This study investigated the antimicrobial potential of extracts from Adenia cissampeloides against bacteria and fungi. Ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts of leaves and stems were tested against microorganisms. The stem extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests determined that extracts inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and other test microbes. Overall, the results demonstrated that A. cissampeloides extracts have antimicrobial and antifungal properties with varying effectiveness against the pathogens tested.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Anti Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata B...ijtsrd
The researcher focused mainly to determine the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical screening of the Alagaw leaf extract. Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the percent yield, antimicrobial activities and the secondary metabolites of Alagaw leaf extract which was analyzed and it include alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid. Findings of the study showed that the Alagaw leaf extract has a percent yield of 11.5 . Anti Microbial Activity was tested by petri disk on a plate Nutrient Agar streaked with the E. coli bacteria, the plates were incubated for 24hrs and 37oC. Results were observed for the presence of zone inhibition clear area around the test disk. Results from this study showed that the antimicrobial activity on E. coli as indicated as negative by the presence of Alagaw leaf extract. Furthermore, the result suggests that the Alagaw leaf extract did not suppress the growth of the E. coli bacteria, hence it indicates that it has no anti microbial effect to the test organism. While the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid is found negative. It is therefore recommended that further study of the chemical properties of alagaw leaf extract, barks and roots should be conducted Bernadette C. Mollejon | Charito V. Mollejon ""Anti-Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata Blanco (Alagaw) Leaf Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23751.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23751/anti-microbial-activities-and-phytochemical-screening-of-the-premna-odorata-blanco-alagaw-leaf-extract/bernadette-c-mollejon
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscu...ijtsrd
This study was done to assess the phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and leaf extract. The crude extract of the plant parts were obtained after solvent percolation and drying. Then, the presence of tannins, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenol were assessed qualitatively. Also, albino rats Rattus norvegicus were used to assess the toxicity level of the plant materials, haematological and biochemical parameters of the test animal blood were also assessed. The results revealed that the two plant parts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponin, phenol and flavonoids. Also, In the acute toxicity assay, the oral lethal dose LD50 of 5000 mg kg bw and 2236.07 mg kg bw were recorded respectively for the calyx and leaf extract of the plant. The plant calyx and leaf extracts showed no significant p 0.05 effect on the levels of red blood cells RBC , white blood cells WBC , packed cell volume PCV , and haemoglobin concentration Hb albeit, the plant extracts had a significant increase effect on the platelet count of the rats. there was a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase ALP , Alanine amino transaminase ALT and Aspartate amino transaminase AST in the group treated with the leaf extract compared with the control whereas the group treated with the calyx extract had comparable level of these enzymes with that of the control. These results has lent credence to the medicinal claim of the plant parts however, the leaf of the plant should be used in moderation. Dada, I. B. O. | Bada, S. O. "Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Extracts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29288.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29288/preliminary-study-of-phytochemical-constituents-and-acute-toxicity-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-extracts/dada-i-b-o
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
Anti Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata B...ijtsrd
The researcher focused mainly to determine the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical screening of the Alagaw leaf extract. Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the percent yield, antimicrobial activities and the secondary metabolites of Alagaw leaf extract which was analyzed and it include alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid. Findings of the study showed that the Alagaw leaf extract has a percent yield of 11.5 . Anti Microbial Activity was tested by petri disk on a plate Nutrient Agar streaked with the E. coli bacteria, the plates were incubated for 24hrs and 37oC. Results were observed for the presence of zone inhibition clear area around the test disk. Results from this study showed that the antimicrobial activity on E. coli as indicated as negative by the presence of Alagaw leaf extract. Furthermore, the result suggests that the Alagaw leaf extract did not suppress the growth of the E. coli bacteria, hence it indicates that it has no anti microbial effect to the test organism. While the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, anthraquinone, saponins and steroid is found negative. It is therefore recommended that further study of the chemical properties of alagaw leaf extract, barks and roots should be conducted Bernadette C. Mollejon | Charito V. Mollejon ""Anti-Microbial Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the Premna Odorata Blanco (Alagaw) Leaf Extract"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23751.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23751/anti-microbial-activities-and-phytochemical-screening-of-the-premna-odorata-blanco-alagaw-leaf-extract/bernadette-c-mollejon
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscu...ijtsrd
This study was done to assess the phytochemical constituents and acute toxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx and leaf extract. The crude extract of the plant parts were obtained after solvent percolation and drying. Then, the presence of tannins, saponin, flavonoids, alkaloids and phenol were assessed qualitatively. Also, albino rats Rattus norvegicus were used to assess the toxicity level of the plant materials, haematological and biochemical parameters of the test animal blood were also assessed. The results revealed that the two plant parts contained alkaloids, tannins, saponin, phenol and flavonoids. Also, In the acute toxicity assay, the oral lethal dose LD50 of 5000 mg kg bw and 2236.07 mg kg bw were recorded respectively for the calyx and leaf extract of the plant. The plant calyx and leaf extracts showed no significant p 0.05 effect on the levels of red blood cells RBC , white blood cells WBC , packed cell volume PCV , and haemoglobin concentration Hb albeit, the plant extracts had a significant increase effect on the platelet count of the rats. there was a significant increase in the alkaline phosphatase ALP , Alanine amino transaminase ALT and Aspartate amino transaminase AST in the group treated with the leaf extract compared with the control whereas the group treated with the calyx extract had comparable level of these enzymes with that of the control. These results has lent credence to the medicinal claim of the plant parts however, the leaf of the plant should be used in moderation. Dada, I. B. O. | Bada, S. O. "Preliminary Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Acute Toxicity of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Extracts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29288.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29288/preliminary-study-of-phytochemical-constituents-and-acute-toxicity-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-extracts/dada-i-b-o
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Curative Effect of Parinari curatellifolia Leaf Extract on EpiglottitisIOSR Journals
The curative effect of Parinari curatellifolia leaf extract on epiglottitis was investigated. The air dried leaf of Parinari curatellifolia was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. Crude extract of the plant was found to be rich in phytochemicals of medicinal importance such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Acetic acid extract had the highest antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 20.0 ± 0.6 to 28.3 ± 0.3 against the test organisms. This activity was not significantly (P<0.05) different from leofloxacin with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.0 ± 0.6 to 29.3 ± 0.3 which was the highest activity among the standard drugs used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be 5mg/ml against Pseudomonas sp and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating broad spectrum activity. Results were discussed in respect to traditional treatment of epiglottitis.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Determining the Phytochemical Constituents and the Antimicrobial Activity of ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Similar to A study of the antimicrobial potency of adenia cissampeloides (20)
A study of the antimicrobial potency of adenia cissampeloides
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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A Study of the Antimicrobial Potency of Adenia Cissampeloides
Extracts on Bacteria and Fungi of Clinical Importance.
Okunye, O .L1
., Odeleye F.O2
., Jayeola B.M3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State
2Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State
3Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of extracts from Adenia cissampeloides were measured against 2 Gram negative, 1
Gram positive and two fungi. Ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts of leaves and stem of the plant inhibited
growth of the microorganisms. The phytochemical constituents obtained from the plant at varied appreciable
proportions elicited the plant potential antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The highest antimicrobial and
antifungal properties was observed in the stem extract 22.39mg/ml on Staphylococcus aureus while 42.66mg/ml
and 41.69mg/ml were obtained on Candida albicans and aspergillus niger respectively The varied minimum
inhibitory concentration range, obtained from the crude extract of the leaves and stem against the selected
isolates of bacteria and fungi further established the antimicrobial and antifungal activity .
Keywords: Adenia cissampeloides, antimicrobial activity, antifungal activity
INTRODUCTION
The use of medicinal plants for treatment of microbial diseases is well known and has been documented since
ancient times. Plants synthesize many components, which act as defensive agents, helping to protect them from
microbial infection and other predators. Those compounds are bioactive and can be medicinal, intoxicating or
toxic depending on the circumstances. Several plants species have been tested for antimicrobial properties but
the vast majority have not yet been adequately evaluated( Gibbon,2003).
Investigations of African medicinal plants for their antimicrobial activity rank highest among biological tests
carried out on plants and their isolates. This could be because the ethno medicinal plants are for diseases of
microbial origin or because of ease of performing such tests. The increasing resistance to antibiotics has also
resulted in search for leads from new organic molecules from plants with antimicrobial properties. However, one
trend is emerging; whereas earlier tests were for general antibacterial activity using the common Gram positive
and Gram negative organisms, a better selection of micro organism is now made to suit specific diseases.
Bacteria have evolved numerous defenses against antimicrobial agents, and drug-resistant pathogens are on the
rise. This resistance is conferred by multidrug resistance pumps (MDRs), membrane translocases that extrude
structurally unrelated toxins from the cell.
These protect microbial cells from both synthetic and natural antimicrobials (Stermitz et al., 2000). Secondary
metabolites resemble endogenous metabolites, ligands, hormones, signal transduction molecules or
neurotransmitters and thus have beneficial medicinal effects on humans due to their recog-nition in potential
target sites (Parekh et al., 2005).
Effective antibacterial agents act by interfering with one or more of the following, synthesis, assembly or
function of the macromolecular components of bacterial cells. The interference is brought about by :inhibition of
cell wall synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, damaging of the cell
membrane. (Ojo, 1998).
The use of plant extracts and phytochemicals can be of great significance in therapeutic treatments and could
help curb the problem of these multi-drug resistant organisms. In a study done with Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
which is resistant to different antibiotics, its growth was inhibited by extracts from clove, jambolan, pomegranate
and thyme (Nascimento et al., 2000).
Moreover, the synergistic effects of extracts with antimicrobial activity in association with antibiotics can
provide effective therapy against drug resistant bacteria. Adenia cissampeloides is a climbing plant producing
stems up to 30 metres long and 10cm in diameter at their base. The plant climbs into the surrounding vegetation,
attaching itself by means of tendrils.
It is a popular medicinal herb in Africa, where it is often sold in local markets, the plant also supplies food and
various commodities for the local population. It is sometimes cultivated or at least retained when land is cleared,
and is also worthy of being grown as an ornamental in gardens. The plant has many uses in traditional medicine
throughout tropical Africa. All parts of the plant are utilized, being used especially in treating a range of gastro-
intestinal complaints, various inflammatory ailments and for the relief of pain. The stem, leaves, fruit and roots
all contain the cyanogenic glycosides.The leaves also contain gummiferol, a cytotoxic polyacetylenic di-epoxide,
which has shown in vitro anti-cancer activity ,A diethyl-ether extract from the bark, formulated as an
emulsifiable concentrate, is an effective anaesthetic for the African honeybee (Apis mellifera adansonii) Stem
pulp showed a significant larvicidal effect on the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua.
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The plant is also used to treat a range of other complaints such as fevers and malaria; liver and gall bladder
complaints; lung ailments such as bronchitis; cholera, intestinal worms, venereal diseases and sterility, An
infusion of the root and leaves is drunk, and the powdered root and leaves eaten in porridge, to prevent a
threatened abortion The leaves are rubbed on women’s breasts to stimulate milk flow and the reddish sap is used
as a facial cosmetic. This work was carried out to determine the antimicrobial potency of Adenia
cissampeloides crude extracts on selected isolates of bacteria and fungi of clinical importance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant materials.
Samples of leaves, flowers, stem and root barks of Adenia cissampeloides were harvested in August 2014 from
the premises of of Offin high school, Ayepe road, Sagamu, Ogun state and it was authenticated at Forestry
Research Insitute Nigeria herbarium with voucher number FHI:109873 and voucher specimens are deposited at
the location.
Phytochemical analysis
The plant samples were dried at 55o
C and powdered using a grinder before 50g of powder from each sample
was extracted with ethanol, N-Hexane and distilled water (220ml) for 3hours using soxhlet apparatus. The
extract were evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give the crude unfractionated extract of each
sample (leaf and stem) .
Test for Saponins :1g of the powdered leaves was boiled for 10 minutes. The Extract was then filtered while hot
and allowed to cool and the frothing and emulsified test was performed on the extract. The same procedure was
repeated for the powdered stems.
(a)Frothing test: 2.5 mls of the filtrates were diluted to 10mls each with distilled water and shaken vigorously for
2 minutes and the tubes was observed for frothing.
(b) Emulsifying test: 2.5 mls of the filtrate was added to two drops of liquid paraffin and shaken vigorously and
was observed for fairly stable emulsion an indicative of saponin presence.
Test for Tannins
1g of the powdered leaves was boiled in 10mls of distilled water and cooled. The filtrates was adjusted to 20mls
with distilled water.1ml of the filtrates was further diluted with distilled water to make 5mls. A few drops of
0.1% ferric chloride solution were added. The procedure was repeated for powdered stem.
Test for Alkaloids
The extract (1g) was dissolved in 10ml of purified water and filtered. To 5ml of the filterate, 2ml of 10 % HCL
was added and boiled in a water bath for about 3 minutes. To 2ml of the solution, dragendroffs reagent was
added. An orange or red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. The same procedure was repeated for the
stems
Test for Anthraquinone
0.5g of the powdered leaves is shaken with 10ml of benzene and filtered 5ml of the 10% ammonia is added to
the filterate. The mixture is shaken and the presence of pink, red or violet colour indicates the presence of
anthraquinone
Test for Steroids
1g of the powdered leaves was dissolved in 2ml of chloroform. Sulphuric acid was carefully added to form a
lower layer. A reddish brown colour at the interface is indicative of the presence of a steroidal ring.
Test for Flavonoids
5mls of 10 % dilute ammonia solution was added to a portion of the aqueous filterate of the leaves extract
followed by addition of conc. H2SO4.A yellow coloration observed in extract indicates the presence of
flavonoids.
Biochemical characterization
The conventional biochemical test was conducted on the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus,
Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger includes plating on selective
media, Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test, indole test, citrate test, lactophenol cooton blue test and
Alexopholus manual was used for the identification of the selected fungi species.
Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
All the extracts were tested for antimicrobial and antifungal activity. This was determined by agar dilution
method. Varying concentrations of extract were prepared by serial dilution and allowed to set in plates. Each
plate containing different concentration was inoculated with test organism and incubated at 37o
C for 24hrs,
chloramphenicol and griseofulvin were used as standards for antibacterial and antifungal activities respectively.
RESULTS
The unfractionated N-hexane, ethanol and aqueous extract of each sample (leaf and stem) gave a yield of 6.76,
3.26, 5.99,3.64,3.9,and 3.3 percent respectively as elicited in Table1,2 and 3 below. The phytochemical
screening of leaf and stem of Adenia cissampeloides investigated in this study showed the presence of saponins,
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alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and steroids while anthraquinone was absent in all the samples tested(Table 4)
Broad spectrum of antibacterial activity was exhibited by the three extracts(n-hexane, ethanol and distilled
water) of leaves and stem of Adenia cissampeloides. Growth was inhibited in all the isolates at relatively
considerable concentration of 25-200mg/ml.
The highest minimum inhibitory concentration was 22.39 was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus while
Candida albican elicited the concentration of 42.66. Tests for antimicrobial inhibition that contained neither
extract nor chloramphenicol had no zone of growth inhibition. Griseofulvin produced zone of inhibition of
18mm against Aspergillus niger and an inhibition zone of 12mm against the Candida albicans. Tests for
antimicrobial inhibition that contain neither extract nor griseofulvin had no zone of growth inhibition.
Table 1. N-Hexane extraction yield of powdered sample of Adenia cissampeliodes
Extract Weight of ground sample
(g)
Weight of extract (g) Percentage yeild (%)
Leaves 50 3.38 6.76
Stem 50 1.63 3.26
Table 2. Ethanolic extraction yield of powdered sample of Adenia cissampeliodes
Extract Weight of ground sample
(g)
Weight of extract (g) Percentage yeild (%)
Leaves 50 2.995 5.99
Stem 50 1.82 3.64
Table 3. Aqueous extraction yield of powdered sample of Adenia cissampeliodes
Extract Weight of ground sample
(g)
Weight of extract (g) Percentage yeild (%)
Leaves 50 1.95 3.9
Stem 50 1.68 3.36
Table 4. Phytochemical screening of the leaves and stem of Adenia cissampeloides
SN Test Leaves Stem
1. Saponins + +
2. Alkaliods + +
3. Tanninis + +
4. Anthraquinone - -
5. Flavonoids + +
6. Steriods + +
Present(+) Absent(-)
Table 5. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) values of the different Adenia cissampeliodes
crude extracts on selected test pathogens.
Minimun inhibitory concerntration values (mg/ml)
Leaf extract Stem extract
Test organism n-Hexane Ethanolic Aqueous n-Hexane Ethanolic Aqueous
Staphlococcus
aureus
22.39 6.31 20.89 6.31 20.89 20.89
Escherchia
Coli
6.31 10.47 20.89 6.31 20.89 41.69
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
6.31 20.89 41.69 10.47 20.89 41.69
Candida
albicans
42.66 20.89 41.69 20.89 41.69 41.69
Aspergillus
niger
20.89 20.89 10.23 41.69 41.69 41.69
Discussion
Although in vitro activity can not be directly translated into effective use of the plant in herbal medicine,
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observation of bioactivity do give some indication of possible curative effects. Considerable quantities of
antimicrobial concentration was localized in the stem and leaves
The data obtained from this study elicited the overall yield of Adenia cissampeloides leaves as the highest
compared to the yield obtained from the stem, in which n-hexane leaf extract gave 6.76%, and ethanolic leaf
extract was 5.99%, while the aqueous leaf extract gave the yield 3.9%.. The extraction yield obtained from the
stem were recorded as follows , n-hexane stem extract gave 3.26%, and ethanolic stem extract which gave
3.64% while aqueous stem extract which gave 3.36%.The phytochemical screening carried out, in the leaf and
stem of Adenia cissampeloides revealed the presence of saponins, alkaliods, tannins, flavonoids and steriods and
negative for anthraquinone which coincides with result obtained from other work (Njoku et al. 2000).
In most medicinal plants, the therapeutic value is due to mostly to the presence of one or more secondary
metabolites like tanins, phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, flavnones, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaliods which are
synthesized by plants in response to microbial infection and activity produced is due to concentration in the plant
part used(Gibbon,2003).
The antimicrobial potency varied at different plant loci, 200mg/ml concentration the ethanolic extract of the leaf
showed higher activity compared to n-hexane extract of the leaf and the aqueous extract of the leaf. The
antimicrobial potency of the n-hexane stem extract at 200mg/ml elicited high potency compared to the
ethanolic stem extract, and the aqueous stem extract which agreed with the findings on the antimicrobial
potency of Adenia cissampeloide(Morah, 1985) .
The n-hexane leaf extract elicited the highest MIC value of 22.39mg/ml, followed by the aqueous leaf extract
value of 20.89mg/ml and the ethanolic leaf extract MIC value of 6.31mg/ml. However, the ethanolic stem
extract and aqueous stem extract showed the highest MIC value of 20.89mg/ml while MIC value of 6.31mg/ml
of n-hexane extract were recorded against Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous leaf extract elicited the highest
MIC value of 20.89mg/ml followed by the ethanolic leaf extract with MIC value of 10.47mg/ml, then and the n-
hexane leaf extract with MIC value 6.31mg/ml. While the Aqueous stem extract also recorded the highest value
of 41.69mg/ml and MIC values of 20.89mg/ml and 6.31mg/ml for ethanol then followed by the n-hexane stem
extract respectively for Escherichia coli(Acamovic, 2001)
.
The aqueous leaf extract to Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest MIC value of 41.69mg/ml while the
ethanolic leaf extract gave the MIC value of 20.89mg/ml, and the n-hexane leaf extract having a MIC value of
6.31mg/ml. Futhermore, the aqueous stem extract elicited the highest MIC value of 41.69 mg/ml and the
ethanolic stem extract of MIC value of 20.89mg/ml while the n-hexane stem extract elicited a MIC value of
10.47mg/ml
The Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger showed a varied MIC values of n-hexane leaf extract value of
42.66mg/ml, the aqueous leaf extract MIC value of 41.69mg/ml, and the ethanolic leaf extract of MIC value
0.89mg/ml. Both the ethanolic stem extract and aqueous stem extract having the MIC value of 41.69mg/ml while
the n-hexane stem extract had 20.89mg/ml..Both the n-hexane leaf extract and ethanolic leaf etxract possesed
the highest MIC value of 20.89mg/ml and the aqueous leaf extract having the MIC value of 10.23mg/ml.
However, all the crude stem extracts had the same MIC value of 41.69mg/ml was recorded in this study. The
noted antibacterial and antifungal activity of Adenia cissampeloides against Staphylococcus aureus,
Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. suggest potential use of the
plant extracts for treatment of gastroenteritis and other associated infections. Further investigations, however,
will be needed to demonstrate medicinal application.
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