The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic...Surendhar Venkatesan
Our Study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory of activity Clerodendrum Inerme , Methanolic Root Extract.
We evaluated under the HRBC Membrane Stabilization and Protein Denaturation Method.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Background: Spinacia oleracea L. commonly known as palak is an edible flowering plant belongs to Amaranthaceae family. The plants exhibit its curative activity against several human diseases because of the presence of biological tannins and phenolic active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids. It is used in the treatment of difficulty in breathing, inflammation of liver and lungs and leucorrhoea, useful in urinary concretion, inflammation of the lungs, sore throat, and pain in joints. Materials and Methods: Spinacia oleracea L. was collected from local market Jhansi in the month of January 2017. Aqueous and methanolic extraction of Spinacia oleracea L. and phytochemical screening of the extracts was done for Saponins, Reducing sugar, Cardiac glycosides, Protein and Amino acid, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids. Results: Phytochemical analysis of leaves of S. oleracea had most of the important phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Flavonoids etc. In which, the aqueous extract of S. oleracea showed (in most of the test) positive result for Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Reducing sugar, Protein, and Amino acid and showed a negative result for Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Cardiac glycosides. The methanolic extract of the plant leaves revealed the presence of (in most of the test) Alkaloids, Tannins & Phenolic compounds, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids and Steroids and negative results for the rest. Conclusions: The phytochemical analysis of S. oleraceae revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as, Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, and Terpenoids etc. in the different extracts. By the presence of these phytochemicals, we were suggested that S. oleracea is a good nutrient rich leafy vegetable that can be used as a therapeutic and curative medicine for many oxidative stress- induced diseases. Key-words- Phytochemical analysis, Spinacia oleracea, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Methanolic extract
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochem...BRNSS Publication Hub
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda. This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 μg/ml each). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
In-vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Mor...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Background: Spinacia oleracea L. commonly known as palak is an edible flowering plant belongs to Amaranthaceae family. The plants exhibit its curative activity against several human diseases because of the presence of biological tannins and phenolic active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids. It is used in the treatment of difficulty in breathing, inflammation of liver and lungs and leucorrhoea, useful in urinary concretion, inflammation of the lungs, sore throat, and pain in joints. Materials and Methods: Spinacia oleracea L. was collected from local market Jhansi in the month of January 2017. Aqueous and methanolic extraction of Spinacia oleracea L. and phytochemical screening of the extracts was done for Saponins, Reducing sugar, Cardiac glycosides, Protein and Amino acid, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids. Results: Phytochemical analysis of leaves of S. oleracea had most of the important phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Flavonoids etc. In which, the aqueous extract of S. oleracea showed (in most of the test) positive result for Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Reducing sugar, Protein, and Amino acid and showed a negative result for Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Cardiac glycosides. The methanolic extract of the plant leaves revealed the presence of (in most of the test) Alkaloids, Tannins & Phenolic compounds, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids and Steroids and negative results for the rest. Conclusions: The phytochemical analysis of S. oleraceae revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as, Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, and Terpenoids etc. in the different extracts. By the presence of these phytochemicals, we were suggested that S. oleracea is a good nutrient rich leafy vegetable that can be used as a therapeutic and curative medicine for many oxidative stress- induced diseases. Key-words- Phytochemical analysis, Spinacia oleracea, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Methanolic extract
Evaluation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity and Phytochem...BRNSS Publication Hub
Mukia maderaspatana belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae is an important plant described in Ayurveda. This plant is used for the treatment of a number of ailments such as urinary disorder and cardiac problems. The leaf of M. maderaspatana was extracted with different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The results of the preliminary investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The results of antioxidant activity indicate that the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the leaf of M. maderaspatana possess significant scavenging activity against DPPH (ethanolic solvent and methanolic solvent of 300 μg/ml each). This study revealed that the methanolic extracts of M. maderaspatana have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
In-vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Mor...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
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||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
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Evaluation Of Analgesic Activity Of Ether Extract Of Roots Of Solanum trilobatum In Albino Rats.pptx
1. Mr. Prabhakar Kumar
Regd No- 1403267059
B.Pharm ,8th semester
ROLAND INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,
BERHAMPUR, ODISHA, 2016-2017
Affiliated to
Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha.
Submitted by:
Under the guidance of :
Mr. Rabinarayan Rana
M.Pharm. Asst. Professor,
Dept.of Pharmacology
Evaluation Of Analgesic Activity Of Ether Extract Of
Roots Of Solanum trilobatum In Albino Rats
Submitted for Partial fulfillment of the requirement of 8th Semester B .Pharm.
1
2. 2
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
The pharmaceutical
industry is one of the
pillar industries for
economic development
worldwide.
Herbals are emerging as a
wider, safer source of
drug discovery.
Approx. 80% of
antimicrobial,
cardiovascular,
immunosuppressive and
anticancer drugs are of
plant origin.
Drugs used for pain
managements are of
Narcotics analgesics (eg.
Opioids), NSAIDs (eg.
Salicylates) and
corticosteroids.
All these synthetic drugs have
serious adverse effects like
gastric lesions, opiates
induced tolerance and
depedance etc.
Plants & Phyto-
medicines
symbolized safety
and are serving
several purposes
whether health,
protection from
diseases or nutrition.
3. 3
Literature Review…..
ALGESIA
Algesia, from the Greek word algesis, is the sensitivity to pain.
The term is sometimes used to refer to hyper-algesia (an extreme sensitivity).
Pain is due to the endogenous substances like prostaglandins and peptides
involves in inflammatory process.
The sensitivity of pain might be due to damage of nociceptors or peripheral
nerves or a part of infection and inflammation.
Pain may be defined as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Chronic pain is defined as pain still present after three months despite
appropriate treatment.
4. 4
Literature Review…..
ANALGESIA
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs
used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central
nervous systems.
• At site of injury (e.g. NSAIDs)
• By blocking peripheral nerves (local anaesthetics)
• By choosing the ‘gates’ in the dorsal horn and thalamus ( one action of opiods and
of tri-cyclic antidepressants that inhibit axonal re-uptake of 5HT and nor-
adrenaline)
• By alternating the central appreciation of pain (another effect of opioids)
The site of action of analgesic:
6. 6
List of Herbals having Analgesic Properties
Sr.
No
Plants
(Botanical Name)
Common
Name
Family Parts
Used
Active Chemical Constituents
1 Solanum trilobatum Climbing
Brinjal
Solanaceae Seeds,
roots, stems
sobatum, β- solamarine ,solasodine,
solaine, disogenin, tomatidine
2 Kaempferia galangal Aromatic
ginger
Zingiberaceae Fresh
rhizome
Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate,
methylcinnamate, Carvone
3 Polyalthia longifolia Devadaru Annonaceae Leaves Diterpenes, alkaloids.
4 Sida acuta Bariara Malvaceae whole plant Alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids,
tannins,terpenoids
5 Sinapis arvensis Field mustard Solanaceae Aerial Essential oil, glucosinolates
6 Bauhinia racemosa Asoda Caesalpiniaceae Stem bark Flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenoids,
stilbens, steroids.
7 Cissampelos pareira Akanadi Menispermaceae Aerial parts Alkaloids, flavon curine, volatile oil,
Quercitol
8 Thesium chinense Bai rui cao Santalaceae Leaves Flavanoids, glycosides, essential oils,
Alkaloids, Steroids
9 Sphaeranthus indicus Mundi Compositae whole
plants
Sesquiterpens, sesquiterpene
glycoside,steroid.chavicol
10 Mangifera indica Am Anarcardiaceae Leaves Flavonoids, polyphenolics, triterpenes
7. Evaluation of Anti inflammatory and Analgesic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia in
rats.
Anar Patel , Timir Patel, Carol Macwan1, Mayuree Patel , Khushbu Chauhan , Jatin Patel
(2004)
ABSTRACT :- The present study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of root of Rubia cordifolia in rats. Rubia
cordifolia (100-300 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity by
carrageenan induced rat paw edema and Rubia cordifolia (200-400 mg/kg) for its
analgesic activity by tail flick method. Rubia cordifolia (100-300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed
significant (P<0.05) reduction in the paw edema produced by the carrageenan and
significant (P<0.05) increased reaction time in tail flick test.
7
LITERATURE REVIEW (ANALGESIC ACITIVITY PLANTS)
8. 2. Analgesic activity of ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata Linn. Leaves
Rahul Deo Yadav, S. K. Jain, Shashi Alok, Shallu Sharma (2002)
ABSTRACT :- The dry leaves of Pongamia pinnata Linn. is used in traditional medicines for the
treatment of diarrhoea, diabetes and inflammatory disorder. In the present study, we
investigated the analgesic activity of the standardized ethanolic extract was evaluated for its
in-vivo analgesic activity by using the Eddy’s Hot plate method in mice. In both of the cases
Diclofenac sodium was used as standard drug. The extract at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg
elicited a significant analgesic activity in a dose-dependent manner by using Eddy’s Hot plate
method. The analgesic mechanism of activity of the standardized ethanolic extract of P.
Pinnata Linn. pain mediators may be the main mechanisms of action of P. Pinnata ethanolic
extract.
8
11. 11
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Plantae
Sub-kingdom Viridiplantae
Super-divison Embryophyte
Divison Tracheophyta
Class Mangnoliopsida
Super- order Asteranae
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Genus Solanum L.
Species Solanum
trilobatum L.
Taxonomical Classification
The scientific taxonomical classification of Solanum trilobatum ....
English- Climbing Brinjal
Sanskrit- Achuda
Odia- Bryhoti, Bheji baigan
Kannada- Mullu Kaaka Munchi
Malayalam- Tutavalam
Marathi- Thoodalam
Tamil- Tuduvalai
Telugu- Mullamusti
Vernacular Names:
Plant Profile of Climing Brinjal (Solanum trilobatum)
12. 12
Active Chemical Constituents:
Plant Profile of Climbing brinjal (Solanum trilobatum)
The screened extracts are attempted for Qualitative tests
to prove the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids,
proteins, anthraquinone and are proved by phytochemical
analysis
The plant also shows the presence of chemical
components like sobatum, β- solamarine ,solasodine,
solaine, glycol, and disogenin, tomatidine.
13. Structure of Sobatum
Structure of diosgenin Structure of β- solamarine
13
Chemical constituent of Climbing Brinjal (Solanum
trilobatum)
14. 1. Antihyperlipideamic effect of Solanum trilobatum L. leaves extract on streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats
Kumar Ganesan,, Maheswaran Ramasamy, Sharmila Banu Gani 2013
ABSTRACT :- The present study was undertaken as antihyperlipidaemic effect of an aqueous
leaves extract of Solanum trilobatum L. on streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. Repeated
administration of the leaves extract of S.trilobatum (100mg and 200mg/kg b.w) for 21 days resulted in
significant reduction in serum and tissue triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids in
STZ diabetic rats. In addition to that, significant (P<0.05) decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL)
whereas significant increase (P<0.05) in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein
(VLDL) were observed in STZ diabetic rats, which were normalized after 21 days of leaves extract
treatment. The leaves extract at a dose of 200mg/kg.body wt. showed much significant
antihyperlipidaemic effect than at the dose of 100mg/kg-body wt. The study was compared with a
standard drug, tolbutamide (100mg/kg b.w)
2. Antiinflammatory activity of Solanum trilobatum
S.Emmanuel, S.Ignacimuthu, R.Perumalsamy ,T.Amalraj (2006)
Abstract :- The antiinflammatory effect of solasodine (50 mg/kg p.o.), of a purified component
named sobatum (50 mg/kg p.o.) and of methanol extract of Solanum trilobatum(100 mg/kg
p.o.) was evaluated. All the tested articles showed significant antiinflammatory activity.
14
Literature review Climbing Brinjal (Solanum
trilobatum)
15. 15
AIM
From the above literature review on Solanum trilobatum,
it is observed the plant contains active constituents like
sobatum, β- solamarine ,solasodine, solaine,glycol, and
disogenin, tomatidine, showing pharmacological activity
like Anti-microbial, Anti-inflammatory, Anti- diabetic,
Anti- bacterial .
According to these literature reviews it has also has analgesic
activity. The present aim of this study is to evaluate analgesic
activity of different root extracts of Solanum trilobatum
roots in suitable animal models.
16. 16
OBJECTIVE
• Collection of roots of Solanum trilobatum
• Drying of collected roots
• Preparation of Ether extract of Solanum trilobatum
• Preparation of air-dry powder
• Phyto-chemical evaluation
• Evaluation of analgesic activity by using suitable animal model
17. 17
PLAN OF WORK
Collection of Roots
Phytochemical Study Evalution of analgesic activity
⮚ Hot plate method ⮚ Tail flick Method
18. 18
❖Collection:- Solanum trilobatum were collected from local garden.
The plant roots were air dried under shade, powdered mechanically and
stored in airtight container.
❖Extraction:-
Apparatus Required :- Soxhelt apparatus, Round bottom flask, Heating mantal
Material Required :- Ether (500 ml)
Procedure :-
⮚ Solanum trilobatum roots powder was prepared in which 30 grams of the plant
powder was put in 500 ml flask
⮚ 500 ml of Ether was added , mixed and extracted by hot extraction process by
soxhlet apparatus for 24hour 20 0C with sovent ether, covered with alluminium
Experimental Work
19. 19
⮚ Filtered by using Whatman paper No1 to get rid of residues.
⮚ The filterate dried up by using incubator at 40oc
⮚ The dried extract weighed and kept at -200C in sterile tight container.
⮚ The net weight of dry extract of Solanum trilobatum roots was 30g making the
yield 5%.
Preparation of ST extracts doses :- Dried Solanum trilobatum of ether extract was
dissolved in ether and the concentrations were adjusted for both extract doses to be
given orally to rats at a dose volume of 0.1ml /100gmBW.
20. 20
❖Animal Study:- 5 of albino rats (both sexes) were procured and
weighed. The animals were grouped according to the design of each
experimental study. The animals have been kept in cages housed at
standard condition of light and ventilation and have freely access to
standard rodent diet and tap water. The animals were kept for a week for
acclimatization before subjected any experiment.
22. 22
Hot plate Method
A cut of time of 30 seconds was followed to avoid any thermal injury to the paw.
Pain reaction time was recorded before and at 60, 120, 150 and 180 minutes
after treatment in order to assess the analgesic dose of extract and the time effect
response. The prolongation of latency time of treatment groups were compared
with the value of control one Albino rats were placed on hot plate maintained at
55± 1◦C. The pain reaction time between placing the animal on hot plate and
kickhng ,jumping ,holding hind limbs was measured for each tested rats. A cut
of time of 30 seconds was followed to avoid any thermal injury to the paw. Pain
reaction time was recorded before and at 30, 60 , 90 , 120, and 150 minutes after
treatment in order to assess the analgesic dose of extract and the time effect
response. The prolongation of latency time of treatment groups were compared
23. 23
Tail Flick Method
This test is used to measure the analgesic effect of drug or herbal extract by
applying thermal pain stimuli to animal tail then measure the pain reaction time
(latency) as threshold for acute pain.3 albino rats of both sexes weighing 80-250
gm. equally divided into four groups subjected to the following dosing regimen.
The pain reaction time (latency per second) between placing the animals tail on
heater and flicking was measured for each tested rats. A cut of time of 30
seconds was followed to avoid any thermal injury to the paw. Pain reaction time
(latency) was recorded before and at 60, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after
treatment in order to assess the analgesic dose of extract and the time effect
response. The prolongation of latency time of treatment groups were compared
with the value of control one.
24. REFERENCES:-
1. Analgesic and antipyretic effects of aqueous extract from Clerodendrum inerme (L.)
Gaertn. leaves in animal models. M. Thirumal*, Surya Srimanthula, G. Kishore, R. Vadivelan
and A. V. S. Anand Kumar Jaya College of Pharmacy, Thiruninravur, Chennai,
Tamilnadu,India(2012)
2. Mosquitocidal properties of Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae) leaf extracts against
three important human vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Selvaraj Premalatha1,
Kuppusamy Elumalai2, Alagarmalai Jeyasankar (2010)
3. Solanum trilobatum (Solanaceae) – An Overview Juhi Sahu*, Bhawana Rathi, Sameksha
Koul, Khosa R. L. (2011)
4. A DETAILED REVIEW ON SOLANACEAE FAMILY R. Yadav*, M. Rathi, A. Pednekar and Y.
Rewachandani (2016)
5. Antimicrobial activity and phytochemicals of Solanum trilobatum Linn. P. Swapna Latha
and K. Kannabiran (2006)
6. perspective on bioactive compounds from Solanum trilobatum Purushothaman
Balakrishnan, Thameem Ansari Musafar Gani, Sreenath Subrahmanyam and *Kumaran
Shanmugam (2015)
7. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM SOLANUM TRILOBATUM
LINN Kilavan Packiam Kannan*, Ramya Govindasamy, Revathi Rajendran, Senthamarai
Manogaran and Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy. (2016)
8. Indirect Propagation of Solanum trilobatum L using Leaf Explants Kamalanathan Desingu
and Natarajan Devarajan (2013)
(2015) 24