A detail karyomorphological study was undertaken in Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. The study included determination of somatic chromosome number, total chromosome length, volume, arm ratio and centromeric position. The karyotypic study of Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. showed that, both of them have somatic chromosome number 2n=16 and 2n=22 respectively. Chromosome classification was done on the basis of the position of the centromere. In case of A. wallichii, the total chromosome length was found to be 150.94 μm while the relative chromosome length varied in between 4.22 μm - 8.19 μm. The arm ratio was varied from 1.00 - 3.06 .In A. wallichii, out of 16 somatic chromosomes, 9 were of metacentric, 6 were of sub-metacentric and 1 was of sub-telocentric type. For A.hookeri, the total chromosome length was found to be 164.05 μm and the relative chromosome length was varied in between 2.59 μm- 6.95 μm; arm ratio also varied from 1.00 - 4.36. Out of 22 somatic chromosomes, 2 chromosomes were of metacentric, 13 were of sub-metacentric and 7 were of sub-telocentric type. No satellite chromosomes were found in any one of the two species. The karyotype formulae deduced for the two species of Allium may be represented as: A. wallichii Kunth.: m9 +sm6 +st1 +t0 = 2n = 16 and A. hookeri Thw.: m2 +sm13 +st7 +t0 = 2n = 22.
Article Citation:
Harinita Toijam, Borah SP, Bhaben Tanti and Borthakur SK.
Karyomorphological studies in two species of Allium L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0060.pdf
Karyomorphological studies in Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G.Don., Alocasia fornicate (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia longiloba Miq.
belonging to the family Araceae using root tip squash technique was carried out. It was observed that the chromosome number
for the three species was found to be 2n=28 and chromosomes are smaller in size. The chromosomes in Alocasia longiloba were
found to be longer in length in comparison to Alocasia macrorrhiza, Alocasia fornicata. Present studies also reveal that the
karyotype is a symmetric type. The present karyomorphological study has been undertaken as it is an established fact that
karyomorphological analysis forms a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of any plant species. This study would be helpful in
the protection, conservations of the species by establishment of germplasm bank.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Karyomorphological studies in Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G.Don., Alocasia fornicate (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia longiloba Miq.
belonging to the family Araceae using root tip squash technique was carried out. It was observed that the chromosome number
for the three species was found to be 2n=28 and chromosomes are smaller in size. The chromosomes in Alocasia longiloba were
found to be longer in length in comparison to Alocasia macrorrhiza, Alocasia fornicata. Present studies also reveal that the
karyotype is a symmetric type. The present karyomorphological study has been undertaken as it is an established fact that
karyomorphological analysis forms a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of any plant species. This study would be helpful in
the protection, conservations of the species by establishment of germplasm bank.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Characterisation of some Lamiaceae Species Distributed in the Rize Province, ...Premier Publishers
The Black Sea region belongs to one of the richest regions of Turkey regarding biological diversity. In total 2239 species are present in the East Black Sea region, 514 of them are endemic and the endemism ratio is ca. 23 %. More than half of the plants distributed at the East Black Sea region are present in the Rize province and almost 70 % of the plants are of medicinal and aromatic value. Four Mentha species, three Origanum species, three Thymus species, two Salvia species, two Stachys species and one Calamintha species were collected from 19 different localities in Rize during 2015. A field nursery was established using collected material. A field nursery was established using collected material. Further, Principal Component Analysis was used to distinguish present genetic diversity based on essential oil composition. The obtained data valued that large diversity could be determined and collected materials can be used as genetic resources in further investigations.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Problems and prospects of garlic cultivation in IndiaMANISH CHAUHAN
This ppt was presented in Doctoral seminar. This presentation helps the audience to know the problems facing by farmers related to garlic cultivation in India
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ABSTRACT- Karyomorphological studies in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. and Bauhinia variegata Linn. belonging to family Caesalpinaceae using leaf tip squash technique and induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. was carried out. It was observed that in the Karyomorphological studies both the species have the same number of chromosomes i.e., 2n=28 with chromosome length showing symmetric karyotype, with largely submetacentric and metacentric chromosomes. On induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. the result showed that the maximum induction of polyploidy was obtained in the case of seeds treated with 0.10% concentration of colchicine for consecutive 3 days. Karyotype analysis of the induced polyploidy revealed that the chromosome number was obtained 4n=56, tetraploid. The significance of polyploidy showed increase in plant height, leaf size and stomata size of the plant under investigation.
Key-words- Karyomorphology, Induction of Polyploidy, Colchicine, Tetraploid
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and c...researchplantsciences
The purpose of this study was to determine total pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds and carbohydrate contents in leaves and stem of wild and cultivated almonds growing in the Adıyaman Province. Levels of chlorophyll a in leaves and stems of wild almond were found to be higher than cultivated almond. Chlorophyll b was determined to be at approximate levels for both almonds. While carotenoid levels in leaves of wild almond were higher than cultivated one, it was higher in stems of cultivated almond as well. Total phenolics in leaves and stems of wild almond were higher compared to cultivated almond. Total carbohydrate contents were higher in leaves and stems of cultivated almond in comparison with the wild almond.
Article Citation:
Aysel Sivaci
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and cultivated almonds growing in Adiyaman Province/Turkey
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 222-226.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0063.pdf
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SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Characterisation of some Lamiaceae Species Distributed in the Rize Province, ...Premier Publishers
The Black Sea region belongs to one of the richest regions of Turkey regarding biological diversity. In total 2239 species are present in the East Black Sea region, 514 of them are endemic and the endemism ratio is ca. 23 %. More than half of the plants distributed at the East Black Sea region are present in the Rize province and almost 70 % of the plants are of medicinal and aromatic value. Four Mentha species, three Origanum species, three Thymus species, two Salvia species, two Stachys species and one Calamintha species were collected from 19 different localities in Rize during 2015. A field nursery was established using collected material. A field nursery was established using collected material. Further, Principal Component Analysis was used to distinguish present genetic diversity based on essential oil composition. The obtained data valued that large diversity could be determined and collected materials can be used as genetic resources in further investigations.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Problems and prospects of garlic cultivation in IndiaMANISH CHAUHAN
This ppt was presented in Doctoral seminar. This presentation helps the audience to know the problems facing by farmers related to garlic cultivation in India
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ABSTRACT- Karyomorphological studies in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. and Bauhinia variegata Linn. belonging to family Caesalpinaceae using leaf tip squash technique and induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. was carried out. It was observed that in the Karyomorphological studies both the species have the same number of chromosomes i.e., 2n=28 with chromosome length showing symmetric karyotype, with largely submetacentric and metacentric chromosomes. On induction of polyploidy in Bauhinia acuminata Linn. the result showed that the maximum induction of polyploidy was obtained in the case of seeds treated with 0.10% concentration of colchicine for consecutive 3 days. Karyotype analysis of the induced polyploidy revealed that the chromosome number was obtained 4n=56, tetraploid. The significance of polyploidy showed increase in plant height, leaf size and stomata size of the plant under investigation.
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The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
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Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and c...researchplantsciences
The purpose of this study was to determine total pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds and carbohydrate contents in leaves and stem of wild and cultivated almonds growing in the Adıyaman Province. Levels of chlorophyll a in leaves and stems of wild almond were found to be higher than cultivated almond. Chlorophyll b was determined to be at approximate levels for both almonds. While carotenoid levels in leaves of wild almond were higher than cultivated one, it was higher in stems of cultivated almond as well. Total phenolics in leaves and stems of wild almond were higher compared to cultivated almond. Total carbohydrate contents were higher in leaves and stems of cultivated almond in comparison with the wild almond.
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Aysel Sivaci
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Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 222-226.
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Bioadsorption is a form of environmental clean-up which involves the use of plant biomass. In the present study, the seedling of Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making industrial effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Both the effluents cause stress to the plant. The effluents caused a drastic reduction in morphometric, pigment and other biochemical characters. But same effluents after seaweed treatment have bought about considerable increase in morphometric and biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed dry powder used in this study is found to be nullifying the toxicity of the effluents. From this investigation, it is clear that the naturally occurring green macro algae possess an excellent adsorption capacity.
Article Citation:
Selvaraj K, Sevugaperumal R and Ramasubramanian V.
Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0045.pdf
The vascular organization of the node in 12 genera has been investigated. The leaves are unifoliate in Atalantia, Citrus and Paramignya, 3-5 foliate in Aegle, Luvunga, Toddalia and Glycosmis, decompounds in Ruta and imparipinnately compound in other taxa. These are alternate or opposite and exstipulate. The foliar nodes are trilacunar, three-trace in the majority of the plants. It is unilacunar in Atalantia racemosa, Citrus jambhiri, C. maxima and Glycosmis pentaphylla. The results are discussed with respect to the evolutionary conception of node.
Article Citation:
Snehal P. Salunke, Sarala C. Tadavi and Vijay V. Bhadane
Nodal anatomical study of certain members of the Rutaceae.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 177-181.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0053.pdf
The identity and occurrence of primula reidii duthie var. reidii from Shivali...researchplantsciences
Primula reidii var reidii is reported and identified its presence from Shivalik Hill Ranges of Himachal Pradesh. Earlier records pertaining to occurrence & distribution of the species, detailed description and other ecological parameters including its photograph, have been discussed and detailed.
Article Citation:
Subramani SP and Kapoor KS.
The identity and occurrence of Primula reidii Duthie var. reidii
from Shivalik hill ranges, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 104-108.
Full Text:
http:/www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0022.pdf
Basketry is the traditional occupation of Koragas, one of the most primitive tribes, living along the Kerala-Karnataka border. They make use of a number of plants to weave baskets of different name, size and shape. At present both baskets and their creators are facing the threat of extinction owing to changing socio-economic trends. The paper lists out 29 species of plants used by the Koraga for weaving baskets, which may pave the way for conservation of both plants and the traditional craft.
Article Citation:
Subrahmanya Prasad K and Raveendran K.
Plants used for basketry in Kasaragod District, Kerala.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 153-159.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0038.pdf
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
Phytochemicals are a wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and treatment of the major ailments. The present study focuses on screening and comparative analysis of secondary metabolites, fluorescence and physiochemical analysis of two major medicinal plants; Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf samples from these medicinal plants were subjected to sequential cold percolation method using Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Methanol. Bioactive compounds like Cardioglycosides, Flavonoid, Quinones, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Steroids are present in high concentration in Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Extractive value was high in Methanol extract when compared to other solvent extracts.
Article Citation:
Florida M and Sekar T.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 109-115.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0033.pdf
Intraspecific variation in Solanum xanthocarpum schard. and wendl.revealed by...researchplantsciences
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was performed in seven accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. of Assam to evaluate the applicability of this analysis for assessing the intraspecific variation. The value of similarity indices ranged from 0.375 to 0.125. The similarity result indicates the presence of high level of genetic diversity among the accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed clear grouping among the populations. The primers showed abilities in detecting genetic diversity across wild accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. Thus, ISSR-PCR technology can be used to study genetic variation and genetic relationships in the genus Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl.
Article Citation:
Ajoy Kumar Das, Sailendra Prasad Borah.
Intraspecific variation in Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. revealed by ISSR marker.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 146-152.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0035.pdf
Camellia sinensis is the economically most important Camellia species. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. This genus accommodates as many 82 species (Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et al., 1988). The tea plant was originally included in the genus Thea by Linnaeus (1752) hence, Thea sinensis L., the original name of the tea plant has now become camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. As the age of tea bushes from pruning advances, size and weight of harvestable shoots decline due to the reduction in the vascular supply to growing buds. An extreme case of growth retardation is evident in the higher proportion of banji shoots at the plucking table. Also, the upper and knots where many new stems have originated, despite the maintenance of foliage and losses efficiency, lower leaves drop off, leading to uneconomic harvesting (Wilson, 1999). Under continued plucking without pruning or skiffing, the plucking table becomes inconveniently high and growing apices gradually lose vigour. Pruning at this stage becomes necessary by which these irregularities could be remedied. It is an important practice in tea cultivation which involves removal of certain amount of growth of the bush.
From the view of the observed interaction between clones, seedling cultivars pruning height and tipping measures, it is evident that a required specific pruning height and tipping measure is necessary for maximum crop production. However, in South India below 30cm, 45cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm and above 65cm pruning heights can be advantageously adopted for the sinensis and assamica cultivars, respectively under four to five years pruning cycles. Analysing the yield at different heights of pruning, suggests that at 55cm it is hard pruning, at 60cm it is medium pruning and at 65cm it is light pruning. Integrated harvesting methods were followed by the trails. Light pruning trail yield is low and banji percentage is high, hard pruning trail yield as well as banji percentage is low, in medium pruning trail banji percentage is low and yield is high.
Article Citation:
Balamurugan T and Nandagopalan V.
Formation, growth and productivity of the tea bush.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 116-123.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0034.pdf
The Medicinally important Convolvulacean members used by the Kattunaikkan Tri...researchplantsciences
A floristic and ethnobotanical studies on the kattunaikan tribe of Wayand district was carried out. The study documented the use of 11 plant species of the family Convolvulaceae by the Kattunaika tribe. The different parts like leaves, stem, fruits, flowers and sometimes the whole plant are used to cure various diseases.
Article Citation:
Joseph MA and Antony VT.
The Medicinally important Convolvulacean members used by the
Kattunaikkan Tribe of Wayand District.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 093-097.
Full Text:
http:/www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0025.pdf
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life...researchplantsciences
Red ginger (Alpinia purpurata Vieill.) is an ornamental perennial herb reaching 2 to 5 m in height and each tiller ending in a showy inflorescence. The main attraction is the brightly coloured red bracts of the inflorescence which has a long vase life. The present experiment was carried out to exploit the long vase life property of these plants to the maximum and thereby add their value in cut flower industry. The effect of various combinations of Sucrose + BA + 8-HQS was studied and appropriate concentrations were standardized.
Article Citation:
Thomas VP, Prabhu Kumar KM, Sabu M, Prasanth AV and Mohanan KV.
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life in
Alpinia purpurata Vieill., a charming ornamental ginger.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 089-092.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0030.pdf
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlingsresearchplantsciences
The effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth of maize seedlings have been studied under controlled conditions. Maize (Zea mays) seeds were planted and exposed to ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation for 0-10 hours. The results showed a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll a and b for both ultraviolet A and B as time of exposure increases. There is also a decrease in the height, diameter of stem, and number of leaves in the seedlings exposed to UV-A and UV-B with the increase in the time of exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll a and b concentrations was more pronounced in plants exposed to UV-B. The study indicates that UV radiation pose a serious threat to plants and this might lead to significant loss of production or reduced quality of products in agricultural sectors.
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia Naikaku and Shyam Singh.
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlings.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0020.pdf
Copper is an essential metal for normal plant growth and development, although it is also potentially toxic. Copper participates in numerous physiological processes and is an essential cofactor for many metalloproteins, however, problems arise when excess copper is present in cells. Excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs important cellular processes (i.e., photosynthetic electron transport).The mechanisms involved in the acquisition of this essential micronutrient have not been clearly defined although a number of genes have recently been identified which encode potential copper transporters. The present investigation is an attempt to understand of the copper toxicity and tolerance in rice cultivars, and to compare the ten rice cultivars of Karimganj district of Assam. Copper caused growth reduction in rice and among the screened cultivars Amu Sali seems to be a copper sensitive cultivar.
Article Citation:
Upadhyaya H, Bhattacharjee MK, Deboshree Roy, Soumitra Shome.
Toxic effect of copper on ten rice cultivars.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 038-044.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0011.pdf
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.researchplantsciences
Gymnema sylvestre R. (Br).(Asclepiadaceae) is a common medicinal plant available in Tamil Nadu is a woody, climbing plant that grows in the tropical forest of central and Southern India. It also happens to be a first-rate warrior against diabetes. The plant is called Gud-mar (Gud-Jaggery, mar-kills) in India and well known for masking sweet taste. It is reported to be effective against many chronic diseases is screened for its phytochemical content, microbial activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts (Alcoholic, aqueous, acetone and hexane) from the plant is prepared and analyzed. Qualitative phytochemical tests are done to detect the presence of Carbohydrate, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Saponins, Fixed oils, Gums and Mucilage. Quantitative methods like phytochemical analysis, gravimetric estimation, RBC membrane stabilization and TLC profiles are used to determine the active principle Gymnemic acid, anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the leaf extracts studied contain the bio active compounds phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and Gymnemic acid. Water extract of normal var. had positive reaction for carbohydrate (Molisch reagent) hairy var. leaves had negative reaction. The presence of active phytochemical substances with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities may provide substantial basis for the use of this plant in ethno medicine.
Article Citation:
Gnana Sangeetha D and Jegadeesan M.
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 077-082.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0027.pdf
The study has been designed with the objective to examine the methanol extracts of eight medicinal plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Fresh matured leaves were collected; shade dried and aqueous-extracted to screen the active chemical constituents. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds in their aqueous leaf extracts. Quantitative analysis was carried out using TLC scanning method, a combination of Petroleum ether, Methanol and Benzene in the ratio of 8:1:1.5 respectively was employed as the mobile phase. The TLC chromatograms constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. It can be conveniently used to evaluate the quality of different area samples. Present paper deals with the significance of these phytochemicals with respect to the role of these plants in traditional medicinal system.
Article Citation:
John De Britto A, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Mary Sujin R.
Phytochemical analysis of eight medicinal plants of Lamiaceae.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0001.pdf
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata (Convolvulaceae) – A new variety from Ja...researchplantsciences
Ipomoea capitellata choisy var. multilobata Bhellum var. nov. collected from Jammu and Kashmir, India is described and illustrated.
Article Citation:
Bhellum BL.
Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata (Convolvulaceae) – A new variety from Jammu and Kashmir State, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 060-062.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0017.pdf
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...researchplantsciences
Rauvolfia serpentina commonly known as sarpagandha is a pharmacologically important medicinal plant containing numerous alkaloids with antibacterial, antidysentric and antidotal properties. The present study reports an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol by using nodal explants for this species. The sterilization technique was first standardized using ethyl alcohol, mercuric chloride and sodium hypochlorite with hot water and without hot water treatment. 100% aseptic culture was obtained when the explants were treated with hot water (at 500 C for 10 minutes) and 0.1% mercuric chloride. The aseptic cultures were inoculated in to culture medium with different concentrations of growth regulators. Higher explants response (78.33%) and higher multiple shoot formation from Rauvolfia serpentina nodal explants was observed in the medium supplemented with BAP (1mg/l) + KIN (1mg/l) + GA3 (0.5mg/l).
Article Citation:
Singh K and Dash M.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medicinal plant.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 083-088.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0028.pdf
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...
Karyomorphological studies in two species of Allium L.
1. Karyomorphological studies in two species of Allium L.
Keywords:
Allium wallichii Kunth., Allium hookeri Thw., karyomorphology, chromosome
classification, karyotype formula, metacentric.
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Journal of Research in
Plant Sciences
An International Scientific
Research Journal
Authors:
Harinita Toijam,
Borah SP, Bhaben Tanti
and Borthakur SK.*
Institution:
Department of Botany,
Gauhati University,
Guwahati-781014,
Assam, India
Corresponding author:
Borthakur SK.
Email:
Web Address:
http://plantsciences.info/
documents/PS0060.pdf.
Dates:
Received: 31 May 2013 Accepted: 03 July 2013 Published: 31 July 2013
Article Citation:
Harinita Toijam, Borah SP, Bhaben Tanti and Borthakur SK.
Karyomorphological studies in two species of Allium L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
JournalofResearchinPlantSciences
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences
213-221 | JRPS | 2013 | Vol 2 | No 2
www.plantsciences.info
ABSTRACT:
A detail karyomorphological study was undertaken in Allium wallichii Kunth.
and Allium hookeri Thw. The study included determination of somatic chromosome
number, total chromosome length, volume, arm ratio and centromeric position. The
karyotypic study of Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. showed that,
both of them have somatic chromosome number 2n=16 and 2n=22 respectively.
Chromosome classification was done on the basis of the position of the centromere.
In case of A. wallichii, the total chromosome length was found to be 150.94 µm while
the relative chromosome length varied in between 4.22 µm - 8.19 µm. The arm ratio
was varied from 1.00 - 3.06 .In A. wallichii, out of 16 somatic chromosomes, 9 were of
metacentric, 6 were of sub-metacentric and 1 was of sub-telocentric type. For
A.hookeri, the total chromosome length was found to be 164.05 µm and the relative
chromosome length was varied in between 2.59 µm- 6.95 µm; arm ratio also varied
from 1.00 - 4.36. Out of 22 somatic chromosomes, 2 chromosomes were of
metacentric, 13 were of sub-metacentric and 7 were of sub-telocentric type. No
satellite chromosomes were found in any one of the two species. The karyotype
formulae deduced for the two species of Allium may be represented as: A. wallichii
Kunth.: m9 +sm6 +st1 +t0 = 2n = 16 and A. hookeri Thw.: m2 +sm13 +st7 +t0 = 2n = 22.
2. INTRODUCTION
Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri
Thw. belong to the family Liliaceae. Recent estimates
accept about 750 species in the genus Allium (Stearn,
1992), and 650 more synonymous species names exist
(Gregory et al., 1998). Alliums are perennial bulbous
plants that produce chemical compounds known as
cystein sulfoxide. And these sulfur containing
compounds give them a characteristics onion or garlic
taste and smell and many of them are used as food
plants. Many species of Allium are bulbous as well as
there are non bulbous species and variety also and many
of them have ornamental values. The young and tender
leaves of A. wallichii are used as vegetables and the dried
ones are used as spices (Manadhar, 1980; Dobremez,
1982). The bulbs are also boiled, fried with ghee and
used for the treatment of cholera and diarrhea (Coburn,
1984). A. hookeri also have some medicinal values. They
are used for treating cold and cough, for healing burn
injuries and wounds (Kala, 2005) and lowering the high
body temperature (Singh et al., 2003). The fresh leaf and
root extract is taken for anthelmintic and also used for
messaging (Sangtam et al., 2012).The bulbs and leaves
of A. cepa, A. sativum, A. cepa var. aggregatum,
A. fistulosum and A. chinense are used as vegetables and
as component of soup. Not only the members of this
family include many vegetables but also some of them
have great medicinal value, e.g. Allium sativum,
Allium hookeri, etc. The status of chromosome research
has undergone fundamental changes in recent years from
an emphasis on qualitative description of structure to an
interdisciplinary phase involving quantifications of
chemical components, identification of segments, even at
the molecular level, as well as in situ cytophotometry,
fluorometry and structural cytology. And also the
application of these techniques led to a more in depth
understanding of the structure, number and behavior of
chromosomes and such a useful study of chromosomes
serve as an aid for dealing with the systematic
relationships, phylogeny and evolution of related plant
groups and also helps to find out the possible modes of
karyotypic variation within and between species
(Mathew and Mathew, 1982 and Aswathanarayana,
2003). In fact, it cannot be denied that all these basic
aspects lay the foundation of the entire discipline of the
present day molecular genetics. So, the various aspects
of research, application of tissue culture, investigation on
molecular genetics and genetical engineering are based
on the basic chromosome research for better utilization
of plants towards commercial cultivation.
Chromosomal differences reflect the general
differences in genic content of the individuals. Thus,
chromosome morphology may be used to establish the
distinctiveness of individual plant species. Improving the
quality of this crop plant to meet the different needs
would involve hybridization programme. So in order to
improve these plants we need to know the thorough
knowledge of chromosome structure and number which
will facilitate the development of an appropriate
hybridization programme and thereby we can manipulate
both the chromosome structure and number for the
genetic improvement of such an important crop plant.
Despite the importance of these two species of
Allium in terms of their culinary as well as medicinal
values, they are poorly explored scientifically with
regard to survey, characterization and conservation.
Some cytological as well as taxonomic investigation of
certain species of Allium has been made but they are so
far quite inadequate. No systematic karyomorphological
classifications of chromosomes have been available for
them, except a few earlier reports (by Ved Brat, 1965).
Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide more
information on the mitotic chromosome in
Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. and to
carry out the karyotypic analysis.
214 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221
Toijam et al.,2013
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The species of plant Allium: Allium wallichii
Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. were collected from
Darjeeling and Manipur (India) respectively.
Methods for cytological study
For detail karyotypic studies, karyotypes were
prepared from the somatic chromosomes. For cytological
studies, root tips were collected from the plants between
7.30a.m to 8.30a.m. and washed them thoroughly with
distilled water and then they were pretreated with para-
dichlorobenzene for 3 hours at 4° C. Then, fixation was
done in Carnoy’s fluid (1:3 glacial acetic acid and
ethanol) for 24 hours at room temperature. After fixation
the root tips were washed with 70% ethanol and finally
stored in 70% ethanol.
Hydrolysis and staining of chromosomes
For preparation of slides, root tips were first
hydrolyzed in 0.1 N HCl at 60° C for 10 -12 mins and
then washed with double distilled water and then they
were kept in 45% acetic acid for 5 – 7 mins and then
transferred to 2% aceto orcein solution, warmed over a
flame for 15 mins and kept for 2 -3 hours at room
temperature (Sharma and Sharma, 1980).
Squash preparation
For preparation of squash the meristematic parts
of root tips were cut out and transferred to a small drop
of 45% acetic acid on a grease free clean slide; then
covered with a cover slip and squashed continuously
without heating and finally sealed with paraffin. Then
temporary slides were prepared and observed under a
compound microscope at a magnification of 10X, 45X
and 100X (using oil immersion). Well scattered
metaphase stages were selected for karyomorphological
analysis of the chromosomes by using camera lucida
apparatus. Drawings of the chromosomes were also
made. The following parameters were considered for the
karyomorphological analysis:-
(i) Total chromosome length (ii) Arm ratio =
Length of long arm/Length of short arm (iii) Volume of
the chromosome (πr2
h) (iv) Relative length of the
chromosome = (Length of the individual chromosome/
Total chromatin length of the diploid set) X 100. (v) On
the basis of length, chromosomes will be categorized as:
Type A, Type B, Type C, Type D, Type E and Type F
(vi) F% = (Length of the short arm / Total length of
individual chromosome) X 100. (vii) Total form percent
or TF % = (Total sum of short arm length / Total sum of
chromosome length) X 100. (viii) On the basis of the
centromeric position, the chromosomes may be classified
into metacentric, sub - metacentric, sub - telocentric, and
telocentric (Levan et al., 1964; Tanti et al., 2009; Tanti
et al., 2012).
The chromosomes were grouped into different
categories depending upon their length. These were Type
A= 11.00µm and above, Type B = 10.00µm – 10.99µm,
Type C = 9.00µm – 9.99µm, Type D = 8.00µm –
8.99µm, Type E = 7.00µm – 7.99µm, Type F = 6.99µm
and below.
Finally the chromosomes were classified on the
basis of their centromeric position by following Levan
et al., (1964).
RESULTS
The detail karyomorphological analysis of the
two species of Allium L. is given below:
Allium wallichii Kunth.:
The chromosome no. of Allium wallichii Kunth
was found to be 2n=16 in the somatic cells. The
chromosome length varied from 6.38µm to 12.36µm
while their volumes ranged from 5.00µm3
to 14.96µm3
.
The relative length of the chromosomes varied from
4.22µm to 8.19µm. On the basis of the length, the
chromosomes were classified into Type A, Type B,
Type C and Type D (Table 1). The total genomic
chromosome length was found to be 150.94 µm. The
different types of chromosomes categorized on the basis
of the length are represented as:
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221 215
Toijam et al.,2013
A6 +B2 +C0 +D2 +E3 +F3 = 2n= 16
4. 216 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221
Toijam et al.,2013
Chr.
Type
Chr.
No.
ChromosomeLengthTotal
Length
(l+s)µm
RelativeChr.
Length(µm)
Arm
Ratio(l/s)
ChromosomeCentromeric
Index(F%)
Positionof
Centro-mere
Nomenclature
ofChromosome
LongArm
(l)µm
ShortArm
(s)µm
Radius
(r)µm
Vol.(πr2
h)
µm3
A18.164.2012.368.191.940.6013.9733.98smSubmetacentric
A28.164.2012.368.191.940.6013.9733.98smSubmetacentric
A38.004.0112.017.961.990.6314.9633.38smSubmetacentric
A48.004.0112.017.961.990.6314.9638.38smSubmetacentric
A57.613.4411.057.322.210.6012.4931.13smSubmetacentric
A67.583.4211.007.282.210.5510.4431.09smSubmetacentric
B76.443.8110.256.791.690.559.7337.17mMetacentric
B86.403.8010.206.751.680.558.9937.25mMetacentric
D95.443.408.845.861.600.537.5038.46mMetacentric
D105.443.408.845.861.600.527.5038.46mMetacentric
E116.001.967.965.273.060.526.7524.62stSubtelocentric
E124.713.127.835.191.510.526.6539.84mMetacentric
E133.513.507.014.641.000.525.5049.92mMetacentric
F143.502.966.464.271.180.505.0745.82mMetacentric
F153.482.906.384.221.200.505.0045.45mMetacentric
F163.482.906.384.221.200.505.0045.45mMetacentric
Table1.AlliumwallichiiKunth.
5. These 16 somatic chromosomes comprised of 9
metacentric chromosomes, 6 submetacentric
chromosomes and 1 subtelocentric chromosome. The
karyotypic formula for Allium wallichii Kunth. is
represented as:
The microphotograph of the chromosomes are
represented in Fig. 1. The idiotype and camera lucida
diagram are shown in Fig. 3 and 5A respectively.
Allium hookeri Thw.:
The chromosome no. of Allium hookeri Thw.
was found to be 2n=22 in the somatic cells. The
chromosome length varied from 4.25µm to 11.41µm
while their volumes ranged from 3.34µm3
to 12.89µm3
.
The relative length of the chromosomes varied from
2.59µm to 6.95µm. On the basis of the length, the
chromosomes were classified into Type A, Type B, Type
C and Type D (Table No.2). The total genomic
chromosome length was found to be 164.05 µm. The
different types of chromosomes categorized on the basis
of the length are represented as:
These 22 somatic chromosomes comprised of 2
metacentric chromosomes, 13 submetacentric
chromosomes and 7 subtelocentric chromosomes. The
karyotypic formula is represented as:
The microphotograph of the chromosomes is
represented in Fig. 2. The idiotype and camera lucida
diagram are shown in Fig. 4 and 5B respectively.
DISCUSSION
Karyomorphology and chromosome number of a
variety or species are useful in its identification. Each
plant species is characterized by its karyotype. The
importance of karyotype analysis in different plant
species is well known. Karyomorphology and
chromosome number of a variety or species are useful in
its identification and also in establishing the relationships
among related species .The study of variation in
chromosome morphology indicates the progress of
microevolution and to some phenomenon of speciation.
Chromosomal differences are the sources of
genetic variation. Karyomorphology and chromosome
number of a variety or species are useful in its
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221 217
Toijam et al.,2013
M9 +sm6 +st1 +t0 = 2n = 16.
A2 +B2 +C0 +D4 +E4 +F10 = 2n= 22
m2 +sm13 +st7 +t0 = 2n = 22.
Figure 1. Microphotograph of chromosomes of
Allium wallichii Kunth. 2n=16
Figure 2. Microphotograph of chromosomes of
Allium hookeri Thw. 2n=22
Figure 3. Idiotype of Allium wallichii Kunth. (2n=16)
6. 218 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221
Toijam et al.,2013
Chr.
Type
Chr.
No.
ChromosomeLengthTotal
Length
(l+s)µm
Relative
Chr.Length
(µm)
Arm
Ratio(l/s)
ChromosomeCentromeric
Index(F%)
Positionof
centro-mere
Nomenclatureof
Chromosome
LongArm
(l)µm
Short
Arm(s)
µm
Radius
(r)µm
Vol.(πr2
h)
µm3
A19.262.1511.416.954.300.6012.8918.84stSubtelocentric
A29.262.1511.416.954.300.6012.8918.84stSubtelocentric
B38.512.2410.756.553.790.6012.1520.83stSubtelocentric
B48.402.1410.546.423.920.6011.9120.30stSubtelocentric
D56.452.518.965.462.560.558.5128.01smSubmetacentric
D66.422.518.935.442.550.558.4828.10smSubmetacentric
D76.022.148.164.972.810.557.7526.22smSubmetacentric
D86.022.148.164.972.810.557.7526.22smSubmetacentric
E94.003.927.924.821.020.557.5249.49mMetacentric
E103.923.907.824.761.000.557.4250.00MMetacentric
E115.102.147.244.412.380.556.8729.55smSubmetacentric
E125.022.147.164.362.340.505.6229.88smSubmetacentric
F134.981.416.393.894.360.505.0122.06stSubtelocentric
F144.381.776.153.742.470.555.8428.78smSubmetacentric
F153.982.106.083.701.890.525.1634.53smSubmetacentric
F164.301.786.083.702.410.525.1629.27smSubmetacentric
F173.912.146.053.681.820.525.1335.37smSubmetacentric
F183.912.146.053.681.820.525.1335.37smSubmetacentric
F193.551.424.973.032.500.503.9028.57smSubmetacentric
F203.551.424.973.032.500.503.9028.57smSubmetacentric
F213.551.054.602.803.380.503.6122.82stSubtelocentric
F223.201.054.252.593.040.503.3424.70stSubtelocentric
Table2.AlliumhookeriThw.
7. identification and also in establishing the relationships
among related species (Lavania and Srivastava, 1999;
Liu et al., 2000; Frame, 2001; Sharma and Sen, 2002;
Salimuddin and Ramesh, 2005; Ying et al., 2006). In the
present investigation, karyotype analysis of A. wallichii
Kunth. showed that the species contain diploid
chromosome number, 2n=16 and A. hookeri Thw.
contain chromosome number, 2n=22. The
karyomorphological studies in both the species of
Allium L. revealed a number of features. The cytological
study reveals that the length of the chromosomes and
gross appearance of the karyotype show a general
resemblance in both the species investigated but, upon
closer examination the karyotypes however showed
variations in the type of chromosomes, absolute
chromosome size, variation in the position of centromere
and variation in relative chromosome size. According to
Ved Brat (1965), most Allium species possess
metacentric to submetacentric types of chromosomes,
but some subtelocentric and telocentric chromosomes are
also present in few species. With respect to chromosome
morphology the karyotype of A. wallichii have a majority
of metacentric and submetacentric types of chromosomes
with the former being more frequent. This shows the
symmetry in morphology of the chromosomes which is a
reflection of relatively primitive karyotypes of the
members of this genus (Stebbins, 1971). In case of
A. hookeri, the chromosomes mostly consist of
submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes. It
consists of 13 submetacentric, 7 subtelocentric and only
2 metacentric chromosomes. So it may be described as
asymmetrical, since the karyotype consisting of more
numbers of submetacentric and subtelocentric
chromosomes may be termed as asymmetrical (Stebbins,
1971). The evolution of karyotype is a continuous
process as Jones (1978) has pointed out that the
karyotype alterations during course of evolution are
brought about by various structural alterations of
chromosomes. This implies that the more number of
submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes in
A. hookeri Thw. has shown that the genome of this
species has undergone some amount of structural
modifications. This increase in the number of
submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes of this
species may be attributed to the phylogenetic changes
occurring in the length of the chromosomes that causes
shortening in the size of the arms leading to the shifting
of the centromeric position as well as reduction in the
absolute length of the chromosomes (Delaunay, 1926).
No secondary constriction could be detected in
any one of the chromosomes of the two species under
investigation.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221 219
Toijam et al.,2013
Figure 4: Idiotype of Allium hookeri Thw. (2n=22). Bar indicates 10µm
Figure 5: Camera lucida diagram of Allium
wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw.
8. CONCLUSION
It is an established fact that karyomorphological
analysis forms a prerequisite for the genetic
improvement of any plant species. Therefore, the
detailed cytological investigations undertaken in these
two species A. wallichii. and A. hookeri will contribute
significantly towards their genetical improvement.
Realizing their importance and utility, ex-situ
conservation measures may be initiated for protection,
preservation and regeneration of such a remarkable plant
species. It may further help in research such as breeding
programme, gene exploitation as well as germplasm
conservation.
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