensors mounted on a servo motor to monitor and detect unauthorized objects in a limited area. When an object is detected, the sensors measure the distance and angle and send the data to an LCD screen and authorities via alerts. The system aims to provide 24/7 monitoring of areas in a low-cost way compared to using human labor alone. It discusses the components used, including the microcontroller, sensors, servo motor, and provides sample output of the monitoring system.
Similar to New Microsoft Office Word Document (20)
Microcontroller based Ultrasonic Radar (Microprocessors and Embedded Systems ...
New Microsoft Office Word Document
1. pg. 1
In t er a c t iv e Ven d in g m a c h in e
Presented by:
D eb a h u t i Bh a t t a c h a r y a (ec /11/27)
Ah a n a d a s (ec /11/0 4)
An k it a sen (Ec /11/12)
An im esh m a n n a (ec /11/0 7)
2. pg. 2
CONTENTS:
1 INTRODUCTION (Pg. 3)
2 WORKING PRINCIPLE (Pg. 4 - 5)
3 COMPONENT LIST (Pg. 6)
4 DETAILS OF EACH AND EVERY PART WITH ITS EXPLANATION (Pg. 7 - 23)
5 SPECIAL MENTION OF FREEDUINO DATASHEET AND ALL ITS PARAMETERS (Pg. 23 - 25)
6 PIN CONFIGURATIONS (Pg. 26 - 27)
7 PIN DESCRIPTIONS (Pg. 28 - 30)
8 HARDWARE PROGRAMMING CODE (Pg. 31)
9 OVERVIEW (Pg. 32 - 39)
10 CONCLUSION (Pg. 39)
11 ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Pg. 40)
12 REFERENCES (Pg. 41)
3. pg. 3
INTRODUCTION:
The VENDING MACHINE,which disposes product like chocolate, soft
drinks, chips etc, is not a new topic.
Assemblingof all the parts to it is a complex process. Here we are trying to
make the machine more user friendly. Such that, blind people or visually
impaired persons will be able to operate the machine without others help
as well as operating this machine would be easy for common people too.
So here comes the concept of INTERACTIVEVENDINGMACHINE.
Where, every step of purchasing the product from vending machine will be
easier, communicative and technicallyinteresting.
It can be visualized as following:
Initially the machine is sleep mode, when a person stands in front of the
machine the machine starts to function. It asks for the required product,
then, it gets a user input. Machine functions as per the input then the
operations of coin collector and dispenser starts. The functionality stops
with the collecting the product by the customer. This part will be
discussed in the working principle section.
In order to do so, we have prepared a proximity sensor.
For the both way communication the voice logger is to be used.
Other components such as, piezoelectriccrystal, relay motor, load cell etc.
are to be interfaced with a microcontroller FreeduinoorArduino.
In our project, the full functionality of FREEDUINO has been checked and
with the help of LED, and hardware program ithas been used for detection
of any object coming in the zone of periphery.
4. pg. 4
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
We wanted to design the Interactive Vending Machine in such
a way, so that it will be convenient to each and every body. Apartfrom
that, keeping the cost estimation in mind and other factors under
consideration, here it is challengingto all of us.
Let us assume that the person has alreadyreached the base area
and he’s standing upon the position. The PiezzoElectricCrystals will then
be relaxed. An automaticHIGH voltage will be given as an impulse. Now,
the speaker will be ON. It will come up with all the details. The messages
and responses will be taking place via speaker and microphone
respectively. The conversation will be like this:
(MACHINE): Welcome! I have chocolates with price 5/- & 10/-.Coins are acceptable only.
You can get as manynumbersof chocolatesyou want, by sending the same amt of coin for those many
number of times.
“REPEATION OF THE SAME IN HINDI & BENGALI”
(MAN): Two 10/- ………..
~~~ COINS ARE TRANSACTED WITHIN A TIME INTIMATION OF 10 SECS OTHERWISE THE REQUEST
WONT BE GRANTED ~~~
5. pg. 5
Coins will be taken through coin collector, a container provided with a
nick/ groove. The box is attached with an electro mechanical drive. There
is a program running behind.The software and hardware partis
compounded.
The timing is alsoinstanced through a series of flip flop (with
clock) connected in series. When the timing pulse is generated HIGH, then
the response will be activated through product dispenser. It is in the form
of a tray, just similarto a drawer. When the motor rotates once then only
one chocolate will be disposed. If it is rotated twice, then accordinglytwo
and so on.
~~~ ALL THE ANSWERS WILL NOT ONLY BE SPEAKED RATHER BUZZER WILL ALSO BE SOUNDED IN
ORDER TO ALLERT THE CUSTOMER ~~~
The Interactive vending machine is not only accessible to the normal
persons but to the blind atthe same time by providing the Braille Buttons,
and to the physically challengedones too. Since the chair is at the average
person’s height along with the suitable wheel chair level. All these ideas
were one step towards the innovation. But due to limited time and lack of
application of all implemented technology intoa common platform we are
keeping those further technicalities for the next ones as future scope.
6. pg. 6
Now a briefdescription of each and every component is given below.
COMPONENT LIST:
PIC Microcontroller (PIC16f877A)
or
FREEDUINO or ARDUINO
Stepper Motor (5 volt)
Piezoelectric Cristal
Power supply (230 volt)
LED (LightEmitting Diode)
Microphone
Loud Speaker
Voice logger
Load Cell
Step Down Transformer (230-18volt)
Motor Driver (L293D)
Proximity Sensor
LCD Screen (Liquid Crystal Display)
Relay Driver(ULN2803APG)
7. pg. 7
DESCRIPTION:
All the components those are to be used are described here:
PIC MICROCONTROLLER:
PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by
MicrochipTechnology, derived from the PIC 1650 originally developed by
General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially
referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller", but now it is "PIC" only. The
first parts of the family were available in 1976;by 2013 the company had
shipped more than twelve billion individual parts, used in a wide variety
of embedded systems. Early models ofPIC had read-only memory (ROM)
or field-programmable EPROM for program storage, some with provision
for erasing memory. Later models used flash memory for program storage,
and some types have program-writeable non-volatile memory. Program
memory and data memory are separated. Data memory is 8 or (later
models)16 bits wide, and most models can only access on-chip data
memory. Program instructions varyin length by family of PIC, and may be
12, 14,16, or 24 bits long. The instruction set alsovaries by model, with
more powerful chips adding instructions for digital signalprocessing
functions. The hardware capabilities ofthe PIC range vary from 8-pin parts
with only a few I/O pins and on-chip clock oscillators up to multiple pin
surface mount packages with many discrete input/output bits, analog
inputs and outputs, and communications ports. Low-power and high-
speed variations existfor many types. The manufacturer supplies both
assemblers and a C compiler for most models. Third party and some open-
source tools are also made. Some parts have in-circuitprogramming
capability; low-costdevelopmentprogrammers are available as well has
8. pg. 8
high-production programmers. PICs are popular with both industrial
developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability,
large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability oflow
cost or free developmenttools, and serial programming(and re-
programming with flash memory)capability.
The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple
attributes:
Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).
A small number of fixed-length instructions
Most instructions aresingle-cycle (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit
models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips
One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as sourceoperand) is implied (i.e.
is not encoded in the op-code)
All RAM locations function as registers as both sourceand/or destination of
math and other functions
A hardwarestack for storing return addresses
A small amount of addressabledata space (32, 128, or 256 bytes,
depending on the family), extended through banking
Data-spacemapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers
ALU status flags are mapped into the data space
The programcounter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this
is used to implement indirect jumps).
9. pg. 9
The popular 16F877A that we have used:
The 16F877A is one of the most popular PIC microcontrollers and it's
easy to see why - it comes in a 40 pin DIP pin-out and it has many
internal peripherals. The only disadvantage thatyou could level at it is
that it does not have an internal clock source like most of the other more
modern PIC's. There is an alternativepart16F887/A thathas nearly the
same functionality as the 16F887Abutalso includes an internal clock
like the 16F88 and 18F4550 plus it has nano-watttechnology.
STEPPER MOTOR:
It is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses into
discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor
rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are
applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct
relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the applied
pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed
of the motor shafts rotation is directly related tothe frequency of the input
pulses and the length of rotation is directly relatedto the number of input
pulses applied. One of the most significantadvantages of a stepper motor
10. pg. 10
is its ability tobe accurately controlled in an open loop system. Open loop
control means no feedback information aboutposition is needed. This type
of control eliminates the need for expensive sensing and feedback devices
such as optical encoders. Your position is known simply by keeping track
of the input step pulses.
Features:
The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
The motor has full torque at standstill(ifthe windings are energized)
Precise positioning and repeatabilityof movementsince good stepper
motors have an accuracy of – 5% of a step and this error is non
cumulative from one step to the next.
Excellentresponse to starting/stopping/reversing.
Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependanton the life of the
bearing.
The motors response to digitalinput pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control.
It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a
load that is directly coupled to the shaft.
A wide range of rotational speeds can be realizedas the speed is
proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.
Stepper motor Parameters:
Model : 28BYJ-48
Rated voltage : 5VDC
Number of Phase : 4
11. pg. 11
Speed Variation Ratio : 1/64
Stride Angle : 5.625°/64
Frequency : 100Hz
DC resistance : 50Ω±7%(25℃)
Idle In-traction Frequency : > 600Hz
Idle Out-traction Frequency : > 1000Hz
In-traction Torque >34.3mN.m(120Hz)
Self-positioning Torque >34.3mN.m
Friction torque : 600-1200 gf.cm
Pull in torque : 300 gf.cm
Insulated resistance >10MΩ(500V)
Insulated electricity power :600VAC/1mA/1s
Insulation grade :A
Rise in Temperature <40K(120Hz)
Noise <35dB(120Hz,Noload,10cm)
The bipolar stepper motor
usually has four wires
coming out of it. Unlike
uni polar steppers, bipolar
steppers have no common
center connection. They
Stepper Motor
12. pg. 12
have two independentsets of coils instead. You can distinguish them from
uni polar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires.). The
ULN2003Acontains seven Darlington transistordrivers and is somewhat
like having seven TIP120 transistors all in one package. The ULN2003A can
pass up to 500 mA per channel and has an internal voltage dropof about
1V when on. It alsocontains internal clampdiodes to dissipate voltage
spikes when driving inductive loads.Tocontrol the stepper, apply voltage
to each of the coils in a specific sequence.
LED:
1. Record indication: D1 (RED)
flashes 3 times within the
600ms, then off for400ms,and
then flashes quickly for 4 times
within 600ms. Now the
recording indication is over.
2. Begin to speak: D1 (RED)is
off for 400ms, and then is on.
Voice during the time while D1
(RED)is on will be recorded by
this module.
3. Recording a voice instruction successfully for the first time: D1 (RED)
off, D2 (ORANGE)on for 300ms.
4. Recording a voice instruction successfully for the first time: D1 (RED)
off, D2 (ORANGE)on for 700ms.
5. Recording failure: D2 (ORANGE)flashes 4 times within the 600ms. In
cases that voice instructions detected twice don’t match, or the sound is too
large, or there is no sound, recording will fail.You need to start over the
recording process for that instruction.
Waiting mode:
13. pg. 13
In waiting mode, D2 (ORANGE)is off, and D1 (RED) is on for 80ms every
other 200ms, fastflashing. In this mode, it doesn’t recognize voice
command, only waiting for serial commands.
Recognition stage:
In identification stage, D2 (ORANGE)is off, and D1 (RED)is on for 100ms
every other 1500ms,slow flashing. In this stage, this module is processing
received voice signal, and ifmatching, itwill send the result immediately
via serial port.
Recording :
Before using it, we have train it by recording voice instructions. Each voice
instruction has the maximum length of 1300ms,which ensures that most
words can be recorded. Once you startrecording, youcan’t stop the
recording process until you finish all the 5 voice instructions recording of
one group. Also, once you start recording, the previous voice instructions
in that group will be erased. In training state, this module doesn’t reply to
any other serial commands.
LED will flash to indicate state. Please refer to the LED part.
MICROPHONE:
A microphone, colloquially mice or mike (/ˈmark/), [1]is an acoustic-to-
electrictransducer or sensor that converts sound
in air into an electrical signal.Microphones are
used in many applications such as telephones,
hearing aids, publicaddress systems for concert
halls and public events, motion picture
production, live and recorded audioengineering,
two-way radios, megaphones, radioand television
broadcasting, and in computers for recording
voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-
acoustic purposes such as ultrasonicchecking.
14. pg. 14
Most microphones today use electromagneticinduction
(dynamicmicrophones), capacitance change (condenser microphones)or
piezoelectricity (piezoelectricmicrophones)to produce an electrical signal
from air pressure variations. Microphones typicallyneed to be connected to
a preamplifierbefore the signal can be amplifiedwith an audiopower
amplifier or recorded.
1FEATURESDESCRIPTION:
• 500-mA-RatedCollectorCurrent The ULN2803A device is a high-
voltage, high-current
(Single Output) Darlington transistor array. The device consists of
eightnpn Darlington pairs thatfeature high-voltage
• High-VoltageOutputs: 50 V outputs
with common-cathode clamp diodes.
• OutputClamp Diodes switching inductive loads.
• Inputs CompatibleWith Various of each Darlington pair is 500 mA.
Typesof Logicpairs may be connected in parallelfor higher current
capability.
• Relay-DriverApplications
• Compatible with ULN2800A Series Applications include relaydrivers,
hammer drivers, lampdrivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge),
line drivers, and logicbuffers.
LOAD CELL:
15. pg. 15
A load cell is
a transducer that is
used to create an
electrical signal whose
magnitude is directly
proportional to the
force being
measured. The various types of load cells include hydraulicload cells,
pneumatic load cells and strain gauge load cells.
Here we have used a Piezo-electric load cell:
Piezoelectricload cells work on the same principle of
deformation as the strain gauge load cells, but a voltage output is
generated by the basicpiezoelectricmaterial - proportional to the
deformation of load cell. Useful for dynamic/frequentmeasurements of
force. Most applications for piezo-based load cells are in the dynamic
loading conditions, where strain gauge load cells can fail with high
dynamicloadingcycles.
The load or force cell takes many forms to accommodate the
variety of uses throughout research and industrialapplications. The
majority of recent designs use strain gauges as the sensing element,
whether foil or semiconductor. Foil gauges offer the largestchoice of
differenttypes and in consequence tend to be the most used in load cell
designs. Strain gauge patterns offer measurementof tension, compression
and shear forces. Semiconductor strain gauges come in a smaller range of
patterns but offer the advantages of being extremely smalland have large
gauge factors, resulting in much larger outputs for the same given stress.
Due to these properties, they tend to be used for the
miniature load cell designs. Rings are used for load measurement, using a
calibratedmetal ring,the movementof which is measured with a precision
displacementtransducer. A vastnumber of load cell types have developed
over the years,the firstdesigns simply using a strain gauge to measure the
16. pg. 16
directstress which is introduced into a metal elementwhen it is subjected
to a tensile or compressive force. A bending beam type design uses strain
gauges to monitor the stress in the sensing element when subjected to a
bending force.
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:
It is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary
voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary windingto
the secondary winding. This kind oftransformer “steps down” the voltage
applied to it.
As a step-down unit, the
transformer converts high-voltage,
low-currentpower into low-voltage,
high-currentpower. The larger-gauge
wire used in the secondary windingis
necessary due to the increase in
current. The primary winding,which
doesn’t have to conduct as much
current, may be made of smaller-gauge
wire.
THE TRANSFORMER THAT IUSED IN THE PROJECT
Model: GPC-1005
230V primary to110V secondary
Power Rating: 300VA
o It steps down from 230-18volt.The 18v is dividedinto2 parts:
12v and 5v.
o 12v is given to the motor via the transistors. 5v supplied to MC.
17. pg. 17
MOTOR DRIVER:
It is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some
predeterminedmanner the performance of an electric motor.
A motor controller mightinclude a manual or automaticmeans
for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation,
selecting and regulating the speed, regulatingor limiting the torque, and
protecting againstoverloads and faults.
Stepper motor drivers:
A stepper, or stepping, motor is a synchronous, brushless, high
pole count, poly phase motor. Control is usually, but not exclusively, done
open loop, i.e. the rotor position is assumed to follow a controlled rotating
field. Because of this, precise positioning with steppers is simpler and
cheaper than closed loop controls.
Modern stepper controllers drive the motor with much higher
voltages than the motor nameplate rated voltage, and limitcurrentthrough
chopping. The usual setup is to have a positioning controller, known as an
indexer, sending step and direction pulses to a separate higher voltage drive
circuit which is responsible for commutation and current limiting.
ProximitySensor:
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of
nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often
emits an electromagneticfield or a beam of electromagneticradiation
18. pg. 18
(infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.
The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target.
Differentproximity sensor targets demand differentsensors. For example,
a capacitive or photoelectric sensor mightbe suitable for a plastictarget; an
inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target. The maximum
distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some
sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to reporta
graduated detection distance. Proximitysensors can have a high reliability
and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack
of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors
are commonly used on smartphones to detect (and skip) accidental touch
screen taps when held to the ear during a call.[1]They are also used in
machine vibration monitoring tomeasure the variation in distance between
a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines,
compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60947-5-2defines the technical details
of proximity sensors.
LCD:
A liquid-
crystal display (LCD)is
a flat panel display,
electronic visual
display, or video
display thatuses the
lightmodulating
properties of liquid
crystals. Liquidcrystals
do not emit light
directly. LCDs are
available to display
Proximity Sensors.
19. pg. 19
arbitraryimages (as in a general-purpose
computer display)or fixed images which can be
displayedor hidden, such as preset words, digits,
and 7-segmentdisplays as in a digitalclock.
They use the same basictechnology, except that
arbitraryimages are made up of a large number of
small pixels, while other displays have larger
elements.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications
including computer monitors, televisions,
instrumentpanels, aircraftcockpit displays, and
signage.
They are common in consumer devices such as
DVD players, gamingdevices, clocks, watches,
calculators, and telephones, and have replaced
cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most
applications. They are available in a wider range
of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays,and
since they do not use phosphors, they do not
suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however,
susceptible to image persistence.
The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can
be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low
electrical power consumption enables itto be used
in battery-poweredelectronicequipment.
It is an electronicallymodulated optical device
made up of any number of segments filled with
liquid crystals and arrayedin front of a light
source (backlight)or reflector to produce images
in color or monochrome.
Liquid crystals were firstdiscovered in 1888.[2]By
2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens
Seven segment LCD:
LCD :
The pin diagram:
Visual:
20. pg. 20
exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for
most purposes.
RELAY DRIVER(ULN2803APG):
A relay is an electro-magneticswitch which is useful if you want
to use a low voltage circuitto switch on and off a lightbulb (or anything
else) connected to the 220v main supply. The current needed to operate the
relay coil is more than can be supplied by
most chips (op. amps etc), so a transistor is
usually needed.
Relay Driverwith Flip-Flop
In many situations in which
you use a relay, you will alsoneed a bi-
stable flip flop. One useful integrated
circuit flip-flop is the 4013. (This IC actually
contains two flip-flops.) With the connections as shown in the circuit
below, when the voltage on pin 3 changes (rapidly)from 0v to the positive
supply voltage, the flip-flop changes state (it “flips”). The next time the
same thing happens, the flip-flop changes back to its originalstate again (it
“flops”).
ULN2803APG:
The ULN2803APG series are high−voltage, high−current
Darlington drivers comprised of eightNPN Darlington pairs.
All units feature integral clampdiodes for switching inductive
loads.
Applications include relay, hammer, lampand display(LED)drivers.
21. pg. 21
Features:
Output current (single output) 500 mA (max)
• High sustaining voltage output 50 V (min)
• Output clamp diodes
• Inputs compatible with various types of logic.
• Package Type−APG : DIP−18pin.
Piezoelectric sensors:
A piezoelectricsensor is a device
that uses the piezoelectric effect, to
measure changes in pressure, acceleration,
temperature, strain, or force by converting
them to an electrical charge. The
prefix piezo -is Greek for 'press' or
'squeeze'.
Piezoelectricsensors are versatile
tools for the measurementof various processes. They are used for quality
assurance, process control, and for research and developmentin many
industries. Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectriceffect in 1880, butonly
in the 1950s did manufacturers begin touse the piezoelectriceffect in
industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has
been increasinglyused, and has become a mature technology with
excellentinherentreliability.
It has been successfully used in various applications, such as
in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a tiltsensor in
consumer electronicsor a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile
phones. In the automotive industry, piezoelectricelements are used to
monitor combustion when developing internalcombustion engines.
22. pg. 22
The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the
cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built-in miniature
piezoelectricsensor.
One disadvantage of piezoelectricsensors is that they cannot be used for
truly static measurements.
Sensor Design:
Based on piezoelectrictechnology various physical quantities can be
measured; the most common are pressure and acceleration. For pressure
sensors, a thin membrane and a massive base is used, ensuring thatan
applied pressure specifically loads the elements in one direction. For
accelerometers, a seismicmass is attached to the crystal elements. When
the accelerometer experiences a motion, the invariantseismicmass loads
the elements according to Newton's second law of motion F=m a.
The main difference in working principle between these two cases
is the way they apply forces to the sensing elements. In a pressure sensor, a
thin membrane transfersthe force to the elements, while in accelerometers
an attached seismicmass applies the forces.
Sensors often tend to be sensitive to more than one physical
quantity. Pressure sensors show false signal when they are exposed to
vibrations.Sophisticated pressure sensors therefore use acceleration
compensation elements in addition to the pressure sensing elements.
23. pg. 23
By carefully matching those elements, the acceleration signal (released
from the compensation element) is subtracted from the combined signal of
pressure and acceleration to derive the true pressure information.
Vibration sensors can also harvestotherwise wasted energy from
mechanical vibrations.This is accomplished by using piezoelectric
materials to convert mechanical strain intousable electrical energy.
Now, let us explain the freeduinodata sheet.
FREEDUINO DATASHEET
ATMEGA 328P 8-BIT
MICROCONTROLLER WITH 32-K
BYTES IN SYSTEM
PROGRAMMABLE FLASH
24. pg. 24
DATASHEET
Features:
o High Performance, Microcontroller Family
o Advanced RISCArchitecture
o 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
o 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
o Fully StaticOperation
o Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz
o On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
o High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
o 4/8/16/32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program
memory
o 256/512/512/1KBytes EEPROM
o 512/1K/1K/2KBytes Internal SRAM
o Write/EraseCycles: 10,000Flash/100,000 EEPROM
o Data retention: 20 years at 85 C/100years at25 C
o Optional Boot Code Section with IndependentLock Bits
o In-System Programmingby On-chipBoot Program
o True Read-While-Write Operation
o ProgrammingLock for Software Security
o Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels
o QTouch and QMatrix®acquisition
o Up to 64 sense channels
o Peripheral Features
o Two 8-bitTimer/Counters with Separate Prescalerand Compare mode
o One 16-bitTimer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode,
and
o Capture Mode
o Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
25. pg. 25
o Six PWM Channels
o 8-channel 10-bitADCin TQFP
and QFN/MLF package
o Temperature Measurement
o 6-channel 10-bitADCin PDIP
Package
o Temperature Measurement
o Programmable Serial USART
o Master/Slave SPI Serial
Interface
o Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial
Interface (Philips I2C
compatible)
o Programmable Watchdog Timerwith Separate On-chipOscillator
o On-chip Analog Comparator
o Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
o Special Microcontroller Features
o Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-outDetection
o Internal CalibratedOscillator
o External and Internal InterruptSources
o Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-
down, Standby, and Extended Standby
o I/O and Packages
o 23 Programmable I/O Lines
o 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLFand 32-pad QFN/MLF
o Operating Voltage:
o 1.8 - 5.5V
o Temperature Range:
o -40 Cto 85 C
o Speed Grade:
o 0 - 4MHz@1.8 -5.5V, 0 - 10MHz@2.7-5.5.V, 0 - 20MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
o Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25 C
o Active Mode: 0.2mA
o Power-down Mode: 0.1μA
28. pg. 28
Pin Descriptions:
VCC: Digital supply voltage
GND: Ground
Port B (PB7:0)XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2:
Port B is an 8-bitbi-directionalI/O port with internal pull-
up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetricaldrive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tristated when a
reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as
input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can
be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
If the Internal CalibratedRCOscillator is used as chip clock source,
PB7...6 is used as TOSC2...1 inputfor the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 ifthe AS2 bitin ASSR is set.
The various special features of Port B are elaboratedin ”Alternate
Functions of Port B” on page 82 and ”System
Clock and Clock Options” on page 27.
Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bitbi-directionalI/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The PC5...0 output buffers have
symmetricaldrive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
29. pg. 29
As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tristated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET:
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O
pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the
other pins of Port C.
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum
pulse length is given in Table 29-11on page 305. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a Reset.
The various special features of Port C are elaboratedin
”Alternate Functions of Port C” on page 85.
Port D (PD7:0):
Port D is an 8-bitbi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical
drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.As inputs,
Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tristated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
The various special features of Port D are elaborated in
”Alternate Functions of Port D” on page 88.
30. pg. 30
AVCC:
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and
ADC7:6. It should be externallyconnected to VCC, even if the ADCis not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-
pass filter.
Note that PC6...4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.
AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
ADC7:6 (TQFP andQFN/MLF Package Only):
In the TQFP and QFN/MLFpackage,ADC7:6 serve as
analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the
analog supply and serve as 10-bitADCchannels.
31. pg. 31
HARDWARE PROGRAMMINGLIST:
void set up()
{
pinMode(A2,INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if (digitalRead(A2)==HIGH)
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
else
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
}
32. pg. 32
Overview:
The ATmega328/Pis a low-power CMOS 8-bitmicrocontroller
based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful
instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/Pachieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.
The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general
purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the
ArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU), allowing twoindependentregisters to be
accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten
times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.
The ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/Pprovides the
following features: 4K/8Kbytes ofIn-System Programmable Flash with
Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1Kbytes EEPROM,
512/1K/1K/2Kbytes SRAM, 23 generalpurpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable
USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-
channel 10-bitADC (8 channels in TQFPand QFN/MLFpackages),a
programmable Watchdog Timerwith internal Oscillator,and five software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters,USART,2-wire SerialInterface, SPI
port, and interruptsystem to continue functioning. The Power-down mode
saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disablingall other
chip functions until the next interruptor hardware reset. In Power-save
mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to
maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.
The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O
modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switchingnoise
during ADCconversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator
33. pg. 33
Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows
very fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
Atmel®offers the QTouch® libraryfor embedding capacitive
touch buttons, sliders and wheels functionality into AVR®
microcontrollers. The patented charge-transfersignalacquisition offers
robust sensing and includes fully denounced reporting of touch keys and
includes Adjacent Key Suppression® (AKS™)technology for unambiguous
detection of key events. The easy-to-use QTouch Suite toolchain allows you
to explore, develop and debug your own touch applications.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-
volatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammedIn-System through an
SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or
by an On-chip Boot program running on the AVR core.
The Boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the
Boot Flash section will continue to run while the Application Flash section
is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an
8-bitRISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/Pis a powerful
microcontroller thatprovides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to
many embedded control applications.
The ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/PAVR is
supported with a full suite of program and system developmenttools
including: C Compilers, MacroAssemblers,Programebugger/Simulators,
In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.
ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/Psupport a real
Read-While-Write Self-Programmingmechanism.
There is a separate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM instruction
can only execute from there. In ATmega 48A/48PA there is no Read-While-
Write support and no separate Boot Loader Section. The SPM instruction
can execute from the entire Flash.
34. pg. 34
Resources
A comprehensive set of developmenttools, application notes and
datasheets are available for download on
http://www.atmel.com/avr.
1.
Data Retention
Reliability Qualification results show that the projected data retention
failure rate is much less than 1 PPM over
20 years at 85°Cor 100 years at 25°C.
About Code Examples
This documentation contains simple code examples thatbriefly show how
to use various parts of the device.
These code examples assume that the part specific header file is included
before compilation. Be aware thatnot
all C compiler vendors include bit definitions in the header files and
interrupthandling in C is compiler
dependent. Please confirm with the C compiler documentation for more
details.
For I/O Registers located in extended I/O map, “IN”, “OUT”, “SBIS”,
“SBIC”, “CBI”, and “SBI” instructions must
be replaced with instructions that allow access to extended I/O. Typically
“LDS” and “STS” combined with
“SBRS”, “SBRC”, “SBR”, and “CBR”.
CapacitiveTouch Sensing:
35. pg. 35
The Atmel®QTouch® Libraryprovides a simple to use solution to realize
touch sensitive interfaces on most
Atmel AVR®microcontrollers. The QTouch Library includes supportfor
the Atmel QTouch and Atmel QMatrix®
acquisition methods.
Touch sensing can be added to any application by linking the appropriate
Atmel QTouch Libraryfor the AVR
Microcontroller. This is done by using a simple set of APIs to define the
touch channels and sensors, and then
calling the touch sensing APIs to retrieve the channel information and
determine the touch sensor states.
The QTouch Libraryis FREE and downloadable from the Atmel website at
the following location:
www.atmel.com/qtouchlibrary. For implementation details and other
information, refer to the Atmel QTouch
Library User Guide - alsoavailable for download from Atmel website.
In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a
Harvardarchitecture – with separate
memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program
memory are executed with a single level
pipelining. While one instruction is being executed, the next instruction is
pre-fetched from the program memory.
This concept enables instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The
program memory is In-System
Reprogrammable Flash memory.
The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bitgeneral purpose working
registers with a single clock cycle
access time. This allows single-cycle ArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU)
operation. In a typical ALU operation there are --------
36. pg. 36
Program Memory
Instruction
Register
Decoder
Program Counter
Control Lines
(32 x 8) General Purpose Registers
ALU
Status and Control
I/O Lines
EEPROM
Data Bus 8-bit
Data SRAM
Direct Addressing
Indirect Addressing
Interrupt
Unit SPI
Unit Watchdog
37. pg. 37
Timer Analog
Comparator I/O Module 2I/O Module1 I/O Module n:
Register File – in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bitindirect
address registerpointers for Data Space addressing– enabling efficient
address calculations. One of the these address pointers can also be used as
an address pointer for look up tables in Flash program memory. These
added function registers are the 16-bitX-, Y-, and Zregister,
described later in this section.
The ALU supports arithmeticand logicoperations between
registers or between a constant and a register.
Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU.
After an arithmeticoperation, the Status Register is updated to reflect
information aboutthe resultof the operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional
jump and call instructions, able to directly address the whole address
space. Most AVR instructions have a single 16-bitword format. Every
program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bitinstruction.
Program Flash memoryspace is divided in two sections, the
Boot Program section and the Application Program section. Both sections
have dedicated Lock bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM
instruction that writes into the Application Flash memory section must
reside in the Boot Program section.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address
Program Counter (PC) is stored on the Stack. Stack is effectively allocated
in the general data SRAM,and consequently the Stack size is only limited
by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs
must initialize the SP in the Reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts
38. pg. 38
are executed). The Stack Pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O
space.
The data SRAM can easily be accessed through the five different
addressingmodes supported in the AVR
architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and
regular memory maps.
A flexible interruptmodule has its control registers in the I/O
space with an additional Global InterruptEnable bit
in the Status Register. All interrupts have a separate Interrupt Vector in the
Interrupt Vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with their
Interrupt Vector position. The lower the Interrupt Vector address, the
higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral
functions as Control Registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O
Memory can be accessed directly, or as the Data Space locations following
those of the Register File, 0x20 -0x5F. In addition, the
ATmega48A/PA/88A/PA/168A/PA/328/Phas Extended I/O space
from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM where only the ST/STS/STD and
LD/LDS/LDDinstructions can be used.
ALU – ArithmeticLogic Unit:
The high-performance AVR ALU operates in direct connection with all the
32 general purpose working registers.
Within a single clock cycle, arithmeticoperations between general
purpose registers or between a register and an immediate are executed.
The ALU operations are dividedintothree main categories – arithmetic,
logical, and bit-functions. Some implementations ofthe architecture also
provide a powerful multiplier supporting both signed/unsigned
multiplication and fractional format. See the “Instruction Set” section for a
detailed description.
39. pg. 39
Status Register:
The Status Register contains information aboutthe resultof the
most recently executed arithmeticinstruction.
This information can be used for altering programflow in order
to perform conditional operations. Note that the Status Register is updated
after all ALU operations, as specified in the Instruction Set Reference. This
will in many cases remove the need for using the dedicated compare
instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.
The Status Register is not automaticallystored when entering an
interruptroutine and restored when returning from an interrupt. This must
be handled by software.
CONCLUSION:
Due to less time we have shorten the project. Design of the
detection of any object by FREEDUINO has been done, by perceiving the
electromagneticradiations (IR RADIATIONS)and keeping the LED ON.
Other parts, such as, voice logger and the casing, is kept for the
future group who will work on our project. The interfacing would be easier
as we have used FREEDUINO as the microcontroller. We wish the best to
the future groups to complete the project.
40. pg. 40
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The entire project is done under the guidance of our most respected
Director Sir, Dr. DipankarSarkar and Miss. SukanyaRoy.
We are alsothankful to our E.C.E. faculty members, particularly
Mr. Abhishek Saha, Mr.Rajarshi Mukhopadhyay & Mrs. Sayani De Sarkar.